1
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Fujimoto T. Nuclear lipid droplet: Guardian of nuclear membrane lipid homeostasis? Curr Opin Cell Biol 2024; 88:102370. [PMID: 38744005 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2024.102370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are cytoplasmic organelles, but they are also found within the nucleus in small numbers. Nuclear LDs that form at the inner nuclear membrane (INM) often increase in response to perturbation in phosphatidic acid (PA) and/or diacylglycerol (DAG), both implicated in various INM functions. Nuclear LDs also increase upon downregulation of seipin, a protein that can trap PA and DAG in the endoplasmic reticulum. Notably, both PA and DAG appear to be more densely distributed on the surface of nuclear LDs than in the INM. I propose that nuclear LDs play a role in regulating the PA and DAG level in the INM, thereby contributing to the lipid homeostasis in this compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toyoshi Fujimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan. mailto:
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2
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Barbosa AD, Siniossoglou S. Membranes that make fat: roles of membrane lipids as acyl donors for triglyceride synthesis and organelle function. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:1226-1234. [PMID: 38140812 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Triglycerides constitute an inert storage form for fatty acids deposited in lipid droplets and are mobilized to provide metabolic energy or membrane building blocks. The biosynthesis of triglycerides is highly conserved within eukaryotes and normally involves the sequential esterification of activated fatty acids with a glycerol backbone. Some eukaryotes, however, can also use cellular membrane lipids as direct fatty acid donors for triglyceride synthesis. The biological significance of a pathway that generates triglycerides at the expense of organelle membranes has remained elusive. Here we review current knowledge on how cells use membrane lipids as fatty acid donors for triglyceride synthesis and discuss the hypothesis that a primary function of this pathway is to regulate membrane lipid remodeling and organelle function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio D Barbosa
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, UK
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3
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Mannino PJ, Perun A, Surovstev I, Ader NR, Shao L, Melia TJ, King MC, Lusk CP. A quantitative ultrastructural timeline of nuclear autophagy reveals a role for dynamin-like protein 1 at the nuclear envelope. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.14.580336. [PMID: 38405892 PMCID: PMC10888867 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.14.580336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Autophagic mechanisms that maintain nuclear envelope homeostasis are bulwarks to aging and disease. By leveraging 4D lattice light sheet microscopy and correlative light and electron tomography, we define a quantitative and ultrastructural timeline of a nuclear macroautophagy (nucleophagy) pathway in yeast. Nucleophagy initiates with a rapid local accumulation of the nuclear cargo adaptor Atg39 at the nuclear envelope adjacent to the nucleus-vacuole junction and is delivered to the vacuole in ~300 seconds through an autophagosome intermediate. Mechanistically, nucleophagy incorporates two consecutive and genetically defined membrane fission steps: inner nuclear membrane (INM) fission generates a lumenal vesicle in the perinuclear space followed by outer nuclear membrane (ONM) fission to liberate a double membraned vesicle to the cytosol. ONM fission occurs independently of phagophore engagement and instead relies surprisingly on dynamin-like protein1 (Dnm1), which is recruited to sites of Atg39 accumulation at the nuclear envelope. Loss of Dnm1 compromises nucleophagic flux by stalling nucleophagy after INM fission. Our findings reveal how nuclear and INM cargo are removed from an intact nucleus without compromising its integrity, achieved in part by a non-canonical role for Dnm1 in nuclear envelope remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J. Mannino
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, 295 Congress Ave, New Haven, CT, 06520
| | - Andrew Perun
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, 295 Congress Ave, New Haven, CT, 06520
| | - Ivan Surovstev
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, 295 Congress Ave, New Haven, CT, 06520
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511
| | - Nicholas R. Ader
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, 295 Congress Ave, New Haven, CT, 06520
| | - Lin Shao
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, 295 Congress Ave, New Haven, CT, 06520
| | - Thomas J. Melia
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, 295 Congress Ave, New Haven, CT, 06520
| | - Megan C. King
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, 295 Congress Ave, New Haven, CT, 06520
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511
| | - C. Patrick Lusk
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, 295 Congress Ave, New Haven, CT, 06520
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4
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Sule KC, Nakamura M, Parkhurst SM. Nuclear envelope budding: Getting large macromolecular complexes out of the nucleus. Bioessays 2024; 46:e2300182. [PMID: 38044581 PMCID: PMC10843589 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202300182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Transport of macromolecules from the nucleus to the cytoplasm is essential for nearly all cellular and developmental events, and when mis-regulated, is associated with diseases, tumor formation/growth, and cancer progression. Nuclear Envelope (NE)-budding is a newly appreciated nuclear export pathway for large macromolecular machineries, including those assembled to allow co-regulation of functionally related components, that bypasses canonical nuclear export through nuclear pores. In this pathway, large macromolecular complexes are enveloped by the inner nuclear membrane, transverse the perinuclear space, and then exit through the outer nuclear membrane to release its contents into the cytoplasm. NE-budding is a conserved process and shares many features with nuclear egress mechanisms used by herpesviruses. Despite its biological importance and clinical relevance, little is yet known about the regulatory and structural machineries that allow NE-budding to occur in any system. Here we summarize what is currently known or proposed for this intriguing nuclear export process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C. Sule
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA 98109
| | - Mitsutoshi Nakamura
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA 98109
| | - Susan M. Parkhurst
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA 98109
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5
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Höhne P, Bohnert M. Hard to handle: how lipid saturation affects the nuclear envelope. Trends Cell Biol 2024; 34:1-2. [PMID: 37949805 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2023.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear envelope is a unique subdomain of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that encapsulates the genome and mediates communication between the nucleus and the rest of the cell via nuclear pore complexes. A recent study by Romanauska and Köhler shows that balanced lipid unsaturation is critical for nuclear envelope and nuclear pore complex architecture and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Höhne
- Institute of Cell Dynamics and Imaging, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Maria Bohnert
- Institute of Cell Dynamics and Imaging, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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6
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Lee S, Carrasquillo Rodríguez JW, Merta H, Bahmanyar S. A membrane-sensing mechanism links lipid metabolism to protein degradation at the nuclear envelope. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202304026. [PMID: 37382667 PMCID: PMC10309186 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202304026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid composition determines organelle identity; however, whether the lipid composition of the inner nuclear membrane (INM) domain of the ER contributes to its identity is not known. Here, we show that the INM lipid environment of animal cells is under local control by CTDNEP1, the master regulator of the phosphatidic acid phosphatase lipin 1. Loss of CTDNEP1 reduces association of an INM-specific diacylglycerol (DAG) biosensor and results in a decreased percentage of polyunsaturated containing DAG species. Alterations in DAG metabolism impact the levels of the resident INM protein Sun2, which is under local proteasomal regulation. We identify a lipid-binding amphipathic helix (AH) in the nucleoplasmic domain of Sun2 that prefers membrane packing defects. INM dissociation of the Sun2 AH is linked to its proteasomal degradation. We suggest that direct lipid-protein interactions contribute to sculpting the INM proteome and that INM identity is adaptable to lipid metabolism, which has broad implications on disease mechanisms associated with the nuclear envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoken Lee
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Holly Merta
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shirin Bahmanyar
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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7
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Saik NO, Ptak C, Rehman S, Aitchison JD, Montpetit B, Wozniak RW. SUMOylation at the inner nuclear membrane facilitates nuclear envelope biogenesis during mitosis. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202208137. [PMID: 37398994 PMCID: PMC10318406 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202208137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
As eukaryotic cells progress through cell division, the nuclear envelope (NE) membrane must expand to accommodate the formation of progeny nuclei. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, closed mitosis allows visualization of NE biogenesis during mitosis. During this period, the SUMO E3 ligase Siz2 binds the inner nuclear membrane (INM) and initiates a wave of INM protein SUMOylation. Here, we show these events increase INM levels of phosphatidic acid (PA), an intermediate of phospholipid biogenesis, and are necessary for normal mitotic NE membrane expansion. The increase in INM PA is driven by the Siz2-mediated inhibition of the PA phosphatase Pah1. During mitosis, this results from the binding of Siz2 to the INM and dissociation of Spo7 and Nem1, a complex required for the activation of Pah1. As cells enter interphase, the process is then reversed by the deSUMOylase Ulp1. This work further establishes a central role for temporally controlled INM SUMOylation in coordinating processes, including membrane expansion, that regulate NE biogenesis during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha O. Saik
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christopher Ptak
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Saif Rehman
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - John D. Aitchison
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ben Montpetit
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Richard W. Wozniak
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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8
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Bâcle J, Groizard L, Kumanski S, Moriel-Carretero M. Nuclear envelope-remodeling events as models to assess the potential role of membranes on genome stability. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:1946-1956. [PMID: 37339935 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear envelope (NE) encloses the genetic material and functions in chromatin organization and stability. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the NE is bound to the ribosomal DNA (rDNA), highly repeated and transcribed, thus prone to genetic instability. While tethering limits instability, it simultaneously triggers notable NE remodeling. We posit here that NE remodeling may contribute to genome integrity maintenance. The NE importance in genome expression, structure, and integrity is well recognized, yet studies mostly focus on peripheral proteins and nuclear pores, not on the membrane itself. We recently characterized a NE invagination drastically obliterating the rDNA, which we propose here as a model to probe if and how membranes play an active role in genome stability preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janélie Bâcle
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Montpellier, France
| | - Léa Groizard
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvain Kumanski
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Montpellier, France
| | - María Moriel-Carretero
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Montpellier, France
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9
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Sosa Ponce ML, Remedios MH, Moradi-Fard S, Cobb JA, Zaremberg V. SIR telomere silencing depends on nuclear envelope lipids and modulates sensitivity to a lysolipid. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202206061. [PMID: 37042812 PMCID: PMC10103788 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202206061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear envelope (NE) is important in maintaining genome organization. The role of lipids in communication between the NE and telomere regulation was investigated, including how changes in lipid composition impact gene expression and overall nuclear architecture. Yeast was treated with the non-metabolizable lysophosphatidylcholine analog edelfosine, known to accumulate at the perinuclear ER. Edelfosine induced NE deformation and disrupted telomere clustering but not anchoring. Additionally, the association of Sir4 at telomeres decreased. RNA-seq analysis showed altered expression of Sir-dependent genes located at sub-telomeric (0-10 kb) regions, consistent with Sir4 dispersion. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that two lipid metabolic circuits were activated in response to edelfosine, one mediated by the membrane sensing transcription factors, Spt23/Mga2, and the other by a transcriptional repressor, Opi1. Activation of these transcriptional programs resulted in higher levels of unsaturated fatty acids and the formation of nuclear lipid droplets. Interestingly, cells lacking Sir proteins displayed resistance to unsaturated-fatty acids and edelfosine, and this phenotype was connected to Rap1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sarah Moradi-Fard
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, Robson DNA Science Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Calgary, Canada
| | - Jennifer A. Cobb
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, Robson DNA Science Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - Vanina Zaremberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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10
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Santana-Sosa S, Matos-Perdomo E, Ayra-Plasencia J, Machín F. A Yeast Mitotic Tale for the Nucleus and the Vacuoles to Embrace. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9829. [PMID: 37372977 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The morphology of the nucleus is roughly spherical in most eukaryotic cells. However, this organelle shape needs to change as the cell travels through narrow intercellular spaces during cell migration and during cell division in organisms that undergo closed mitosis, i.e., without dismantling the nuclear envelope, such as yeast. In addition, the nuclear morphology is often modified under stress and in pathological conditions, being a hallmark of cancer and senescent cells. Thus, understanding nuclear morphological dynamics is of uttermost importance, as pathways and proteins involved in nuclear shaping can be targeted in anticancer, antiaging, and antifungal therapies. Here, we review how and why the nuclear shape changes during mitotic blocks in yeast, introducing novel data that associate these changes with both the nucleolus and the vacuole. Altogether, these findings suggest a close relationship between the nucleolar domain of the nucleus and the autophagic organelle, which we also discuss here. Encouragingly, recent evidence in tumor cell lines has linked aberrant nuclear morphology to defects in lysosomal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Santana-Sosa
- Research Unit, University Hospital Ntra Sra de Candelaria, Ctra del Rosario 145, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, University of La Laguna, 38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Emiliano Matos-Perdomo
- Research Unit, University Hospital Ntra Sra de Candelaria, Ctra del Rosario 145, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, University of La Laguna, 38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Jessel Ayra-Plasencia
- Research Unit, University Hospital Ntra Sra de Candelaria, Ctra del Rosario 145, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, University of La Laguna, 38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Félix Machín
- Research Unit, University Hospital Ntra Sra de Candelaria, Ctra del Rosario 145, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, University of La Laguna, 38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa Canarias University, 35450 Santa María de Guía, Spain
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11
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Chen P, Levy DL. Regulation of organelle size and organization during development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 133:53-64. [PMID: 35148938 PMCID: PMC9357868 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During early embryogenesis, as cells divide in the developing embryo, the size of intracellular organelles generally decreases to scale with the decrease in overall cell size. Organelle size scaling is thought to be important to establish and maintain proper cellular function, and defective scaling may lead to impaired development and disease. However, how the cell regulates organelle size and organization are largely unanswered questions. In this review, we summarize the process of size scaling at both the cell and organelle levels and discuss recently discovered mechanisms that regulate this process during early embryogenesis. In addition, we describe how some recently developed techniques and Xenopus as an animal model can be used to investigate the underlying mechanisms of size regulation and to uncover the significance of proper organelle size scaling and organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China.
| | - Daniel L Levy
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
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12
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Matos-Perdomo E, Santana-Sosa S, Ayra-Plasencia J, Medina-Suárez S, Machín F. The vacuole shapes the nucleus and the ribosomal DNA loop during mitotic delays. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/10/e202101161. [PMID: 35961781 PMCID: PMC9375157 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome structuring and condensation is one of the main features of mitosis. Here, Matos-Perdomo et al show how the nuclear envelope reshapes around the vacuole to give rise to the outstanding ribosomal DNA loop in budding yeast. The ribosomal DNA (rDNA) array of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has served as a model to address chromosome organization. In cells arrested before anaphase (mid-M), the rDNA acquires a highly structured chromosomal organization referred to as the rDNA loop, whose length can double the cell diameter. Previous works established that complexes such as condensin and cohesin are essential to attain this structure. Here, we report that the rDNA loop adopts distinct presentations that arise as spatial adaptations to changes in the nuclear morphology triggered during mid-M arrests. Interestingly, the formation of the rDNA loop results in the appearance of a space under the loop (SUL) which is devoid of nuclear components yet colocalizes with the vacuole. We show that the rDNA-associated nuclear envelope (NE) often reshapes into a ladle to accommodate the vacuole in the SUL, with the nucleus becoming bilobed and doughnut-shaped. Finally, we demonstrate that the formation of the rDNA loop and the SUL require TORC1, membrane synthesis and functional vacuoles, yet is independent of nucleus–vacuole junctions and rDNA-NE tethering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Matos-Perdomo
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.,Escuela de Doctorado y Estudios de Postgrado, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Silvia Santana-Sosa
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.,Escuela de Doctorado y Estudios de Postgrado, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Jessel Ayra-Plasencia
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.,Escuela de Doctorado y Estudios de Postgrado, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Sara Medina-Suárez
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.,Escuela de Doctorado y Estudios de Postgrado, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Félix Machín
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain .,Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Fernando Pessoa Canarias, Santa María de Guía, Spain
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13
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Östlund C, Hernandez-Ono A, Turk SJ, Dauer WT, Ginsberg HN, Worman HJ, Shin JY. Hepatocytes Deficient in Nuclear Envelope Protein Lamina-associated Polypeptide 1 are an Ideal Mammalian System to Study Intranuclear Lipid Droplets. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100277. [PMID: 36100089 PMCID: PMC9587410 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are generally considered to be synthesized in the ER and utilized in the cytoplasm. However, LDs have been observed inside nuclei in some cells, although recent research on nuclear LDs has focused on cultured cell lines. To better understand nuclear LDs that occur in vivo, here we examined LDs in primary hepatocytes from mice following depletion of the nuclear envelope protein lamina-associated polypeptide 1 (LAP1). Microscopic image analysis showed that LAP1-depleted hepatocytes contain frequent nuclear LDs, which differ from cytoplasmic LDs in their associated proteins. We found type 1 nucleoplasmic reticula, which are invaginations of the inner nuclear membrane, are often associated with nuclear LDs in these hepatocytes. Furthermore, in vivo depletion of the nuclear envelope proteins lamin A and C from mouse hepatocytes led to severely abnormal nuclear morphology, but significantly fewer nuclear LDs than were observed upon depletion of LAP1. In addition, we show both high-fat diet feeding and fasting of mice increased cytoplasmic lipids in LAP1-depleted hepatocytes but reduced nuclear LDs, demonstrating a relationship of LD formation with nutritional state. Finally, depletion of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein did not change the frequency of nuclear LDs in LAP1-depleted hepatocytes, suggesting that it is not required for the biogenesis of nuclear LDs in these cells. Together, these data show that LAP1-depleted hepatocytes represent an ideal mammalian system to investigate the biogenesis of nuclear LDs and their partitioning between the nucleus and cytoplasm in response to changes in nutritional state and cellular metabolism in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Östlund
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Antonio Hernandez-Ono
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samantha J. Turk
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - William T. Dauer
- Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA,Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA,Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Henry N. Ginsberg
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Howard J. Worman
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ji-Yeon Shin
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,For correspondence: Ji-Yeon Shin
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14
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Garcia M, Kumanski S, Elías-Villalobos A, Cazevieille C, Soulet C, Moriel-Carretero M. Nuclear ingression of cytoplasmic bodies accompanies a boost in autophagy. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/9/e202101160. [PMID: 35568434 PMCID: PMC9107791 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a fully new remodeling event of the nuclear envelope surrounding the nucleolus: it partitions into its regular contact with the vacuole and a dramatic internalization of globular cytoplasmic portions within the nucleus. Membrane contact sites are functional nodes at which organelles reorganize metabolic pathways and adapt to changing cues. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the nuclear envelope subdomain surrounding the nucleolus, very plastic and prone to expansion, can establish contacts with the vacuole and be remodeled in response to various metabolic stresses. While using genotoxins with unrelated purposes, we serendipitously discovered a fully new remodeling event at this nuclear subdomain: the nuclear envelope partitions into its regular contact with the vacuole and a dramatic internalization within the nucleus. This leads to the nuclear engulfment of a globular, cytoplasmic portion. In spite of how we discovered it, the phenomenon is likely DNA damage-independent. We define lipids supporting negative curvature, such as phosphatidic acid and sterols, as bona fide drivers of this event. Mechanistically, we suggest that the engulfment of the cytoplasm triggers a suction phenomenon that enhances the docking of proton pump-containing vesicles with the vacuolar membrane, which we show matches a boost in autophagy. Thus, our findings unveil an unprecedented remodeling of the nucleolus-surrounding membranes with impact on metabolic adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Garcia
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), Université de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvain Kumanski
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), Université de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
| | - Alberto Elías-Villalobos
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Virgen del Rocío-CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.,Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Chantal Cazevieille
- Institut de Neurosciences de Montpellier (INM), Université de Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Caroline Soulet
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), Université de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
| | - María Moriel-Carretero
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), Université de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
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15
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John Peter AT, Schie SNS, Cheung NJ, Michel AH, Peter M, Kornmann B. Rewiring phospholipid biosynthesis reveals resilience to membrane perturbations and uncovers regulators of lipid homeostasis. EMBO J 2022; 41:e109998. [PMID: 35188676 PMCID: PMC8982615 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021109998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The organelles of eukaryotic cells differ in their membrane lipid composition. This heterogeneity is achieved by the localization of lipid synthesizing and modifying enzymes to specific compartments, as well as by intracellular lipid transport that utilizes vesicular and non‐vesicular routes to ferry lipids from their place of synthesis to their destination. For instance, the major and essential phospholipids, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylcholine (PC), can be produced by multiple pathways and, in the case of PE, also at multiple locations. However, the molecular components that underlie lipid homeostasis as well as the routes allowing their distribution remain unclear. Here, we present an approach in which we simplify and rewire yeast phospholipid synthesis by redirecting PE and PC synthesis reactions to distinct subcellular locations using chimeric enzymes fused to specific organelle targeting motifs. In rewired conditions, viability is expected to depend on homeostatic adaptation to the ensuing lipostatic perturbations and on efficient interorganelle lipid transport. We therefore performed genetic screens to identify factors involved in both of these processes. Among the candidates identified, we find genes linked to transcriptional regulation of lipid homeostasis, lipid metabolism, and transport. In particular, we identify a requirement for Csf1—an uncharacterized protein harboring a Chorein‐N lipid transport motif—for survival under certain rewired conditions as well as lipidomic adaptation to cold, implicating Csf1 in interorganelle lipid transport and homeostatic adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ngaam J Cheung
- Department of Biochemistry University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Agnès H Michel
- Department of Biochemistry University of Oxford Oxford UK
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16
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Maitra N, Hammer S, Kjerfve C, Bankaitis VA, Polymenis M. Translational control of lipogenesis links protein synthesis and phosphoinositide signaling with nuclear division in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 2022; 220:iyab171. [PMID: 34849864 PMCID: PMC8733439 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyab171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuously dividing cells coordinate their growth and division. How fast cells grow in mass determines how fast they will multiply. Yet, there are few, if any, examples of a metabolic pathway that actively drives a cell cycle event instead of just being required for it. Here, we show that translational upregulation of lipogenic enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae increased the abundance of lipids and promoted nuclear elongation and division. Derepressing translation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase also suppressed cell cycle-related phenotypes, including delayed nuclear division, associated with Sec14p phosphatidylinositol transfer protein deficiencies, and the irregular nuclear morphologies of mutants defective in phosphatidylinositol 4-OH kinase activities. Our results show that increased lipogenesis drives a critical cell cycle landmark and report a phosphoinositide signaling axis in control of nuclear division. The broad conservation of these lipid metabolic and signaling pathways raises the possibility these activities similarly govern nuclear division in other eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nairita Maitra
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Staci Hammer
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Clara Kjerfve
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Vytas A Bankaitis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Sciences Center, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Michael Polymenis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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17
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Coupling lipid synthesis with nuclear envelope remodeling. Trends Biochem Sci 2022; 47:52-65. [PMID: 34556392 PMCID: PMC9943564 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear envelope (NE) is a protective barrier to the genome, yet its membranes undergo highly dynamic remodeling processes that are necessary for cell growth and maintenance. While mechanisms by which proteins promote NE remodeling are emerging, the types of bilayer lipids and the lipid-protein interactions that define and sculpt nuclear membranes remain elusive. The NE is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and recent evidence suggests that lipids produced in the ER are harnessed to remodel nuclear membranes. In this review, we examine new roles for lipid species made proximally within the ER and locally at the NE to control NE dynamics. We further explore how the biosynthesis of lipids coordinates NE remodeling to ensure genome protection.
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18
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Hello from the other side: Membrane contact of lipid droplets with other organelles and subsequent functional implications. Prog Lipid Res 2021; 85:101141. [PMID: 34793861 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are ubiquitous organelles that play crucial roles in response to physiological and environmental cues. The identification of several neutral lipid synthesizing and regulatory protein complexes have propelled significant advance on the mechanisms of LD biogenesis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Increasing evidence suggests that distinct proteins and regulatory factors, which localize to membrane contact sites (MCS), are involved not only in interorganellar lipid exchange and transport, but also function in other important cellular processes, including autophagy, mitochondrial dynamics and inheritance, ion signaling and inter-regulation of these MCS. More and more tethers and molecular determinants are associated to MCS and to a diversity of cellular and pathophysiological processes, demonstrating the dynamics and importance of these junctions in health and disease. The conjugation of lipids with proteins in supramolecular complexes is known to be paramount for many biological processes, namely membrane biosynthesis, cell homeostasis, regulation of organelle division and biogenesis, and cell growth. Ultimately, this physical organization allows the contact sites to function as crucial metabolic hubs that control the occurrence of chemical reactions. This leads to biochemical and metabolite compartmentalization for the purposes of energetic efficiency and cellular homeostasis. In this review, we will focus on the structural and functional aspects of LD-organelle interactions and how they ensure signaling exchange and metabolites transfer between organelles.
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19
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Abstract
Nuclear shape and size depend on nuclear membrane availability through an unknown process. A new study of asymmetric cell division reveals that nuclear membrane is derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and that limiting nuclear membrane expansion can affect cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orna Cohen-Fix
- The Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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20
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Romanauska A, Köhler A. Reprogrammed lipid metabolism protects inner nuclear membrane against unsaturated fat. Dev Cell 2021; 56:2562-2578.e3. [PMID: 34407429 PMCID: PMC8480995 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The cell nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane. The lipid packing and viscosity of membranes is critical for their function and is tightly controlled by lipid saturation. Circuits regulating the lipid saturation of the outer nuclear membrane (ONM) and contiguous endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are known. However, how lipid saturation is controlled in the inner nuclear membrane (INM) has remained enigmatic. Using INM biosensors and targeted genetic manipulations, we show that increased lipid unsaturation causes a reprogramming of lipid storage metabolism across the nuclear envelope (NE). Cells induce lipid droplet (LD) formation specifically from the distant ONM/ER, whereas LD formation at the INM is suppressed. In doing so, unsaturated fatty acids are shifted away from the INM. We identify the transcription circuits that topologically reprogram LD synthesis and identify seipin and phosphatidic acid as critical effectors. Our study suggests a detoxification mechanism protecting the INM from excess lipid unsaturation. Biosensors detect lipid saturation dynamics of INM Increased lipid unsaturation induces LDs at ONM, but not at INM Opposing transcription circuits reprogram LD synthesis across the NE LDs detoxify unsaturated lipids to maintain INM integrity
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Affiliation(s)
- Anete Romanauska
- Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter Campus (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alwin Köhler
- Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter Campus (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/3, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
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21
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Abstract
Membrane-bound organelles provide physical and functional compartmentalization of biological processes in eukaryotic cells. The characteristic shape and internal organization of these organelles is determined by a combination of multiple internal and external factors. The maintenance of the shape of nucleus, which houses the genetic material within a double membrane bilayer, is crucial for a seamless spatio-temporal control over nuclear and cellular functions. Dynamic morphological changes in the shape of nucleus facilitate various biological processes. Chromatin packaging, nuclear and cytosolic protein organization, and nuclear membrane lipid homeostasis are critical determinants of overall nuclear morphology. As such, a multitude of molecular players and pathways act together to regulate the nuclear shape. Here, we review the known mechanisms governing nuclear shape in various unicellular and multicellular organisms, including the non-spherical nuclei and non-lamin-related structural determinants. The review also touches upon cellular consequences of aberrant nuclear morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Deolal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Krishnaveni Mishra
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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22
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SCD2-mediated monounsaturated fatty acid metabolism regulates cGAS-STING-dependent type I IFN responses in CD4 + T cells. Commun Biol 2021; 4:820. [PMID: 34188173 PMCID: PMC8242023 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02310-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Host lipid metabolism and viral responses are intimately connected. However, the process by which the acquired immune systems adapts lipid metabolism to meet demands, and whether or not the metabolic rewiring confers a selective advantage to host immunity, remains unclear. Here we show that viral infection attenuates the expression of genes related to lipid metabolism in murine CD4+ T cells, which in turn increases the expression of antiviral genes. Inhibition of the fatty acid synthesis pathway substantially increases the basal expression of antiviral genes via the spontaneous production of type I interferon (IFN). Using a combination of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing technology and a global lipidomics analysis, we found that the decrease in monounsaturated fatty acid caused by genetic deletion of Scd2 in mice was crucial for the induction of an antiviral response through activation of the cGAS-STING pathway. These findings demonstrate the important relationship between fatty acid biosynthesis and type I IFN responses that enhances the antiviral response. Kanno et al. demonstrate that decreased monounsaturated fatty acid in CD4 + T cells following Scd2 deletion boosts the induction of the antiviral response via activation of the cGAS-STING pathway in mice. This study highlights the important interaction between fatty acid metabolism and the acquired immune response.
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23
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Abstract
The nuclear envelope (NE) is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), yet the NE carries out many functions distinct from those of bulk ER. This functional specialization depends on a unique protein composition that defines NE identity and must be both established and actively maintained. The NE undergoes extensive remodeling in interphase and mitosis, so mechanisms that seal NE holes and protect its unique composition are critical for maintaining its functions. New evidence shows that closure of NE holes relies on regulated de novo lipid synthesis, providing a link between lipid metabolism and generating and maintaining NE identity. Here, we review regulation of the lipid bilayers of the NE and suggest ways to generate lipid asymmetry across the NE despite its direct continuity with the ER. We also discuss the elusive mechanism of membrane fusion during nuclear pore complex (NPC) biogenesis. We propose a model in which NPC biogenesis is carefully controlled to ensure that a permeability barrier has been established before membrane fusion, thereby avoiding a major threat to compartmentalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Bahmanyar
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Christian Schlieker
- Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520.,Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
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24
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Sołtysik K, Ohsaki Y, Tatematsu T, Cheng J, Maeda A, Morita SY, Fujimoto T. Nuclear lipid droplets form in the inner nuclear membrane in a seipin-independent manner. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:211592. [PMID: 33315072 PMCID: PMC7737703 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202005026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear lipid droplets (LDs) in hepatocytes are derived from precursors of very-low-density lipoprotein in the ER lumen, but it is not known how cells lacking the lipoprotein secretory function form nuclear LDs. Here, we show that the inner nuclear membrane (INM) of U2OS cells harbors triglyceride synthesis enzymes, including ACSL3, AGPAT2, GPAT3/GPAT4, and DGAT1/DGAT2, and generates nuclear LDs in situ. mTOR inhibition increases nuclear LDs by inducing the nuclear translocation of lipin-1 phosphatidic acid (PA) phosphatase. Seipin, a protein essential for normal cytoplasmic LD formation in the ER, is absent in the INM. Knockdown of seipin increases nuclear LDs and PA in the nucleus, whereas seipin overexpression decreases these. Seipin knockdown also up-regulates lipin-1β expression, and lipin-1 knockdown decreases the effect of seipin knockdown on nuclear LDs without affecting PA redistribution. These results indicate that seipin is not directly involved in nuclear LD formation but instead restrains it by affecting lipin-1 expression and intracellular PA distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Sołtysik
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuki Ohsaki
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tsuyako Tatematsu
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jinglei Cheng
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Asami Maeda
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin-Ya Morita
- Department of Pharmacy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Otsu City, Shiga, Japan
| | - Toyoshi Fujimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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25
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Deolal P, Male G, Mishra K. The challenge of staying in shape: nuclear size matters. Curr Genet 2021; 67:605-612. [PMID: 33779777 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-021-01176-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cellular organelles have unique morphology and the organelle size to cell size ratio is regulated. Nucleus is one of the most prominent, usually round in shape, organelle of a eukaryotic cell that occupies 8-10% of cellular volume. The shape and size of nucleus is known to undergo remodeling during processes such as cell growth, division and certain stresses. Regulation of protein and lipid distribution at the nuclear envelope is crucial for preserving the nuclear morphology and size. As size and morphology are interlinked, altering one influences the other. In this perspective, we discuss the relationship between size and shape regulation of the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Deolal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Gurranna Male
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Krishnaveni Mishra
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India.
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26
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Thaller DJ, Tong D, Marklew CJ, Ader NR, Mannino PJ, Borah S, King MC, Ciani B, Lusk CP. Direct binding of ESCRT protein Chm7 to phosphatidic acid-rich membranes at nuclear envelope herniations. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:e202004222. [PMID: 33464310 PMCID: PMC7816628 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202004222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms that control nuclear membrane remodeling are essential to maintain the integrity of the nucleus but remain to be fully defined. Here, we identify a phosphatidic acid (PA)-binding capacity in the nuclear envelope (NE)-specific ESCRT, Chm7, in budding yeast. Chm7's interaction with PA-rich membranes is mediated through a conserved hydrophobic stretch of amino acids, which confers recruitment to the NE in a manner that is independent of but required for Chm7's interaction with the LAP2-emerin-MAN1 (LEM) domain protein Heh1 (LEM2). Consistent with the functional importance of PA binding, mutation of this region abrogates recruitment of Chm7 to membranes and abolishes Chm7 function in the context of NE herniations that form during defective nuclear pore complex (NPC) biogenesis. In fact, we show that a PA sensor specifically accumulates within these NE herniations. We suggest that local control of PA metabolism is important for ensuring productive NE remodeling and that its dysregulation may contribute to pathologies associated with defective NPC assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Thaller
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Danqing Tong
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Christopher J. Marklew
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, UK
| | - Nicholas R. Ader
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | | | - Sapan Borah
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Megan C. King
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Barbara Ciani
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, UK
| | - C. Patrick Lusk
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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27
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Thiam AR, Ikonen E. Lipid Droplet Nucleation. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 31:108-118. [PMID: 33293168 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
All living organisms can make lipid droplets (LDs), intracellular oil-in-water droplets, surrounded by a phospholipid and protein monolayer. LDs are at the nexus of cellular lipid metabolism and function in diverse biological processes. During the past decade, multidisciplinary approaches have shed light on LD assembly steps from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER): nucleation, growth, budding, and formation of a separate organelle. However, the molecular mechanisms underpinning these steps remain elusive. In this review, we focus on the nucleation step, defining where and how LD assembly is initiated. We present how membrane biophysical and physicochemical properties control this step and how proteins act on it to orchestrate LD biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdou Rachid Thiam
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'École Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75005 Paris, France.
| | - Elina Ikonen
- Department of Anatomy and Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
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28
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Barbosa AD, Siniossoglou S. New kid on the block: lipid droplets in the nucleus. FEBS J 2020; 287:4838-4843. [PMID: 32243071 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of lipid homeostasis is essential for normal cell physiology, and its disruption can lead to disease. Lipid droplets (LDs) are ubiquitous organelles dedicated to storing nonpolar lipids that are used for metabolic energy production or membrane biogenesis. LDs normally emerge from, and associate with, the endoplasmic reticulum and interact with other cytoplasmic organelles to deliver the stored lipids. Recently, LDs were found to reside also at the inner side of the nuclear envelope and inside the nucleus in yeast and mammalian cells. This unexpected finding raises fundamental questions about the nature of the inner nuclear membrane, its connection with the endoplasmic reticulum and the pathways of LD formation. In this viewpoint, we will highlight recent developments relating to these questions and discuss possible roles of LDs in nuclear physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio D Barbosa
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Symeon Siniossoglou
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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29
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Teixeira V, Maciel P, Costa V. Leading the way in the nervous system: Lipid Droplets as new players in health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1866:158820. [PMID: 33010453 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are ubiquitous fat storage organelles composed of a neutral lipid core, comprising triacylglycerols (TAG) and sterol esters (SEs), surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer membrane with several decorating proteins. Recently, LD biology has come to the foreground of research due to their importance for energy homeostasis and cellular stress response. As aberrant LD accumulation and lipid depletion are hallmarks of numerous diseases, addressing LD biogenesis and turnover provides a new framework for understanding disease-related mechanisms. Here we discuss the potential role of LDs in neurodegeneration, while making some predictions on how LD imbalance can contribute to pathophysiology in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Teixeira
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade of Porto, Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Patrícia Maciel
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Vítor Costa
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade of Porto, Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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30
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Guo X, Dai X, Wu X, Zhou T, Ni J, Xue J, Wang X. Understanding the birth of rupture-prone and irreparable micronuclei. Chromosoma 2020; 129:181-200. [PMID: 32671520 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-020-00741-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Micronuclei are extra-nuclear bodies mainly derived from ana-telophase lagging chromosomes/chromatins (LCs) that are not incorporated into primary nuclei at mitotic exit. Unlike primary nuclei, most micronuclei are enclosed by nuclear envelope (NE) that is highly susceptible to spontaneous and irreparable rupture. Ruptured micronuclei act as triggers of chromothripsis-like chaotic chromosomal rearrangements and cGAS-mediated innate immunity and inflammation, raising the view that micronuclei play active roles in human aging and tumorigenesis. Thus, understanding the ways in which micronuclear envelope (mNE) goes awry acquires increased importance. Here, we review the data to present a general framework for this question. We firstly describe NE reassembly after mitosis and NE repair during interphase. Simultaneously, we briefly discuss how mNE is organized and how mNE rupture controls the fate of micronuclei and micronucleated cells. As a focus of this review, we highlight current knowledge about why mNE is rupture-prone and irreparable. For this, we survey observations from a series of elegant studies to provide a systematic overview. We conclude that the birth of rupture-prone and irreparable micronuclei may be the cumulative effects of their intracellular geographic origins, biophysical properties, and specific mNE features. We propose that DNA damage and immunogenicity in micronuclei increase stepwise from altered mNE components, mNE rupture, and refractory to repair. Throughout our discussion, we note interesting issues in mNE fragility that have yet to be resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihan Guo
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Xueqin Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, Yunnan, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xue Wu
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Juan Ni
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Jinglun Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.
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Lusk CP, Ader NR. CHMPions of repair: Emerging perspectives on sensing and repairing the nuclear envelope barrier. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 64:25-33. [PMID: 32105978 PMCID: PMC7371540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how the integrity of the nuclear membranes is protected against internal and external stresses is an emergent challenge. Work reviewed here investigated the mechanisms by which losses of nuclear-cytoplasmic compartmentalization are sensed and ameliorated. Fundamental to these is spatial control over interactions between the endosomal sorting complexes required for transport machinery and LAP2-emerin-MAN1 family inner nuclear membrane proteins, which together promote nuclear envelope sealing in interphase and at the end of mitosis. We suggest that the size of the nuclear envelope hole dictates the mechanism of its repair, with larger holes requiring barrier-to-autointegration factor and the potential triggering of a postmitotic nuclear envelope reassembly pathway in interphase. We also consider why these mechanisms fail at ruptured micronuclei. Together, this work re-emphasizes the need to understand how membrane flow and local lipid metabolism help ensure that the nuclear envelope is refractory to mechanical rupture yet fluid enough to allow its essential dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Patrick Lusk
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, 295 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | - Nicholas R Ader
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, 295 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
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Yamamoto-Hino M, Kawaguchi K, Ono M, Furukawa K, Goto S. Lamin is essential for nuclear localization of the GPI synthesis enzyme PIG-B and GPI-anchored protein production in Drosophila. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs.238527. [PMID: 32051283 PMCID: PMC7104860 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.238527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane lipid biosynthesis is a complex process that occurs in various intracellular compartments. In Drosophila, phosphatidylinositol glycan-B (PIG-B), which catalyzes addition of the third mannose in glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI), localizes to the nuclear envelope (NE). Although this NE localization is essential for Drosophila development, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unknown. To elucidate this mechanism, we identified PIG-B-interacting proteins by performing immunoprecipitation followed by proteomic analysis. We then examined which of these proteins are required for the NE localization of PIG-B. Knockdown of Lamin Dm0, a B-type lamin, led to mislocalization of PIG-B from the NE to the endoplasmic reticulum. Lamin Dm0 associated with PIG-B at the inner nuclear membrane, a process that required the tail domain of Lamin Dm0. Furthermore, GPI moieties were distributed abnormally in the Lamin Dm0 mutant. These data indicate that Lamin Dm0 is involved in the NE localization of PIG-B and is required for proper GPI-anchor modification of proteins. Highlighted Article: Lamin plays a role in post-translational modification of plasma membrane proteins by tethering the GPI modification enzyme PIG-B to the inner nuclear membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Yamamoto-Hino
- Department of Life Science, College of Science, Rikkyo University, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Kohei Kawaguchi
- Department of Life Science, College of Science, Rikkyo University, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Masaya Ono
- Department of Clinical Proteomics, National Cancer Center Hospital, Chu-o-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Furukawa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Satoshi Goto
- Department of Life Science, College of Science, Rikkyo University, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
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Sosa Ponce ML, Moradi-Fard S, Zaremberg V, Cobb JA. SUNny Ways: The Role of the SUN-Domain Protein Mps3 Bridging Yeast Nuclear Organization and Lipid Homeostasis. Front Genet 2020; 11:136. [PMID: 32184804 PMCID: PMC7058695 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mps3 is a SUN (Sad1-UNC-84) domain-containing protein that is located in the inner nuclear membrane (INM). Genetic screens with multiple Mps3 mutants have suggested that distinct regions of Mps3 function in relative isolation and underscore the broad involvement of Mps3 in multiple pathways including mitotic spindle formation, telomere maintenance, and lipid metabolism. These pathways have largely been characterized in isolation, without a holistic consideration for how key regulatory events within one pathway might impinge on other aspects of biology at the nuclear membrane. Mps3 is uniquely positioned to function in these multiple pathways as its N- terminus is in the nucleoplasm, where it is important for telomere anchoring at the nuclear periphery, and its C-terminus is in the lumen, where it has links with lipid metabolic processes. Emerging work suggests that the role of Mps3 in nuclear organization and lipid homeostasis are not independent, but more connected. For example, a failure in regulating Mps3 levels through the cell cycle leads to nuclear morphological abnormalities and loss of viability, suggesting a link between the N-terminal domain of Mps3 and nuclear envelope homeostasis. We will highlight work suggesting that Mps3 is pivotal factor in communicating events between the nucleus and the lipid bilayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Laura Sosa Ponce
- Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Oncology, Robson DNA Science Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sarah Moradi-Fard
- Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Oncology, Robson DNA Science Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Vanina Zaremberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jennifer A Cobb
- Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Oncology, Robson DNA Science Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Wesley CC, Mishra S, Levy DL. Organelle size scaling over embryonic development. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2020; 9:e376. [PMID: 32003549 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cell division without growth results in progressive cell size reductions during early embryonic development. How do the sizes of intracellular structures and organelles scale with cell size and what are the functional implications of such scaling relationships? Model organisms, in particular Caenorhabditis elegans worms, Drosophila melanogaster flies, Xenopus laevis frogs, and Mus musculus mice, have provided insights into developmental size scaling of the nucleus, mitotic spindle, and chromosomes. Nuclear size is regulated by nucleocytoplasmic transport, nuclear envelope proteins, and the cytoskeleton. Regulators of microtubule dynamics and chromatin compaction modulate spindle and mitotic chromosome size scaling, respectively. Developmental scaling relationships for membrane-bound organelles, like the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, mitochondria, and lysosomes, have been less studied, although new imaging approaches promise to rectify this deficiency. While models that invoke limiting components and dynamic regulation of assembly and disassembly can account for some size scaling relationships in early embryos, it will be exciting to investigate the contribution of newer concepts in cell biology such as phase separation and interorganellar contacts. With a growing understanding of the underlying mechanisms of organelle size scaling, future studies promise to uncover the significance of proper scaling for cell function and embryonic development, as well as how aberrant scaling contributes to disease. This article is categorized under: Establishment of Spatial and Temporal Patterns > Regulation of Size, Proportion, and Timing Early Embryonic Development > Fertilization to Gastrulation Comparative Development and Evolution > Model Systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase C Wesley
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming
| | - Sampada Mishra
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming
| | - Daniel L Levy
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming
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Crosstalk of Phosphorylation and Arginine Methylation in Disordered SRGG Repeats of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fibrillarin and Its Association with Nucleolar Localization. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:448-466. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Lin M, Weng SY, Chai KF, Mao ZJ. Lipidomics as a tool of predicting progression from non-alcoholic fatty pancreas disease to type 2 diabetes mellitus. RSC Adv 2019; 9:41419-41430. [PMID: 35541578 PMCID: PMC9076475 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra07071k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There are three subclasses of PC (phosphatidylcholine, dPC; pPC; and plasmanylcholine, aPC). Several species of pPC decreased significantly in NDM and DM patients and especially in DM patients, while dPC and aPC showed no significant change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Lin
- College of Basic Medicine
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University
- Hangzhou 310053
- China
| | - Si-Ying Weng
- Endocrinology Department
- Ningbo Municipal TCM Hospital
- Ningbo 315010
- China
| | - Ke-Fu Chai
- College of Basic Medicine
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University
- Hangzhou 310053
- China
| | - Zhu-Jun Mao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University
- Hangzhou 310053
- China
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