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Limayem A, Mehta M, Kondos N, Kaushal D, Azam FB, Chellappan S, Qin N, Zhou Q. Evaluation of bactericidal effects of silver hydrosol nanotherapeutics against Enterococcus faecium 1449 drug resistant biofilms. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 12:1095156. [PMID: 36710982 PMCID: PMC9875038 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1095156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) are well documented for their broad-spectrum bactericidal effects. This study aimed to test the effect of bioactive Ag-hydrosol NPs on drug-resistant E. faecium 1449 strain and explore the use of artificial intelligence (AI) for automated detection of the bacteria. Methods The formation of E. faecium 1449 biofilms in the absence and presence of Ag-hydrosol NPs at different concentrations ranging from 12.4 mg/L to 123 mg/L was evaluated using a 3-dimentional culture system. The biofilm reduction was evaluated using the confocal microscopy in addition to the Transmission Electronic Microscopy (TEM) visualization and spectrofluorimetric quantification using a Biotek Synergy Neo2 microplate reader. The cytotoxicity of the NPs was evaluated in human nasal epithelial cells using the MTT assay. The AI technique based on Fast Regional Convolutional Neural Network architecture was used for the automated detection of the bacteria. Results Treatment with Ag-hydrosol NPs at concentrations ranging from 12.4 mg/L to 123 mg/L resulted in 78.09% to 95.20% of biofilm reduction. No statistically significant difference in biofilm reduction was found among different batches of Ag-hydrosol NPs. Quantitative concentration-response relationship analysis indicated that Ag-hydrosol NPs exhibited a relative high anti-biofilm activity and low cytotoxicity with an average EC50 and TC50 values of 0.0333 and 6.55 mg/L, respectively, yielding an average therapeutic index value of 197. The AI-assisted TEM image analysis allowed automated detection of E. faecium 1449 with 97% ~ 99% accuracy. Discussion Conclusively, the bioactive Ag-hydrosol NP is a promising nanotherapeutic agent against drug-resistant pathogens. The AI-assisted TEM image analysis was developed with the potential to assess its treatment effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alya Limayem
- Department of Biology, College of Arts & Sciences, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate Program, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States,*Correspondence: Alya Limayem, ; Qingyu Zhou,
| | - Mausam Mehta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate Program, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States,Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Natalie Kondos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate Program, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States,Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Divya Kaushal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate Program, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Farhat Binte Azam
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering, College of Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Sriram Chellappan
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering, College of Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Nan Qin
- Department of R&D and Analytical Services, Natural Immunogenics Corporation, Sarasota, FL, United States
| | - Qingyu Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate Program, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States,*Correspondence: Alya Limayem, ; Qingyu Zhou,
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Asgharzadeh Marghmalek S, Valadan R, Gholami M, Nasrolahei M, Goli HR. Survey on antimicrobial resistance and virulence-related genes in Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis collected from hospital environment in the north of Iran. GENE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Reinseth IS, Ovchinnikov KV, Tønnesen HH, Carlsen H, Diep DB. The Increasing Issue of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci and the Bacteriocin Solution. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 12:1203-1217. [PMID: 31758332 PMCID: PMC8613153 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-019-09618-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Enterococci are commensals of human and other animals’ gastrointestinal tracts. Only making up a small part of the microbiota, they have not played a significant role in research, until the 1980s. Although the exact year is variable according to different geographical areas, this was the decade when vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) were discovered and since then their role as causative agents of human infections has increased. Enterococcus faecium is on the WHO’s list of “bacteria for which new antibiotics are urgently needed,” and with no new antibiotics in development, the situation is desperate. In this review, different aspects of VRE are outlined, including the mortality caused by VRE, antibiotic resistance profiles, animal-modeling efforts, and virulence. In addition, the limitations of current antibiotic treatments for VRE and prospective new treatments, such as bacteriocins, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingvild S Reinseth
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Kirill V Ovchinnikov
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Hanne H Tønnesen
- Section of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Harald Carlsen
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Dzung B Diep
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway.
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Lekagul A, Tangcharoensathien V, Mills A, Rushton J, Yeung S. How antibiotics are used in pig farming: a mixed-methods study of pig farmers, feed mills and veterinarians in Thailand. BMJ Glob Health 2020; 5:e001918. [PMID: 32180998 PMCID: PMC7050320 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rising global concern about antimicrobial resistance has drawn attention to the use of antibiotics in livestock. Understanding the current usage of antibiotics in these animals is essential for effective interventions on the optimisation of antibiotic use. However, to date few studies have been conducted in low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to explore the use of antibiotics and estimate the total amount of antibiotics used in pig production in Thailand. Methods This was a mixed-methods study including a cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey of 84 pig farmers, secondary analysis of data from a survey of 31 feed mills to estimate the amount of antibiotics mixed in pig feed and interviews with five veterinarians involved in the feed mill industry to gain an understanding of medicated feed production. Findings Half of the farmers reported using antibiotics for disease prevention. Use was significantly associated with farmers' experience in raising pigs, farm income, having received advice on animal health and belonging to a farm cooperative. The estimated total amount of active ingredients mixed into medicated feed for pigs for the whole country was 843 tonnes in 2017. Amoxicillin was the most commonly used antibiotic reported by both pig farms and feed mills. The use of Critically Important Antimicrobials including colistin was common, with one-third of farmers reporting their use as oral or as injectable medication, and accounting for nearly two-thirds of antibiotics contained in medicated feed. Conclusion A majority of antibiotics used in Thai pig farms belonged to the category of Critically Important Antimicrobials. Progressive restriction in the use of antibiotics in pigs is recommended through using prescriptions to control the distribution of certain antibiotics. The government should strengthen veterinary services to improve access of farmers to animal health advice and explore alternative interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angkana Lekagul
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- International Health Policy Program, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | | | - Anne Mills
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Jonathan Rushton
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Shunmay Yeung
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Molale LG, Bezuidenhout CC. Antibiotic resistance, efflux pump genes and virulence determinants in Enterococcus spp. from surface water systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:21501-21510. [PMID: 27510164 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7369-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to report on antibiotic susceptibility patterns as well as highlight the presence of efflux pump genes and virulence genetic determinants in Enterococcus spp. isolated from South African surface water systems. One hundred and twenty-four Enterococcus isolates consisting of seven species were identified. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed a high percentage of isolates was resistant to β-lactams and vancomycin. Many were also resistant to other antibiotic groups. These isolates were screened by PCR, for the presence of four efflux pump genes (mefA, tetK, tetL and msrC). Efflux genes mefA and tetK were not detected in any of the Enterococcus spp. However, tetL and msrC were detected in 17 % of the Enterococcus spp. The presence of virulence factors in the Enterococcus spp. harbouring efflux pump genes was determined. Virulence determinants were detected in 86 % of the Enterococcus spp. harbouring efflux pump genes. Four (asa1, cylA, gel and hyl) of the five virulence factors were detected. The findings of this study have demonstrated that Enterococcus from South African surface water systems are resistant to multiple antibiotics, some of which are frequently used for therapy. Furthermore, these isolates harbour efflux pump genes coding for resistance to antibiotics and virulence factors which enhance their pathogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Molale
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management: Microbiology, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Cornelius Carlos Bezuidenhout
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management: Microbiology, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
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Abstract
Enterococcus spp. are among the common pathogens causing infective endocarditis (IE). Despite major medical advances and new potent antimicrobial agents, the mortality has not significantly improved for several decades. The usual lack of bactericidal activity of penicillin or ampicillin, the toxicity from the combination of penicillin plus aminoglycosides, and the increased reports of high-level resistance to aminoglycosides have led to the exploration of other regimens for treatment of Enterococcus faecalis IE. As an example, ampicillin plus ceftriaxone is now a well-recognized regimen for this organism. However, the emerging of new drug resistances in Enterococcus faecium dramatically reduces the therapeutic alternatives for this organism in IE which continues to be an immense challenge for clinicians even with the availability of newer antimicrobial agents. This article summarizes the current treatment options for enterococcal endocarditis and reviews of recent publications on the topic.
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Cattoir V, Giard JC. Antibiotic resistance inEnterococcus faeciumclinical isolates. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 12:239-48. [DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2014.870886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Isogai N, Urushibara N, Kawaguchiya M, Ghosh S, Suzaki K, Watanabe N, Quiñones D, Kobayashi N. Characterization of Enterococcus faecium with macrolide resistance and reduced susceptibility to quinupristin/dalfopristin in a Japanese hospital: detection of extensive diversity in erm(B)-regulator regions. Microb Drug Resist 2013; 19:298-307. [PMID: 23442208 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2012.0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-resistance to macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin B (MLSB) antibiotics is mainly mediated by the erm (erythromycin ribosome methylation) genes that encode 23S rRNA methylases in enterococi, and various mechanisms are involved in the streptogramin B resistance. Prevalence of MLSB resistance and its genetic mechanisms were analyzed for a total of 159 strains of Enterococcus faecium isolated from clinical specimens in a university hospital in Japan from 1997 to 2006. Resistance to erythromycin (EM) and clindamycin was detected in 88.1% and 89.9% of all the strains examined, respectively, and expression of resistance was totally constitutive. Although none of the strain was resistant to quinupristin/dalfopristin (Q/D), 28 strains (17.6%) showed intermediate resistance to Q/D (MIC: 2 μg/ml). The erm(B) gene was detected in 139 strains (87.4%), and msrC was found in all the strains examined, whereas no other known MLSB resistance genes were identified. The erm(B) regulator region (RR) containing a coding region of the leader peptide was classified into 13 genetic variations (L1-L3, M, S1-S7, D, and R genotypes) in 56 strains. However, no relatedness was identified between the erm(B) RR genotype and EM resistance, or reduced susceptibility to Q/D, although most of Q/D-intermediate strains were assigned to the L1, L2, and S1 genotypes. Q/D-intermediate strains were classified into five multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) types, including four types of clonal complex (CC)-C1, five sequence types (STs), including four STs of CC-17, and several resistance gene/virulence factor profiles. The present study revealed the occurrence of Q/D-intermediate E. faecium, which are composed of heterogeneous strains in Japan, and more genetic diversity in the erm(B) RRs than those reported previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayuta Isogai
- Department of Hygiene, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
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Chancey ST, Zähner D, Stephens DS. Acquired inducible antimicrobial resistance in Gram-positive bacteria. Future Microbiol 2013; 7:959-78. [PMID: 22913355 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.12.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A major contributor to the emergence of antibiotic resistance in Gram-positive bacterial pathogens is the expansion of acquired, inducible genetic elements. Although acquired, inducible antibiotic resistance is not new, the interest in its molecular basis has been accelerated by the widening distribution and often 'silent' spread of the elements responsible, the diagnostic challenges of such resistance and the mounting limitations of available agents to treat Gram-positive infections. Acquired, inducible antibiotic resistance elements belong to the accessory genome of a species and are horizontally acquired by transformation/recombination or through the transfer of mobile DNA elements. The two key, but mechanistically very different, induction mechanisms are: ribosome-sensed induction, characteristic of the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B antibiotics and tetracycline resistance, leading to ribosomal modifications or efflux pump activation; and resistance by cell surface-associated sensing of β-lactams (e.g., oxacillin), glycopeptides (e.g., vancomycin) and the polypeptide bacitracin, leading to drug inactivation or resistance due to cell wall alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott T Chancey
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Antibiotic resistance in faecal bacteria isolated from horses receiving virginiamycin for the prevention of pasture-associated laminitis. Vet Microbiol 2011; 152:424-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Jaglic Z, Vlkova H, Bardon J, Michu E, Cervinkova D, Babak V. Distribution, Characterization and Genetic Bases of Erythromycin Resistance in Staphylococci and Enterococci Originating from Livestock. Zoonoses Public Health 2011; 59:202-11. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2011.01434.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Chong YP, Lee SO, Song EH, Lee EJ, Jang EY, Kim SH, Choi SH, Kim MN, Jeong JY, Woo JH, Kim YS. Quinupristin–dalfopristin versus linezolid for the treatment of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium bacteraemia: Efficacy and development of resistance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 42:491-9. [DOI: 10.3109/00365541003699623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Hwang IY, Ku HO, Lim SK, Lee KJ, Park CK, Jung GS, Jung SC, Park YH, Nam HM. Distribution of streptogramin resistance genes and genetic relatedness among quinupristin/dalfopristin-resistant Enterococcus faecium recovered from pigs and chickens in Korea. Res Vet Sci 2010; 89:1-4. [PMID: 20206952 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Fifty-four quinupristin/dalfopristin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (QDREF) isolated from chickens and pigs during 2002-2003 in Korea were screened by PCR for the presence of streptogramin resistance genes vatD, vatE, and vgbA, and macrolide resistance gene ermB. None of the QDREF isolates carried vgbA and vatD genes, while vatE and ermB were detected in 9.2% and 74% of the isolates, respectively. Twenty-six percent (14/54) of the QDREF isolates contained none of the resistance determinants tested. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns revealed high heterogeneity: 47 different patterns for 54 QDREF evaluated. Identical PFGE types were observed in two pairs of chicken isolates and a pair of pig isolates, respectively, but chicken isolates did not share PFGE pattern with pig isolates, suggesting clonal spread of QDREF strain between the same species of animals but not between different species of animals. This is the first report, to our knowledge, of vatE-positive E. faecium isolates and also the first evidence of clonal spread of QDREF strain between animals in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Y Hwang
- National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 480, Anyang City, Gyeonggi-do 430-824, Republic of Korea
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Aslam M, Diarra MS, Service C, Rempel H. Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistance in Enterococcus spp. Recovered from a Commercial Beef Processing Plant. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 7:235-41. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2009.0380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mueen Aslam
- Lacombe Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada
| | - Moussa S. Diarra
- Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Cara Service
- Lacombe Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada
| | - Heidi Rempel
- Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz, British Columbia, Canada
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