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Oli AN, Obialor WO, Ifeanyichukwu MO, Odimegwu DC, Okoyeh JN, Emechebe GO, Adejumo SA, Ibeanu GC. Immunoinformatics and Vaccine Development: An Overview. Immunotargets Ther 2020; 9:13-30. [PMID: 32161726 PMCID: PMC7049754 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s241064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of vaccines have resulted in a remarkable improvement in global health. It has saved several lives, reduced treatment costs and raised the quality of animal and human lives. Current traditional vaccines came empirically with either vague or completely no knowledge of how they modulate our immune system. Even at the face of potential vaccine design advance, immune-related concerns (as seen with specific vulnerable populations, cases of emerging/re-emerging infectious disease, pathogens with complex lifecycle and antigenic variability, need for personalized vaccinations, and concerns for vaccines' immunological safety -specifically vaccine likelihood to trigger non-antigen-specific responses that may cause autoimmunity and vaccine allergy) are being raised. And these concerns have driven immunologists toward research for a better approach to vaccine design that will consider these challenges. Currently, immunoinformatics has paved the way for a better understanding of some infectious disease pathogenesis, diagnosis, immune system response and computational vaccinology. The importance of this immunoinformatics in the study of infectious diseases is diverse in terms of computational approaches used, but is united by common qualities related to host–pathogen relationship. Bioinformatics methods are also used to assign functions to uncharacterized genes which can be targeted as a candidate in vaccine design and can be a better approach toward the inclusion of women that are pregnant into vaccine trials and programs. The essence of this review is to give insight into the need to focus on novel computational, experimental and computation-driven experimental approaches for studying of host–pathogen interactions and thus making a case for its use in vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus Nnamdi Oli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
| | - Wilson Okechukwu Obialor
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
| | - Martins Ositadimma Ifeanyichukwu
- Department of Immunology, College of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Anambra, Nigeria.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science,Faculty of Health Science and Technology, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University,Nnewi Campus, Nnewi, Nigeria
| | - Damian Chukwu Odimegwu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Jude Nnaemeka Okoyeh
- Department of Biology and Clinical Laboratory Science, Division of Arts and Sciences, Neumann University, Aston, PA 19014-1298, USA
| | - George Ogonna Emechebe
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Awka, Nigeria
| | - Samson Adedeji Adejumo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
| | - Gordon C Ibeanu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
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Chandra H, Yadav JS. T-cell antigens of Mycobacterium immunogenum, an etiological agent of occupational hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Mol Immunol 2016; 75:168-77. [PMID: 27294559 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The T lymphocyte-mediated immune lung disease hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) in machinists is poorly understood for disease mechanisms and diagnosis due in part to lack of information on causative T-cell antigens of the etiological agent Mycobacterium immunogenum (MI). Therefore, overall objective of the current study was to identify T-cell reactive antigens of this recently recognized pathogen. In this direction, purified recombinant form of five of the seroreactive proteins (reported in our initial study), including three cell wall-associated (arbitrarily designated as antigens A through C) and two secretory (AgD & AgE), were examined for their potential to activate antigen-presenting cells (APCs) viz. alveolar macrophages and human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) and for T-cell reactivity. All five proteins strongly activated APCs by inducing inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 & IL-1α) and nitric oxide (NO), albeit to a varying extent (AgE≥AgD>AgB≥AgA≥AgC), implying their differential potential for activation of APCs. However, only two of the five proteins (AgA, AgD) showed significant T-cell response (T lymphocyte proliferation and IFN-γ secretion) when tested using sensitized T-cells from MI-induced HP mouse model. These antigens also activated the human naïve CD4(+) T cells in presence of autologous DCs as measured using ELISPOT for IFN-γ. Immuno-informatic analysis predicted that the identified T-cell antigens (AgA and AgD) bind more number of class I and class II HLA alleles as compared with the reference immuno-dominant antigens ESAT-6 and CFP-10 from the tuberculous mycobacterial species M. tuberculosis. Predicted human population coverage for the epitopes of AgA (90.87%) and AgD (88.09%) was also higher as compared to those for the reference antigens ESAT-6 (82.42%) and CFP-10 (80.21%). These two antigens were further predicted to be highly immunogenic for class I peptide MHC (pMHC) complex as compared to the reference antigens. Collectively, our results imply that AgA and AgD are T-cell antigens with a high HLA binding frequency as well as population coverage for HLA alleles. This first report on T-cell antigens and epitopes of M. immunogenum is significant as it is expected to open up avenues for understanding pathogenesis mechanisms and developing T-cell-based immunodiagnostic tools for this poorly investigated occupational lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish Chandra
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Toxicogenomics Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, United States of America
| | - Jagjit S Yadav
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Toxicogenomics Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, United States of America.
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