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Bodagh N, Williams MC, Vickneson K, Gharaviri A, Niederer S, Williams SE. State of the art paper: Cardiac computed tomography of the left atrium in atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 2023; 17:166-176. [PMID: 36966040 PMCID: PMC10689253 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcct.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
The clinical spectrum of atrial fibrillation means that a patient-individualized approach is required to ensure optimal treatment. Cardiac computed tomography can accurately delineate atrial structure and function and could contribute to a personalized care pathway for atrial fibrillation patients. The imaging modality offers excellent spatial resolution and has been utilised in pre-, peri- and post-procedural care for patients with atrial fibrillation. Advances in temporal resolution, acquisition times and analysis techniques suggest potential expanding roles for cardiac computed tomography in the future management of patients with atrial fibrillation. The aim of the current review is to discuss the use of cardiac computed tomography in atrial fibrillation in pre-, peri- and post-procedural settings. Potential future applications of cardiac computed tomography including atrial wall thickness assessment and epicardial fat volume quantification are discussed together with emerging analysis techniques including computational modelling and machine learning with attention paid to how these developments may contribute to a personalized approach to atrial fibrillation management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Bodagh
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
| | | | - Keeran Vickneson
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ali Gharaviri
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Steven Niederer
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Steven E Williams
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK; Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Nagy LT, Jenei C, Papp TB, Urbancsek R, Kolozsvari R, Racz A, Raduly AP, Veisz R, Csanadi Z. Three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiographic evaluation of pulmonary vein anatomy prior to cryoablation: validation with cardiac CT scan. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2023; 21:6. [PMID: 37076858 PMCID: PMC10114354 DOI: 10.1186/s12947-023-00305-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anatomical characteristics of the left atrium and the pulmonary veins (PVs) may be relevant to the success rate of cryoballoon (CB)-ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF). Cardiac computed tomography (CCT) is considered as the gold standard for preablation imaging. Recently, three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (3DTOE) has been proposed for preprocedural assessment of cardiac structures relevant to CB-ablation. The accuracy of 3DTOE has not been validated by other imaging modalities. OBJECTIVE We prospectively evaluated the feasibility and the accuracy of 3DTOE imaging for the assessment of left atrial and PV structures prior to pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). In addition, CCT was used to validate the measurements obtained with 3DTOE. METHODS PV anatomy of 67 patients (59.7% men, mean age 58.5 ± 10.5 years) was assessed using both 3DTOE and CCT scan prior to PVI with the Arctic Front CB. The following parameters were measured bilaterally: PV ostium area (OA), the major and minor axis diameters of the ostium (a > b) and the width of the carina between the superior and the inferior PVs. In addition, the width of the left lateral ridge (LLR) between the left atrial appendage and the left superior PV. Evaluation of inter-technique agreement was based on linear regression with Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) and Bland-Altman analysis of biases and limits of agreement. RESULTS Moderate positive correlation (PCC 0.5-0.7) was demonstrated between the two imaging methods for the right superior PV's OA and both axis diameters, the width of the LLR and left superior PV (LSPV) minor axis diameter (b) with limits of agreement ˂50% and no significant biases. Low positive or negligible correlation (PCC < 0.5) was found for both inferior PV parameters. CONCLUSIONS Detailed assessment of the right superior PV parameters, LLR and LSPV b is feasible with 3DTOE prior to AF ablation. This 3DTOE measurements demonstrated a clinically acceptable inter-technique agreement with those obtained with CCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Tibor Nagy
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 22 Zsigmond Moricz Boulevard, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
| | - Csaba Jenei
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 22 Zsigmond Moricz Boulevard, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Timea Bianka Papp
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 22 Zsigmond Moricz Boulevard, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Reka Urbancsek
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 22 Zsigmond Moricz Boulevard, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Rudolf Kolozsvari
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 22 Zsigmond Moricz Boulevard, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Agnes Racz
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 22 Zsigmond Moricz Boulevard, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Arnold Peter Raduly
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 22 Zsigmond Moricz Boulevard, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Richard Veisz
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Csanadi
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 22 Zsigmond Moricz Boulevard, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
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Marini M, Pannone L, Della Rocca DG, Branzoli S, Bisignani A, Mouram S, Del Monte A, Monaco C, Gauthey A, Eltsov I, Overeinder I, Bala G, Almorad A, Ströker E, Sieira J, Brugada P, La Meir M, Chierchia GB, De Asmundis C, Guarracini F. Hybrid Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation: A Contemporary Overview. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022; 9:jcdd9090302. [PMID: 36135447 PMCID: PMC9504578 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9090302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrical isolation of pulmonary veins (PVI) is the cornerstone of invasive treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF). However, arrhythmia-free survival of a PVI only approach is suboptimal in patients with persistent and long-term persistent AF. Hybrid AF ablation has been developed with the aim of combining the advantages of a thoracoscopic surgical ablation (direct visualization of anatomical structures to be spared and the possibility to perform epicardial lesions) and endocardial ablation (possibility to check line block, confirm PVI, and possibility to perform cavotricuspid isthmus ablation). Patient selection is of utmost importance. In persistent and long-term persistent AF, hybrid AF ablation demonstrated promising results in terms of AF free survival. It has been associated with a relatively low complication rate if performed in centers with expertise in hybrid procedures and experience with both surgical and endocardial ablation. Different techniques have been described, with different approaches and lesion sets. The aim of this review is to provide a state-of-the-art overview of hybrid AF ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Marini
- Department of Cardiology, S. Chiara Hospital, 38122 Trento, Italy
- Heart Rhythm Management Centre, Postgraduate Program in Cardiac Electrophysiology and Pacing, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luigi Pannone
- Heart Rhythm Management Centre, Postgraduate Program in Cardiac Electrophysiology and Pacing, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Domenico G. Della Rocca
- Heart Rhythm Management Centre, Postgraduate Program in Cardiac Electrophysiology and Pacing, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefano Branzoli
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, S. Chiara Hospital, 38122 Trento, Italy
- Cardiac Surgery Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Antonio Bisignani
- Heart Rhythm Management Centre, Postgraduate Program in Cardiac Electrophysiology and Pacing, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sahar Mouram
- Heart Rhythm Management Centre, Postgraduate Program in Cardiac Electrophysiology and Pacing, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alvise Del Monte
- Heart Rhythm Management Centre, Postgraduate Program in Cardiac Electrophysiology and Pacing, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cinzia Monaco
- Heart Rhythm Management Centre, Postgraduate Program in Cardiac Electrophysiology and Pacing, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anaïs Gauthey
- Heart Rhythm Management Centre, Postgraduate Program in Cardiac Electrophysiology and Pacing, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ivan Eltsov
- Heart Rhythm Management Centre, Postgraduate Program in Cardiac Electrophysiology and Pacing, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Cardiac Surgery Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ingrid Overeinder
- Heart Rhythm Management Centre, Postgraduate Program in Cardiac Electrophysiology and Pacing, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gezim Bala
- Heart Rhythm Management Centre, Postgraduate Program in Cardiac Electrophysiology and Pacing, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alexandre Almorad
- Heart Rhythm Management Centre, Postgraduate Program in Cardiac Electrophysiology and Pacing, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Erwin Ströker
- Heart Rhythm Management Centre, Postgraduate Program in Cardiac Electrophysiology and Pacing, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Juan Sieira
- Heart Rhythm Management Centre, Postgraduate Program in Cardiac Electrophysiology and Pacing, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pedro Brugada
- Heart Rhythm Management Centre, Postgraduate Program in Cardiac Electrophysiology and Pacing, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mark La Meir
- Cardiac Surgery Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gian-Battista Chierchia
- Heart Rhythm Management Centre, Postgraduate Program in Cardiac Electrophysiology and Pacing, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Carlo De Asmundis
- Heart Rhythm Management Centre, Postgraduate Program in Cardiac Electrophysiology and Pacing, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fabrizio Guarracini
- Department of Cardiology, S. Chiara Hospital, 38122 Trento, Italy
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +39-(0)461-903121; Fax: +39-(0)461-903122
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Moral S, Abulí M, Vilardell P, Trucco E, Ballesteros E, Brugada R. Multimodality Imaging in the Study of the Left Atrium. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11102854. [PMID: 35628980 PMCID: PMC9147196 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11102854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The left atrium (LA) plays a vital role in maintaining normal cardiac function. Many cardiac diseases involve the functioning of the LA directly or indirectly. For this reason, the study of the LA has become a priority for today's imaging techniques. Assessment of LA size, function and wall characteristics is routinely performed in cardiac imaging laboratories when a patient undergoes transthoracic echocardiography. However, in cases when the LA is the focus of disease management, such as in atrial fibrillation or left atrial appendage closure, the use of multimodality is critical. Knowledge of the usefulness of each cardiac imaging technique for the study of LA in these patients is crucial in order to choose the most appropriate treatment. While echocardiography is the most widely performed technique for its evaluation and the study of wall deformation analysis is increasingly becoming more reliable, multidetector computed tomography allows a detailed analysis of its anatomy to be carried out in 3D reconstructions that help in the approach to interventional treatments. In addition, the evaluation of the wall by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging or the generation of electroanatomical maps in the electrophysiology room have become essential tools in the treatment of multiple atrial pathologies. For this reason, the goal of this review article is to describe the basic anatomical and functional information of the LA as well as their study employing the main imaging techniques currently available, so that practitioners specializing in cardiac imaging techniques can use these tools in an accurate and clinically useful manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Moral
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitari Doctor Josep Trueta, 17007 Girona, Spain; (M.A.); (P.V.); (E.T.); (R.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-972-940-200; Fax: +34-972-940-270
| | - Marc Abulí
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitari Doctor Josep Trueta, 17007 Girona, Spain; (M.A.); (P.V.); (E.T.); (R.B.)
| | - Pau Vilardell
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitari Doctor Josep Trueta, 17007 Girona, Spain; (M.A.); (P.V.); (E.T.); (R.B.)
| | - Emilce Trucco
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitari Doctor Josep Trueta, 17007 Girona, Spain; (M.A.); (P.V.); (E.T.); (R.B.)
| | - Esther Ballesteros
- Dirección Territorial de Radiologia i Medicina Nuclear de Girona, Insititut de Diagnòstic per la Imatge (IDI), Institut D’Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IDIBGI), 17007 Girona, Spain;
| | - Ramon Brugada
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitari Doctor Josep Trueta, 17007 Girona, Spain; (M.A.); (P.V.); (E.T.); (R.B.)
- Cardiovascular Genetics Centre, University of Girona-IDIBGI, 17190 Girona, Spain
- Medical Science Department, School of Medicine, University of Girona, 17004 Girona, Spain
- Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Brar V, Ahmad H, Singh M, O'Donoghue S, Worley SJ. Cryoballoon Ablation for Persistent Atrial Fibrillation in a Patient with a Left Pneumonectomy. J Innov Card Rhythm Manag 2022; 12:4806-4811. [PMID: 34970470 PMCID: PMC8711969 DOI: 10.19102/icrm.2021.121201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary vein (PV) isolation (PVI) is the most important component of catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF) and can be achieved by radiofrequency or cryoballoon ablation (CBA). The CBA system has shown excellent efficacy and safety in a number of clinical trials and is independent of the PV anatomy. However, pneumonectomy can significantly alter the anatomy posing a challenge to CBA. Few cases of PVI accomplished by CBA have been described in patients with lobectomy, but none in the pneumonectomy population. We describe a case of successful CBA for paroxysmal AF in a patient with a left total pneumonectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaywant Brar
- Division of Cardiac Electrophysiology, MedStar Heart and Vascular Institute, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Huzaifa Ahmad
- Division of Cardiac Electrophysiology, MedStar Heart and Vascular Institute, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Manavotam Singh
- Division of Cardiac Electrophysiology, MedStar Heart and Vascular Institute, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Susan O'Donoghue
- Division of Cardiac Electrophysiology, MedStar Heart and Vascular Institute, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Seth J Worley
- Division of Cardiac Electrophysiology, MedStar Heart and Vascular Institute, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA
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Ji X, Feng M, Treb K, Zhang R, Schafer S, Li K. Development of an Integrated C-Arm Interventional Imaging System With a Strip Photon Counting Detector and a Flat Panel Detector. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2021; 40:3674-3685. [PMID: 34232872 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2021.3095419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Modern interventional x-ray systems are often equipped with flat-panel detector-based cone-beam CT (FPD-CBCT) to provide tomographic, volumetric, and high spatial resolution imaging of interventional devices, iodinated vessels, and other objects. The purpose of this work was to bring an interchangeable strip photon-counting detector (PCD) to C-arm systems to supplement (instead of retiring) the existing FPD-CBCT with a high quality, spectral, and affordable PCD-CT imaging option. With minimal modification to the existing C-arm, a 51×0.6 cm2 PCD with a 0.75 mm CdTe layer, two energy thresholds, and 0.1 mm pixels was integrated with a Siemens Artis Zee interventional imaging system. The PCD can be translated in and out of the field-of-view to allow the system to switch between FPD and PCD-CT imaging modes. A dedicated phantom and a new algorithm were developed to calibrate the projection geometry of the narrow-beam PCD-CT system and correct the gantry wobbling-induced geometric distortion artifacts. In addition, a detector response calibration procedure was performed for each PCD pixel using materials with known radiological pathlengths to address concentric artifacts in PCD-CT images. Both phantom and human cadaver experiments were performed at a high gantry rotation speed and clinically relevant radiation dose level to evaluate the spectral and non-spectral imaging performance of the prototype system. Results show that the PCD-CT system has excellent image quality with negligible artifacts after the proposed corrections. Compared with FPD-CBCT images acquired at the same dose level, PCD-CT images demonstrated a 53% reduction in noise variance and additional quantitative imaging capability.
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No impact of sub-clinical coronary artery disease identified by cardiac CT scan on the recurrence of atrial fibrillation after a single ablation procedure. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2021; 64:393-400. [PMID: 34240293 DOI: 10.1007/s10840-021-01018-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Performing a cardiac CT scan before ablation provides a better understanding of the anatomical variations of the left atrium and pulmonary veins, as well as an analysis of coronary anatomy and the calcium score. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the CT characteristics of patients with unknown CAD have an impact on recurrence of AF. METHODS This monocentric retrospective study included patients with AF who had undergone cardiac CT prior to a single ablation. RESULTS Among the 229 patients included in the study, 70 (30.5%) presented AF recurrence between 3 and 12 months after a single ablation. The prevalence of CAD confirmed by CT coronary angiogram and the coronary calcium score were similar in the two groups. Patients with recurrent atrial fibrillation had a significantly higher LAVI evaluated by CT scan than patients without recurrence. The ROC curve determined an optimal LAVI threshold of 49 mL/m2. In multivariate analysis, the LAVI measured by CT scan was independently associated with the risk of AF recurrence. CONCLUSIONS Our study confirms that CAD is not a predictor of AF recurrence after a single ablation, unlike the LAVI. Further studies are necessary to re-evaluate the long-term conclusions of this work.
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Gitsioudis G, Marwan M, Schneider S, Schmermund A, Korosoglou G, Hausleiter J, Schroeder S, Rixe J, Leber A, Bruder O, Katus HA, Senges J, Achenbach S. A systematic report on non-coronary cardiac CTA in 1097 patients from the German cardiac CT registry. Eur J Radiol 2020; 130:109136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2020.109136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Faletti R, Gatti M, Di Chio A, Fronda M, Anselmino M, Ferraris F, Gaita F, Fonio P. Concentrated pineapple juice for visualisation of the oesophagus during magnetic resonance angiography before atrial fibrillation radiofrequency catheter ablation. Eur Radiol Exp 2018; 2:39. [PMID: 30460417 PMCID: PMC6246758 DOI: 10.1186/s41747-018-0067-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare in vitro pineapple juice and a solution of concentrated pineapple juice with a paramagnetic contrast agent in order to determine the feasibility of using the solution of concentrated pineapple juice in vivo for oesophagus visualisation at magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) before the radiofrequency catheter ablation procedure for atrial fibrillation. The pineapple juice was concentrated by a microwave heating evaporation process performed in a domestic microwave oven. Five grams of modified potato starch for every 40 mL of concentrated pineapple juice were added to the concentrated pineapple juice in order to thicken the solution. The solution resulted visually and quantitatively as hyperintense as the contrast agent in vitro (ratio = 1.02). in vivo, no technical difficulties were encountered during the MRA acquisition and a complete enhanced oesophagus was obtained in 37/38 patients (97.4%). The volumetric analysis and the three-dimensional reconstruction were feasible; the quality was rated as diagnostic in every patient. The intensified oesophagus was successfully merged into the electro-anatomical maps in all the patients. In summary, we demonstrated that this technique allows a feasible and safe oesophagus visualisation during MRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Faletti
- Radiology Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Genova 3, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Gatti
- Radiology Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Genova 3, 10126, Turin, Italy.
| | - Andrea Di Chio
- Radiology Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Genova 3, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Fronda
- Radiology Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Genova 3, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Matteo Anselmino
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medical Sciences, "Città della Salute e della Scienza" Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Federico Ferraris
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medical Sciences, "Città della Salute e della Scienza" Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Fiorenzo Gaita
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medical Sciences, "Città della Salute e della Scienza" Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Fonio
- Radiology Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Genova 3, 10126, Turin, Italy
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