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Duncan A, Veli I, Tsosie D, Koffler E. Probable collagenous gastritis via Epstein-Barr virus reactivation in the setting of coronavirus disease 2019: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2024; 18:605. [PMID: 39710703 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-024-04969-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2024] [Indexed: 12/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent biomedical research has shown the unusual, multisystem effects of coronavirus disease 2019 in humans. One specific sequela of a primary severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection is the reactivation of latent viruses in various tissues, such as Epstein-Barr virus. Epstein-Barr virus has been identified in many inflammatory gastrointestinal lesions, such as microscopic gastritides and colitides. One subtype of these diseases is collagenous disease. "Long COVID" may be related to the reactivation of these latent viruses, and the following case describes a patient who developed vague symptoms consistent with "long COVID." CASE PRESENTATION A non-Hispanic white male in his 50s, with previous collagenous gastritis and colitis, developed a 10-kg weight loss and diffuse leg cramps over 3 months. The patient had coronavirus disease 2019 about 3 months prior to presentation. He had iron deficiency and tested positive for human immunodeficiency virus antibody. His heterophile antibody was also positive. Confirmatory testing for human immunodeficiency virus was negative, and his Epstein-Barr virus antibody panel was positive for early antigen immunoglobulin G. His Epstein-Barr virus viral load was undetectable. Minimal improvement was achieved with a 4-week course of oral budesonide, and upper endoscopy showed diffuse gastritis. He is now improving with proton pump inhibitor therapy and ferrous sulfate supplementation. CONCLUSION This case report explores outpatient management of microscopic gastritides and colitides. The evidence around coronavirus disease 2019 causing reactivation of Epstein-Barr virus, and Epstein-Barr virus' presence in chronic gastrointestinal inflammatory lesions, is discussed. Practice recommendations include corticosteroid and acid-suppression therapy for patients suspected of having a recurrence of inflammatory lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashten Duncan
- Medicos de El Centro Family Medicine Residency Program, Espanola, NM, USA.
- University of New Mexico-Santa Fe Family Medicine Residency Program, Santa Fe, NM, USA.
| | - Ivonne Veli
- University of New Mexico-Santa Fe Family Medicine Residency Program, Santa Fe, NM, USA
| | - Dathan Tsosie
- Canoncito Band of Navajos Health Center, To'Hajiilee, NM, USA
| | - Elizabeth Koffler
- University of New Mexico-Santa Fe Family Medicine Residency Program, Santa Fe, NM, USA
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2
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Pinis M, Ziv-Sokolovskaya N, Kori M. Collagenous and lymphocytic gastritis in pediatric patients. A single-center experience observing an increase in diagnosis in recent years. Scand J Gastroenterol 2024; 59:1144-1150. [PMID: 39206869 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2024.2395858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Collagenous gastritis (CG) and Lymphocytic gastritis (LG) are rare types of gastritis. Thick sub-epithelial collagen bands characterize CG. Numerous lymphocytes in the surface and foveolar epithelium characterize LG. We aimed to characterize these disorders in our pediatric unit. METHODS A retrospective review of children diagnosed with CG and LG between 2000 and 2023. Baseline data; demographics, anthropometric, symptoms, laboratory data, macroscopic and histopathologic findings. Follow-up data; treatment, improvement of symptoms and laboratory parameters. RESULTS We identified 31 children, 11 (35.5%) had CG and 20 (64.5%) LG, mean age 9.07 ± 5.04 years. Seven (22.6%) children were diagnosed between 2000 and 2016 and 24 (77.4%) between 2017 and 2023. Baseline characteristics included gastrointestinal symptoms in 16 (51.6%), iron deficiency anemia in 22 (71%), with a mean hemoglobin level of 8.8 ± 2.5 gr/dl. Gastric endoscopic findings were normal in 12 (38.7%), demonstrated nodularity in 14 (45.2%) and an inflamed mucosa without nodularity in 5 (16.1%). Helicobacter pylori was positive in 3 (9.7%) children, celiac disease was diagnosed in 7 (22.6%). Treatment included iron supplementation in 24 (77.4%), proton pump inhibitors in 16 (51.6%) and a gluten free diet in seven. Mean follow-up was 2.9 ± 2.2 years. Hemoglobin levels normalized in 21/22; however, 9 (29%) patients required repeat iron supplementation. Eight patients had a repeat endoscopy (6 CG and 2 LG) without changes in their gastric histopathology. CONCLUSIONS CG and LG are not rare in pediatric patients. Physicians and pathologist should be aware of these types of gastritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Pinis
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Michal Kori
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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3
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Genta RM, Rugge M. Host-related low-prevalence gastritides: Epidemiological and clinical characterization. Dig Liver Dis 2024; 56:1683-1689. [PMID: 38705782 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2024.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A recent consensus meeting (RE.GA.IN) addressed "host-related, low-prevalence gastritis": eosinophilic (EoG), lymphocytic (Hp-pos_LyG and Hp-neg_LyG), collagenous (CollG), and granulomatous gastritis (GrG). Our study evaluates their clinico-epidemiological characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS We extracted all patients with a diagnosis of EoG, LyG, CollG, and GrG from a clinicopathological database and compared their demographics, clinical and endoscopic characteristics, associated conditions, and clinical awareness to those of all other subjects in the database (controls). RESULTS There were 1,781,005 unique patients (median age 57 years; 55.7 % female). Hispanics were overrepresented amongst those with Hp-pos_LyG. Subjects with GrG had a high prevalence of erosions and ulcers. Clinical awareness of these conditions was dismal (<1:10,000 patients). Some clinical manifestations were more common in patients with certain gastritides (e.g., vomiting and diarrhea in CollG; anemia in LyG), but none were sufficiently distinctive to suggest a clinical diagnosis. EoG was associated with EoE; LyG had a strong association with celiac disease; CollG with microscopic colitis; and GrG with Crohn disease. CONCLUSIONS The diagnosis of these gastritides (between <1: in 1,000 and 1 in 5000 subjects) rests on histopathology. They remain poorly characterized and clinically neglected. Yet, their associations may herald other conditions: eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases (EGID), celiac, and Crohn disease. Patients might benefit from increased detection and characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Genta
- Inform Diagnostics, Irving, TX, USA; Departments of Pathology and Medicine (Gastroenterology), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Massimo Rugge
- Department of Pathology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Yuran N, Ben-Ami T, Kori M. Severe Unexplained Iron Deficiency Anemia in Children: High Yield of Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Regardless of Gastrointestinal Symptoms. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2024; 46:248-251. [PMID: 38748599 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000002863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
In this retrospective study spanning 2016 to 2022, we aimed to evaluate the diagnostic utility of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (UGE) in children under 18 years presenting with severe unexplained iron deficiency anemia (IDA), defined as microcytic anemia of hemoglobin ≤7 g/dL with low ferritin levels. Of 106 children hospitalized for severe anemia, 29 had unexplained IDA (mean hemoglobin level of 6.2 [3.2 to 6.9] gr/dL), and 25 of them underwent UGE. The mean age was 10.7 ± 3.9 years, with 76% being female. Ten children (40%) had gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms at presentation. The cause of IDA was found in 18 (72%) of 25 children who underwent UGE, of whom 12 were without GI symptoms. Gastric nodularity, erosions, or polyps were observed in 68%, and gastritis was evident in 72% based on histopathology. Helicobacter pylori was found in 50% of those with gastritis. Follow-up showed normalized hemoglobin levels in 92% of cases, with only 2 children requiring repeat iron therapy. Our findings underscore the importance of incorporating UGE into the diagnostic investigation of severe unexplained IDA in children, irrespective of the presence of GI symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tal Ben-Ami
- Departments of Pediatrics
- Pediatric Hematology
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot
| | - Michal Kori
- Departments of Pediatrics
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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5
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Rodriguez N, Kumar S, Mo J, Hartmann P. Collagenous gastritis with elevated fecal calprotectin in a pediatric patient. JPGN REPORTS 2024; 5:152-157. [PMID: 38756119 PMCID: PMC11093908 DOI: 10.1002/jpr3.12055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Collagenous gastritis is a rare and chronic inflammatory condition of undetermined etiology characterized histologically by thickened subepithelial collagen bands and increased intraepithelial lymphocytes. Here, we present a collagenous gastritis case in a 16-year-old female with chronic abdominal pain, persistently elevated fecal calprotectin (507 and 796 mcg/g), and resolved iron deficiency anemia. The patient's history, laboratory tests, endoscopy, and magnetic resonance imaging ruled out common causes of elevated fecal calprotectin, including Helicobacter pylori and gastrointestinal infections, medications, celiac disease, and inflammatory bowel disease, as well as less common causes such as collagenous colitis. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed significant antral nodularity. Gastric biopsies showed thickened subepithelial collagen band and surface epithelium damage with increased intraepithelial lymphocytes. The ileocolonoscopy was normal. This is among the first reported cases of collagenous gastritis with elevated fecal calprotectin levels that could solely be attributed to this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Rodriguez
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Soma Kumar
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & NutritionRady Children's Hospital San DiegoSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jun Mo
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Division of PathologyRady Children's Hospital San DiegoSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Phillipp Hartmann
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & NutritionRady Children's Hospital San DiegoSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
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6
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Liu Q, Wang Y, Harpaz N. Coexisting Th1 and Th2 cytokines in patients with collagenous gastritis and implications for its pathogenesis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2024; 78:231-240. [PMID: 38374564 DOI: 10.1002/jpn3.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Collagenous gastritis (CG) is a rare cause of refractory dyspepsia and anemia that frequently affects children and young adults and whose histological hallmark is chronic mucosal inflammation with a subepithelial collagen band. The etiology remains obscure, and no established treatments exist. We investigated the pathogenesis of CG by determining the expression profiles of genes related to immunity and inflammation in index biopsies. METHODS Gastric biopsies from 10 newly diagnosed patients with CG were evaluated using the NanoString nCounter assay. Gastric biopsies from 14 normal individuals served as controls. The gene expression ratios for CG versus controls were determined in pooled samples and confirmed in individual samples by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The results were compared with previously reported expression data from a cohort of patients with collagenous colitis, a colonic disorder with similar morphology, including subepithelial collagen band. RESULTS CG biopsies featured enhanced expression of key genes encoding both Th1 (IFNγ, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-10, IL-12A, IL-12B, and IL-18) and Th2 cytokines (IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-13). In contrast, biopsies from patients with CC exhibited upregulated Th1 cytokines only. CONCLUSIONS We show in this first published gene expression profiling study that CG involves simultaneous upregulation of Th1 and Th2 cytokines. This finding is unique, contrasting with other types of chronic gastritis as well as with collagenous colitis, which shares the presence of a collagen band. Involvement of Th2 immunity in CG would support further investigation of potential dietary, environmental, or allergic factors to guide future therapeutic trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Liu
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yanping Wang
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Loyola University Health System, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Noam Harpaz
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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Romano M, Plott N, Galligan A, Khalaf R. Literature Review and a Relevant Case of Pediatric Collagenous Gastritis: A Rare but Important Etiology of Iron-Deficiency Anemia. JPGN REPORTS 2023; 4:e351. [PMID: 38034434 PMCID: PMC10684157 DOI: 10.1097/pg9.0000000000000351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
An adolescent male with fatigue, weight loss, and iron-deficiency anemia failed to improve with iron supplementation and a gluten-free diet. Endoscopy revealed collagenous gastritis. Pediatric patients with refractory iron deficiency and family history of autoimmune disorders should be referred to pediatric gastroenterology for evaluation of collagenous gastritis and celiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Romano
- From the University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL
| | - Natalia Plott
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida Health Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL
| | - Andrew Galligan
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University of South Florida Health Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL
| | - Racha Khalaf
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of South Florida Health Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL
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Kozai L, Tan A, Nebrejas KE, Warashina C, Nishimura Y. Collagenous Gastritis Is an Underdiagnosed Cause of Anemia and Abdominal Pain: Systematic Scoping Review. Dig Dis Sci 2023; 68:3103-3114. [PMID: 37022603 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-023-07938-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Collagenous gastritis (CG) is a rare disease characterized by infiltration of the lamina propria with mononuclear cells and subepithelial deposition of collagen. Due to its nonspecific presentation, it is often misdiagnosed. The clinical characteristics, endoscopic, and histopathologic features, and treatment outcomes of CG have not been well defined. AIMS We aim to summarize the existing evidence of CG. METHODS According to the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews, we performed a search on MEDLINE and EMBASE for articles with keywords including "collagenous gastritis" and "microscopic gastritis" from the inception of these databases to August 20, 2022. RESULTS 76 Articles, including nine observational studies, and 67 case reports and series were included. There were 86 cases of collagenous colitis in the final analysis. Most patients presented with anemia (61.4%), followed by abdominal discomfort (60.5%), diarrhea (25.3%), and nausea/vomiting (23.0%). While 60.2% had gastric nodularity on endoscopy, erythema or erosions (26.1%) were also common, as well as normal findings (12.5%). 65.9% of histopathologic findings included subepithelial collagen bands, and 37.5% had mucosal inflammatory infiltrates. Common treatments employed were iron supplementation (42%), followed by PPI (30.7%), prednisone (9.1%), and budesonide (6.8%). Clinical improvement was seen in 64.2%. CONCLUSION This systematic review summarizes the clinical characteristics of CG. Further studies to establish clear diagnostic criteria and identify effective treatment modalities of this less-recognized entity are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landon Kozai
- Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Arvin Tan
- Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Kevin E Nebrejas
- Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Chase Warashina
- Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Yoshito Nishimura
- Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA.
- , 1356 Lusitana St., Room 715, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA.
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9
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Kagihara JE, Boland JL, Colon Rosa G, Mamilla D, Younes M, Borum ML, Schueler SA. Collagenous Gastritis: An Atypical Presentation of a Rare Disease. Cureus 2023; 15:e34698. [PMID: 36909030 PMCID: PMC9995239 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.34698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Collagenous gastritis is a rare inflammatory condition of unknown etiology defined histologically by subepithelial deposition of collagen bands ≥ 10 µm in the lamina propria. Adults typically present with diarrhea, often attributed to concurrent collagenous sprue or collagenous colitis. Children more commonly present with abdominal pain and anemia, with inflammation typically limited to the stomach. Herein, we present a case of collagenous gastritis in a 38-year-old female with a history of iron deficiency and hypothalamic amenorrhea who presented with a one-year history of microcytic anemia. Celiac disease panel, Helicobacter pylori testing, and anti-parietal cell and intrinsic factor antibodies were negative. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed diffusely erythematous and nodular gastric mucosa in the antrum and pylorus. Biopsy from the gastric body showed complete loss of oxyntic glands and deposition of a thick band of collagen under the surface epithelium infiltrated by a few eosinophils, consistent with collagenous gastritis with severe atrophy. She was treated with omeprazole 40 mg daily for six weeks and iron supplementation. Our patient's symptoms and endoscopic findings are consistent with previously described pediatric, but not adult, cases of collagenous gastritis, yielding insight into the variable clinical presentation of this rare disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn E Kagihara
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Julia L Boland
- Internal Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Giancarlo Colon Rosa
- Internal Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Divya Mamilla
- Pathology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mamoun Younes
- Pathology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Marie L Borum
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Samuel A Schueler
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
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Collagenous Gastritis: Characteristics and Response to Topical Budesonide. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 20:1977-1985.e1. [PMID: 34864160 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2021.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Collagenous gastritis (CG) is a rare disorder characterized by subepithelial collagen deposition in the stomach. Standard medications have been only moderately successful in treating CG. We report results of a large, retrospective, open-label noncontrolled study of topical budesonide for CG, with an aim of establishing an alternative therapy for the disease. METHODS We identified patients treated for CG at Mayo Clinic (2000-2017) with topically targeted budesonide (TTB) in 2 formulations: open-capsule budesonide or compounded immediate-release budesonide capsule. Demographic, clinical, biochemical, and histologic variables were assessed for all patients before and after treatment. RESULTS We identified 64 patients with CG (50 adults, 14 children). Most were female (68%), mean age was 41 ± 22.8 years, and body mass index was 23.1 ± 5.9 kg/m2. In most pediatric patients, CG presented with abdominal pain and anemia; in adults, CG presented more often with weight loss (P < .001). Collagenous sprue or colitis were more common in patients >50 years of age (83%) vs those 19-50 years of age (27%) or <19 years of age (50%) (P < .001). Of the patients treated with TTB, 89% had a clinical response to TTB (42% complete, 46% partial), and 88% had a histologic response (53% complete, 33% partial). CONCLUSIONS Adults and children with CG have a wide variety of symptoms, and notably, TTB therapy produced clinical and histologic improvement after other therapy had failed.
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Sonnenberg A, Turner KO, Saboorian H, Singhal A, Genta RM. The Occurrence of Gastritis in Microscopic Colitis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 21:1356-1358.e2. [PMID: 35339671 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2022.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiple studies have shown that Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with a lower prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).1,2 Besides chronic active gastritis (CAG) resulting from gastric infection with H pylori, pathologists have noticed another form of CAG, which is unrelated to H pylori infection and seems to cluster in patients with IBD.3-5 The aim of the present study was to compare the prevalence of H pylori-negative and H pylori-positive CAG in patients with IBD, and microscopic colitis (MC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amnon Sonnenberg
- Section of Gastroenterology, Portland VA Medical Center, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.
| | | | | | | | - Robert M Genta
- Inform Diagnostics, Irving, Texas; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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