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Duan X, Chai W, Wang Y, Zhao L. A case report of autoimmune hepatitis treated in a general practice clinic with delayed diagnosis. Asian J Surg 2024:S1015-9584(24)00799-1. [PMID: 38714406 DOI: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2024.04.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokai Duan
- Department of General Practice, Zhengzhou First People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Weifang Chai
- Department of General Practice, Zhengzhou First People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yunling Wang
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis, Zhengzhou First People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Limin Zhao
- Pathology Department, Zhengzhou First People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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Zhang Q, Luo Y, Zheng Q, Zhao H, Wei X, Li X. Itaconate attenuates autoimmune hepatitis via PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway-mediated inhibition of dendritic cell maturation and autophagy. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17551. [PMID: 37449121 PMCID: PMC10336503 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) results from an autoimmune-mediated chronic inflammatory response against liver cells. Defective self-tolerance and dysfunctional dendritic cells (DCs) play a regulatory role in AIH. Itaconate has recently attracted attention in the field of immunometabolism because of its crucial role as an anti-inflammatory metabolite that negatively regulates the inflammatory response. However, the underlying mechanism of itaconate mediation of DCs in AIH remains unclear. In this study, we found that itaconate acts as an anti-inflammatory factor in the liver. Endogenous itaconate levels were significantly increased in mice with S100-induced AIH model and correlated with upregulation of the immune-responsive gene 1 expression. However, the anti-inflammatory response from endogenously itaconate may not represent the effects exogenously-produced itaconate. We investigated the anti-inflammatory response from exogenous itaconate in S100-induced AIH, and our results showed that itaconate treatment attenuated liver histopathological damage, hepatocyte apoptosis, aminotransferase elevation, and IL-6 production in the S100-induced AIH model. In addition, Itaconate decreased glycolysis to suppress the maturation of DCs in the liver and spleen of AIH models, thereby directly regulating differentiation of Th17 and Tregs in vivo. The percentage of Th17 cells among the CD4+ population were decreased and Tregs were increased (P < 0.05). Furthermore, Itaconate-induced bone marrow-derived monocytes suppressed CD4+cells proliferation. In vitro and in vivo, we found that itaconate suppressed autophagy via activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway in bone marrow-derived DCs and liver tissues. We further investigated the function of Itaconate on DC-specific mTOR-deficient mice. mTOR-deficient DCs augmented inflammatory reactions in mTORDC-/- AIH mice and induced autophagy. MHY1485 (an agonist of mTOR) and itaconate significantly alleviated the inflammatory reaction and autophagy signalling. In conclusion, itaconate ameliorate liver inflammation in S100-induced AIH mice by regulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway to decrease DCs autophagy and maturation. These results provide insight useful for treating AIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyu Zhang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, 730000 Lanzhou, China
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, 730000 Lanzhou, China
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Institute of Gansu Province, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, 730000 Lanzhou, China
| | - Yang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, 730000 Lanzhou, China
- Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, 730000 Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiuxia Zheng
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, 730000 Lanzhou, China
| | - Haixia Zhao
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, 730000 Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wei
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, 730000 Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, 730000 Lanzhou, China
| | - Xun Li
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, 730000 Lanzhou, China
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, 730000 Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, 730000 Lanzhou, China
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Institute of Gansu Province, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, 730000 Lanzhou, China
- Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, 730000 Lanzhou, China
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KASL clinical practice guidelines for management of autoimmune hepatitis 2022. Clin Mol Hepatol 2023; 29:542-592. [PMID: 37137334 PMCID: PMC10366804 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2023.0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
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Kim JK. [Treatment of Autoimmune Hepatitis]. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY = TAEHAN SOHWAGI HAKHOE CHI 2023; 81:72-85. [PMID: 36824035 DOI: 10.4166/kjg.2023.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic liver disease, characterized by elevated levels of transaminases, immunoglobulin G, and positive autoantibodies. The disease course is dynamic and presents heterogeneous disease manifestations at diagnosis. This review summarizes the issues regarding the treatment and monitoring of AIH in adult patients. Glucocorticoids and azathioprine are the first line of treatment. Alternative first-line treatments include budesonide or mycophenolate mofetil (MMF). Although no randomized controlled trials have been performed, MMF, cyclosporine, tacrolimus, 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine, allopurinol, sirolimus, everolimus, infliximab, or rituximab have been attempted in patients not responding to or intolerant to first-line treatments. Most patients require life-long special monitoring, with or without maintenance treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ja Kyung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin, Korea
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Christen U, Hintermann E. Animal Models for Autoimmune Hepatitis: Are Current Models Good Enough? Front Immunol 2022; 13:898615. [PMID: 35903109 PMCID: PMC9315390 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.898615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune liver diseases like autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and IgG4-related cholangitis are chronic inflammatory diseases of the liver with an autoimmune background. The therapy of autoimmune hepatitis targets the autoreactive immune system and is largely dependent on the use of glucocorticoids and cytostatic drugs. In contrast, the treatment of cholestatic autoimmune liver diseases is restricted to the use of secondary or semi-synthetic bile acids, like ursodeoxycholic acid or obeticholic acid. Although the management of the disease using such drugs works well for the majority of patients, many individuals do not respond to standard therapy. In addition, chronic treatment with glucocorticoids results in well-known side effects. Further, the use of bile acids is a symptomatic therapy that has no direct immunomodulatory effect. Thus, there is still a lot of room for improvement. The use of animal models has facilitated to elucidate the pathogenesis of autoimmune liver diseases and many potential target structures for immunomodulatory therapies have been identified. In this review, we will focus on autoimmune hepatitis for which the first animal models have been established five decades ago, but still a precise treatment for autoimmune hepatitis, as obtainable for other autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or multiple sclerosis has yet to be introduced. Thus, the question arises if our animal models are too far from the patient reality and thus findings from the models cannot be reliably translated to the patient. Several factors might be involved in this discrepancy. There is first and foremost the genetic background and the inbred status of the animals that is different from human patients. Here the use of humanized animals, such as transgenic mice, might reduce some of the differences. However, there are other factors, such as housing conditions, nutrition, and the microbiome that might also play an important role. This review will predominantly focus on the current status of animal models for autoimmune hepatitis and the possible ways to overcome discrepancies between model and patient.
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Fasano R, Malerba E, Prete M, Solimando AG, Buonavoglia A, Silvestris N, Leone P, Racanelli V. Impact of Antigen Presentation Mechanisms on Immune Response in Autoimmune Hepatitis. Front Immunol 2022; 12:814155. [PMID: 35116039 PMCID: PMC8804214 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.814155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is a very tolerogenic organ. It is continually exposed to a multitude of antigens and is able to promote an effective immune response against pathogens and simultaneously immune tolerance against self-antigens. In spite of strong peripheral and central tolerogenic mechanisms, loss of tolerance can occur in autoimmune liver diseases, such as autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) through a combination of genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and an imbalance in immunological regulatory mechanisms. The liver hosts several types of conventional resident antigen presenting cells (APCs) such as dendritic cells, B cells and macrophages (Kupffer cells), and unconventional APCs including liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, hepatic stellate cells and hepatocytes. By standard (direct presentation and cross-presentation) and alternative mechanisms (cross-dressing and MHC class II-dressing), liver APCs presents self-antigen to naive T cells in the presence of costimulation leading to an altered immune response that results in liver injury and inflammation. Additionally, the transport of antigens and antigen:MHC complexes by trogocytosis and extracellular vesicles between different cells in the liver contributes to enhance antigen presentation and amplify autoimmune response. Here, we focus on the impact of antigen presentation on the immune response in the liver and on the functional role of the immune cells in the induction of liver inflammation. A better understanding of these key pathogenic aspects could facilitate the establishment of novel therapeutic strategies in AIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Fasano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
- Medical Oncology Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Malerba
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Marcella Prete
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Giovanni Solimando
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
- Medical Oncology Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy
| | - Alessio Buonavoglia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Silvestris
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
- Medical Oncology Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy
| | - Patrizia Leone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Racanelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
- *Correspondence: Vito Racanelli,
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