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Wen C, Cao L, Wang S, Xu W, Yu Y, Zhao S, Yang F, Chen ZJ, Zhao S, Yang Y, Qin Y. MCM8 interacts with DDX5 to promote R-loop resolution. EMBO J 2024:10.1038/s44318-024-00134-0. [PMID: 38858601 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-024-00134-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
MCM8 has emerged as a core gene in reproductive aging and is crucial for meiotic homologous recombination repair. It also safeguards genome stability by coordinating the replication stress response during mitosis, but its function in mitotic germ cells remains elusive. Here we found that disabling MCM8 in mice resulted in proliferation defects of primordial germ cells (PGCs) and ultimately impaired fertility. We further demonstrated that MCM8 interacted with two known helicases DDX5 and DHX9, and loss of MCM8 led to R-loop accumulation by reducing the retention of these helicases at R-loops, thus inducing genome instability. Cells expressing premature ovarian insufficiency-causative mutants of MCM8 with decreased interaction with DDX5 displayed increased R-loop levels. These results show MCM8 interacts with R-loop-resolving factors to prevent R-loop-induced DNA damage, which may contribute to the maintenance of genome integrity of PGCs and reproductive reserve establishment. Our findings thus reveal an essential role for MCM8 in PGC development and improve our understanding of reproductive aging caused by genome instability in mitotic germ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canxin Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Women, Children and Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Research Unit of Gametogenesis and Health of ART-Offspring, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No.2021RU001), Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Lili Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Women, Children and Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Research Unit of Gametogenesis and Health of ART-Offspring, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No.2021RU001), Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Shuhan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Women, Children and Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Research Unit of Gametogenesis and Health of ART-Offspring, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No.2021RU001), Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Weiwei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Women, Children and Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Research Unit of Gametogenesis and Health of ART-Offspring, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No.2021RU001), Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Yongze Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Women, Children and Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Research Unit of Gametogenesis and Health of ART-Offspring, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No.2021RU001), Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Simin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Women, Children and Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Research Unit of Gametogenesis and Health of ART-Offspring, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No.2021RU001), Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Meili Lake Translational Research Park, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Zi-Jiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Women, Children and Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Research Unit of Gametogenesis and Health of ART-Offspring, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No.2021RU001), Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shidou Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Women, Children and Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
- Research Unit of Gametogenesis and Health of ART-Offspring, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No.2021RU001), Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
| | - Yajuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Women, Children and Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
- Research Unit of Gametogenesis and Health of ART-Offspring, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No.2021RU001), Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
| | - Yingying Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Women, Children and Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
- Research Unit of Gametogenesis and Health of ART-Offspring, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No.2021RU001), Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
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Xiao C, Wu X, Gallagher CS, Rasooly D, Jiang X, Morton CC. Genetic contribution of reproductive traits to risk of uterine leiomyomata: a large-scale, genome-wide, cross-trait analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2024; 230:438.e1-438.e15. [PMID: 38191017 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2023.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although phenotypic associations between female reproductive characteristics and uterine leiomyomata have long been observed in epidemiologic investigations, the shared genetic architecture underlying these complex phenotypes remains unclear. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the shared genetic basis, pleiotropic effects, and potential causal relationships underlying reproductive traits (age at menarche, age at natural menopause, and age at first birth) and uterine leiomyomata. STUDY DESIGN With the use of large-scale, genome-wide association studies conducted among women of European ancestry for age at menarche (n=329,345), age at natural menopause (n=201,323), age at first birth (n=418,758), and uterine leiomyomata (ncases/ncontrols=35,474/267,505), we performed a comprehensive, genome-wide, cross-trait analysis to examine systematically the common genetic influences between reproductive traits and uterine leiomyomata. RESULTS Significant global genetic correlations were identified between uterine leiomyomata and age at menarche (rg, -0.17; P=3.65×10-10), age at natural menopause (rg, 0.23; P=3.26×10-07), and age at first birth (rg, -0.16; P=1.96×10-06). Thirteen genomic regions were further revealed as contributing significant local correlations (P<.05/2353) to age at natural menopause and uterine leiomyomata. A cross-trait meta-analysis identified 23 shared loci, 3 of which were novel. A transcriptome-wide association study found 15 shared genes that target tissues of the digestive, exo- or endocrine, nervous, and cardiovascular systems. Mendelian randomization suggested causal relationships between a genetically predicted older age at menarche (odds ratio, 0.88; 95% confidence interval, 0.85-0.92; P=1.50×10-10) or older age at first birth (odds ratio, 0.95; 95% confidence interval, 0.90-0.99; P=.02) and a reduced risk for uterine leiomyomata and between a genetically predicted older age at natural menopause and an increased risk for uterine leiomyomata (odds ratio, 1.08; 95% confidence interval, 1.06-1.09; P=2.30×10-27). No causal association in the reverse direction was found. CONCLUSION Our work highlights that there are substantial shared genetic influences and putative causal links that underlie reproductive traits and uterine leiomyomata. The findings suggest that early identification of female reproductive risk factors may facilitate the initiation of strategies to modify potential uterine leiomyomata risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changfeng Xiao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xueyao Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | | | - Danielle Rasooly
- Division of Aging, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Xia Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Cynthia Casson Morton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Manchester Centre for Audiology and Deafness, Manchester Academic Health Science Center, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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3
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McKinzey DR, Li C, Gao Y, Trakselis MA. Activity, substrate preference and structure of the HsMCM8/9 helicase. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:7330-7341. [PMID: 37309874 PMCID: PMC10415141 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The minichromosomal maintenance proteins, MCM8 and MCM9, are more recent evolutionary additions to the MCM family, only cooccurring in selected higher eukaryotes. Mutations in these genes are directly linked to ovarian insufficiency, infertility, and several cancers. MCM8/9 appears to have ancillary roles in fork progression and recombination of broken replication forks. However, the biochemical activity, specificities and structures have not been adequately illustrated, making mechanistic determination difficult. Here, we show that human MCM8/9 (HsMCM8/9) is an ATP dependent DNA helicase that unwinds fork DNA substrates with a 3'-5' polarity. High affinity ssDNA binding occurs in the presence of nucleoside triphosphates, while ATP hydrolysis weakens the interaction with DNA. The cryo-EM structure of the HsMCM8/9 heterohexamer was solved at 4.3 Å revealing a trimer of heterodimer configuration with two types of interfacial AAA+ nucleotide binding sites that become more organized upon binding ADP. Local refinements of the N or C-terminal domains (NTD or CTD) improved the resolution to 3.9 or 4.1 Å, respectively, and shows a large displacement in the CTD. Changes in AAA+ CTD upon nucleotide binding and a large swing between the NTD and CTD likely implies that MCM8/9 utilizes a sequential subunit translocation mechanism for DNA unwinding.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R McKinzey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA
| | - Chuxuan Li
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Michael A Trakselis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA
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Weng Z, Zheng J, Zhou Y, Lu Z, Wu Y, Xu D, Li H, Liang H, Liu Y. Structural and mechanistic insights into the MCM8/9 helicase complex. eLife 2023; 12:RP87468. [PMID: 37535404 PMCID: PMC10400076 DOI: 10.7554/elife.87468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
MCM8 and MCM9 form a functional helicase complex (MCM8/9) that plays an essential role in DNA homologous recombination repair for DNA double-strand break. However, the structural characterization of MCM8/9 for DNA binding/unwinding remains unclear. Here, we report structures of the MCM8/9 complex using cryo-electron microscopy single particle analysis. The structures reveal that MCM8/9 is arranged into a heterohexamer through a threefold symmetry axis, creating a central channel that accommodates DNA. Multiple characteristic hairpins from the N-terminal oligosaccharide/oligonucleotide (OB) domains of MCM8/9 protrude into the central channel and serve to unwind the duplex DNA. When activated by HROB, the structure of MCM8/9's N-tier ring converts its symmetry from C3 to C1 with a conformational change that expands the MCM8/9's trimer interface. Moreover, our structural dynamic analyses revealed that the flexible C-tier ring exhibited rotary motions relative to the N-tier ring, which is required for the unwinding ability of MCM8/9. In summary, our structural and biochemistry study provides a basis for understanding the DNA unwinding mechanism of MCM8/9 helicase in homologous recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuangfeng Weng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiefu Zheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yiyi Zhou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zuer Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yixi Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dongyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Huanhuan Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huanhuan Liang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yingfang Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangzhou, China
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Ding X, Gong X, Fan Y, Cao J, Zhao J, Zhang Y, Wang X, Meng K. DNA double-strand break genetic variants in patients with premature ovarian insufficiency. J Ovarian Res 2023; 16:135. [PMID: 37430352 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-023-01221-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a clinically heterogeneous disease that may seriously affect the physical and mental health of women of reproductive age. POI primarily manifests as ovarian function decline and endocrine disorders in women prior to age 40 and is an established cause of female infertility. It is crucial to elucidate the causative factors of POI, not only to expand the understanding of ovarian physiology, but also to provide genetic counselling and fertility guidance to affected patients. Factors leading to POI are multifaceted with genetic factors accounting for 7% to 30%. In recent years, an increasing number of DNA damage-repair-related genes have been linked with the occurrence of POI. Among them, DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), one of the most damaging to DNA, and its main repair methods including homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) are of particular interest. Numerous genes are known to be involved in the regulation of programmed DSB formation and damage repair. The abnormal expression of several genes have been shown to trigger defects in the overall repair pathway and induce POI and other diseases. This review summarises the DSB-related genes that may contribute to the development of POI and their potential regulatory mechanisms, which will help to further establish role of DSB in the pathogenesis of POI and provide theoretical guidance for the study of the pathogenesis and clinical treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechun Ding
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Birth Defect Research and Transformation of Shandong Province, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
- College of Second Clinical Medical, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Xiaowei Gong
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Birth Defect Research and Transformation of Shandong Province, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
- College of Second Clinical Medical, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yingying Fan
- Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Jinghe Cao
- Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Jingyu Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Birth Defect Research and Transformation of Shandong Province, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
- College of Second Clinical Medical, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Birth Defect Research and Transformation of Shandong Province, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
- College of Second Clinical Medical, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- College of Basic Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.
| | - Kai Meng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Birth Defect Research and Transformation of Shandong Province, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.
- Lin He's Academician Workstation of New Medicine and Clinical Translation, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.
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Llano E, Pendás AM. Synaptonemal Complex in Human Biology and Disease. Cells 2023; 12:1718. [PMID: 37443752 PMCID: PMC10341275 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The synaptonemal complex (SC) is a meiosis-specific multiprotein complex that forms between homologous chromosomes during prophase of meiosis I. Upon assembly, the SC mediates the synapses of the homologous chromosomes, leading to the formation of bivalents, and physically supports the formation of programmed double-strand breaks (DSBs) and their subsequent repair and maturation into crossovers (COs), which are essential for genome haploidization. Defects in the assembly of the SC or in the function of the associated meiotic recombination machinery can lead to meiotic arrest and human infertility. The majority of proteins and complexes involved in these processes are exclusively expressed during meiosis or harbor meiosis-specific subunits, although some have dual functions in somatic DNA repair and meiosis. Consistent with their functions, aberrant expression and malfunctioning of these genes have been associated with cancer development. In this review, we focus on the significance of the SC and their meiotic-associated proteins in human fertility, as well as how human genetic variants encoding for these proteins affect the meiotic process and contribute to infertility and cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Llano
- Departamento Fisiología y Farmacología, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Molecular Mechanisms Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Instituto de Biologıía Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - Alberto M. Pendás
- Molecular Mechanisms Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Instituto de Biologıía Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
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Helderman NC, Terlouw D, Bonjoch L, Golubicki M, Antelo M, Morreau H, van Wezel T, Castellví-Bel S, Goldberg Y, Nielsen M. Molecular functions of MCM8 and MCM9 and their associated pathologies. iScience 2023; 26:106737. [PMID: 37378315 PMCID: PMC10291252 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Minichromosome Maintenance 8 Homologous Recombination Repair Factor (MCM8) and Minichromosome Maintenance 9 Homologous Recombination Repair Factor (MCM9) are recently discovered minichromosome maintenance proteins and are implicated in multiple DNA-related processes and pathologies, including DNA replication (initiation), meiosis, homologous recombination and mismatch repair. Consistent with these molecular functions, variants of MCM8/MCM9 may predispose carriers to disorders such as infertility and cancer and should therefore be included in relevant diagnostic testing. In this overview of the (patho)physiological functions of MCM8 and MCM9 and the phenotype of MCM8/MCM9 variant carriers, we explore the potential clinical implications of MCM8/MCM9 variant carriership and highlight important future directions of MCM8 and MCM9 research. With this review, we hope to contribute to better MCM8/MCM9 variant carrier management and the potential utilization of MCM8 and MCM9 in other facets of scientific research and medical care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diantha Terlouw
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Laia Bonjoch
- Gastroenterology Department, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariano Golubicki
- Oncology Section and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hospital of Gastroenterology "Dr. C.B. Udaondo", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marina Antelo
- Oncology Section and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hospital of Gastroenterology "Dr. C.B. Udaondo", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Hans Morreau
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Tom van Wezel
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sergi Castellví-Bel
- Gastroenterology Department, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yael Goldberg
- Raphael Recanati Genetic Institute, Rabin Medical Center-Beilinson Hospital, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Maartje Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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8
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Chen M, Jiang H, Zhang C. Selected Genetic Factors Associated with Primary Ovarian Insufficiency. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054423. [PMID: 36901862 PMCID: PMC10002966 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a heterogeneous disease resulting from non-functional ovaries in women before the age of 40. It is characterized by primary amenorrhea or secondary amenorrhea. As regards its etiology, although many POI cases are idiopathic, menopausal age is a heritable trait and genetic factors play an important role in all POI cases with known causes, accounting for approximately 20% to 25% of cases. This paper reviews the selected genetic causes implicated in POI and examines their pathogenic mechanisms to show the crucial role of genetic effects on POI. The genetic factors that can be found in POI cases include chromosomal abnormalities (e.g., X chromosomal aneuploidies, structural X chromosomal abnormalities, X-autosome translocations, and autosomal variations), single gene mutations (e.g., newborn ovary homeobox gene (NOBOX), folliculogenesis specific bHLH transcription factor (FIGLA), follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR), forkhead box L2 (FOXL2), bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15), etc., as well as defects in mitochondrial functions and non-coding RNAs (small ncRNAs and long ncRNAs). These findings are beneficial for doctors to diagnose idiopathic POI cases and predict the risk of POI in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengchi Chen
- Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Haotian Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Chunping Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
- Correspondence:
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9
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Song HY, Shen R, Mahasin H, Guo YN, Wang DG. DNA replication: Mechanisms and therapeutic interventions for diseases. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e210. [PMID: 36776764 PMCID: PMC9899494 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate and integral cellular DNA replication is modulated by multiple replication-associated proteins, which is fundamental to preserve genome stability. Furthermore, replication proteins cooperate with multiple DNA damage factors to deal with replication stress through mechanisms beyond their role in replication. Cancer cells with chronic replication stress exhibit aberrant DNA replication and DNA damage response, providing an exploitable therapeutic target in tumors. Numerous evidence has indicated that posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of replication proteins present distinct functions in DNA replication and respond to replication stress. In addition, abundant replication proteins are involved in tumorigenesis and development, which act as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in some tumors, implying these proteins act as therapeutic targets in clinical. Replication-target cancer therapy emerges as the times require. In this context, we outline the current investigation of the DNA replication mechanism, and simultaneously enumerate the aberrant expression of replication proteins as hallmark for various diseases, revealing their therapeutic potential for target therapy. Meanwhile, we also discuss current observations that the novel PTM of replication proteins in response to replication stress, which seems to be a promising strategy to eliminate diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yun Song
- School of Basic Medical Sciences Lanzhou University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Rong Shen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences Lanzhou University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Hamid Mahasin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences Lanzhou University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Ya-Nan Guo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences Lanzhou University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - De-Gui Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences Lanzhou University Lanzhou Gansu China
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10
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Griffin WC, McKinzey DR, Klinzing KN, Baratam R, Eliyapura A, Trakselis MA. A multi-functional role for the MCM8/9 helicase complex in maintaining fork integrity during replication stress. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5090. [PMID: 36042199 PMCID: PMC9427862 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32583-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The minichromosome maintenance (MCM) 8/9 helicase is a AAA+ complex involved in DNA replication-associated repair. Despite high sequence homology to the MCM2-7 helicase, a precise cellular role for MCM8/9 has remained elusive. We have interrogated the DNA synthesis ability and replication fork stability in cells lacking MCM8 or 9 and find that there is a functional partitioning of MCM8/9 activity between promoting replication fork progression and protecting persistently stalled forks. The helicase function of MCM8/9 aids in normal replication fork progression, but upon persistent stalling, MCM8/9 directs additional downstream stabilizers, including BRCA1 and Rad51, to protect forks from excessive degradation. Loss of MCM8 or 9 slows the overall replication rate and allows for excessive nascent strand degradation, detectable by increased markers of genomic damage. This evidence defines multifunctional roles for MCM8/9 in promoting normal replication fork progression and genome integrity following stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wezley C. Griffin
- grid.252890.40000 0001 2111 2894Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706 USA ,grid.240871.80000 0001 0224 711XPresent Address: St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105 USA
| | - David R. McKinzey
- grid.252890.40000 0001 2111 2894Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706 USA
| | - Kathleen N. Klinzing
- grid.252890.40000 0001 2111 2894Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706 USA
| | - Rithvik Baratam
- grid.252890.40000 0001 2111 2894Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706 USA
| | - Achini Eliyapura
- grid.252890.40000 0001 2111 2894Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706 USA
| | - Michael A. Trakselis
- grid.252890.40000 0001 2111 2894Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706 USA
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11
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Verdiesen RMG, van der Schouw YT, van Gils CH, Verschuren WMM, Broekmans FJM, Borges MC, Gonçalves Soares AL, Lawlor DA, Eliassen AH, Kraft P, Sandler DP, Harlow SD, Smith JA, Santoro N, Schoemaker MJ, Swerdlow AJ, Murray A, Ruth KS, Onland-Moret NC. Genome-wide association study meta-analysis identifies three novel loci for circulating anti-Müllerian hormone levels in women. Hum Reprod 2022; 37:1069-1082. [PMID: 35274129 PMCID: PMC9071229 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deac028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Can additional genetic variants for circulating anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels be identified through a genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis including a large sample of premenopausal women? SUMMARY ANSWER We identified four loci associated with AMH levels at P < 5 × 10-8: the previously reported MCM8 locus and three novel signals in or near AMH, TEX41 and CDCA7. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY AMH is expressed by antral stage ovarian follicles in women, and variation in age-specific circulating AMH levels has been associated with disease outcomes. However, the physiological mechanisms underlying these AMH-disease associations are largely unknown. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION We performed a GWAS meta-analysis in which we combined summary statistics of a previous AMH GWAS with GWAS data from 3705 additional women from three different cohorts. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS In total, we included data from 7049 premenopausal female participants of European ancestry. The median age of study participants ranged from 15.3 to 48 years across cohorts. Circulating AMH levels were measured in either serum or plasma samples using different ELISA assays. Study-specific analyses were adjusted for age at blood collection and population stratification, and summary statistics were meta-analysed using a standard error-weighted approach. Subsequently, we functionally annotated GWAS variants that reached genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10-8). We also performed a gene-based GWAS, pathway analysis and linkage disequilibrium score regression and Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE We identified four loci associated with AMH levels at P < 5 × 10-8: the previously reported MCM8 locus and three novel signals in or near AMH, TEX41 and CDCA7. The strongest signal was a missense variant in the AMH gene (rs10417628). Most prioritized genes at the other three identified loci were involved in cell cycle regulation. Genetic correlation analyses indicated a strong positive correlation among single nucleotide polymorphisms for AMH levels and for age at menopause (rg = 0.82, FDR = 0.003). Exploratory two-sample MR analyses did not support causal effects of AMH on breast cancer or polycystic ovary syndrome risk, but should be interpreted with caution as they may be underpowered and the validity of genetic instruments could not be extensively explored. LARGE SCALE DATA The full AMH GWAS summary statistics will made available after publication through the GWAS catalog (https://www.ebi.ac.uk/gwas/). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Whilst this study doubled the sample size of the most recent GWAS, the statistical power is still relatively low. As a result, we may still lack power to identify more genetic variants for AMH and to determine causal effects of AMH on, for example, breast cancer. Also, follow-up studies are needed to investigate whether the signal for the AMH gene is caused by reduced AMH detection by certain assays instead of actual lower circulating AMH levels. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Genes mapped to the MCM8, TEX41 and CDCA7 loci are involved in the cell cycle and processes such as DNA replication and apoptosis. The mechanism underlying their associations with AMH may affect the size of the ovarian follicle pool. Altogether, our results provide more insight into the biology of AMH and, accordingly, the biological processes involved in ovarian ageing. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) Nurses' Health Study and Nurses' Health Study II were supported by research grants from the National Institutes of Health (CA172726, CA186107, CA50385, CA87969, CA49449, CA67262, CA178949). The UK Medical Research Council and Wellcome (217065/Z/19/Z) and the University of Bristol provide core support for ALSPAC. This publication is the work of the listed authors, who will serve as guarantors for the contents of this article. A comprehensive list of grants funding is available on the ALSPAC website (http://www.bristol.ac.uk/alspac/external/documents/grant-acknowledgements.pdf). Funding for the collection of genotype and phenotype data used here was provided by the British Heart Foundation (SP/07/008/24066), Wellcome (WT092830M and WT08806) and UK Medical Research Council (G1001357). M.C.B., A.L.G.S. and D.A.L. work in a unit that is funded by the University of Bristol and UK Medical Research Council (MC_UU_00011/6). M.C.B.'s contribution to this work was funded by a UK Medical Research Council Skills Development Fellowship (MR/P014054/1) and D.A.L. is a National Institute of Health Research Senior Investigator (NF-0616-10102). A.L.G.S. was supported by the study of Dynamic longitudinal exposome trajectories in cardiovascular and metabolic non-communicable diseases (H2020-SC1-2019-Single-Stage-RTD, project ID 874739). The Doetinchem Cohort Study was financially supported by the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sports of the Netherlands. The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript. Ansh Labs performed the AMH measurements for the Doetinchem Cohort Study free of charge. Ansh Labs was not involved in the data analysis, interpretation or reporting, nor was it financially involved in any aspect of the study. R.M.G.V. was funded by the Honours Track of MSc Epidemiology, University Medical Center Utrecht with a grant from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) (022.005.021). The Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN) has grant support from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, through the National Institute on Aging (NIA), the National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) and the NIH Office of Research on Women's Health (ORWH) (U01NR004061; U01AG012505, U01AG012535, U01AG012531, U01AG012539, U01AG012546, U01AG012553, U01AG012554, U01AG012495). The SWAN Genomic Analyses and SWAN Legacy have grant support from the NIA (U01AG017719). The Generations Study was funded by Breast Cancer Now and the Institute of Cancer Research (ICR). The ICR acknowledges NHS funding to the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre. The content of this manuscript is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent official views of the funders. The Sister Study was funded by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (Z01-ES044005 to D.P.S.); the AMH assays were supported by the Avon Foundation (02-2012-065 to H.B. Nichols and D.P.S.). The breast cancer genome-wide association analyses were supported by the Government of Canada through Genome Canada and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the 'Ministère de l'Économie, de la Science et de l'Innovation du Québec' through Genome Québec and grant PSR-SIIRI-701, The National Institutes of Health (U19 CA148065, X01HG007492), Cancer Research UK (C1287/A10118, C1287/A16563, C1287/A10710) and The European Union (HEALTH-F2-2009-223175 and H2020 633784 and 634935). All studies and funders are listed in Michailidou et al. (Nature, 2017). F.J.M.B. has received fees and grant support from Merck Serono and Ferring BV. D.A.L. has received financial support from several national and international government and charitable funders as well as from Medtronic Ltd and Roche Diagnostics for research that is unrelated to this study. N.S. is scientific consultant for Ansh Laboratories. The other authors declare no competing interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée M G Verdiesen
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne T van der Schouw
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Carla H van Gils
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - W M Monique Verschuren
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J M Broekmans
- Department of Reproductive Medicine and Gynecology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maria C Borges
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ana L Gonçalves Soares
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Deborah A Lawlor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Bristol NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
| | - A Heather Eliassen
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dale P Sandler
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Siobán D Harlow
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jennifer A Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nanette Santoro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Colorado, USA
| | - Minouk J Schoemaker
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Anthony J Swerdlow
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Anna Murray
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Katherine S Ruth
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - N Charlotte Onland-Moret
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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12
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Zhao S, Xu B, Ma W, Chen H, Jiang C, Cai J, Meng X. DNA Damage Repair in Brain Tumor Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2022; 12:829268. [PMID: 35095931 PMCID: PMC8792754 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.829268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
With the gradual understanding of tumor development, many tumor therapies have been invented and applied in clinical work, and immunotherapy has been widely concerned as an emerging hot topic in the last decade. It is worth noting that immunotherapy is nowadays applied under too harsh conditions, and many tumors are defined as “cold tumors” that are not sensitive to immunotherapy, and brain tumors are typical of them. However, there is much evidence that suggests a link between DNA damage repair mechanisms and immunotherapy. This may be a breakthrough for the application of immunotherapy in brain tumors. Therefore, in this review, first, we will describe the common pathways of DNA damage repair. Second, we will focus on immunotherapy and analyze the mechanisms of DNA damage repair involved in the immune process. Third, we will review biomarkers that have been or may be used to evaluate immunotherapy for brain tumors, such as TAMs, RPA, and other molecules that may provide a precursor assessment for the rational implementation of immunotherapy for brain tumors. Finally, we will discuss the rational combination of immunotherapy with other therapeutic approaches that have an impact on the DNA damage repair process in order to open new pathways for the application of immunotherapy in brain tumors, to maximize the effect of immunotherapy on DNA damage repair mechanisms, and to provide ideas and guidance for immunotherapy in brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihong Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Boya Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenbin Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chuanlu Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jinquan Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiangqi Meng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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13
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Wu B, Xi S. Bioinformatics analysis of the transcriptional expression of minichromosome maintenance proteins as potential indicators of survival in patients with cervical cancer. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:928. [PMID: 34404366 PMCID: PMC8371838 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08674-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As major regulators of DNA replication in eukaryotes, minichromosome maintenance (MCM) proteins play an important role in the initiation and extension of DNA replication. MCMs and their related genes may be new markers of cell proliferation activity, which is of great significance for the diagnosis and prognosis of cervical cancer. METHODS To explore the role of MCMs and their related genes in cervical cancer, various bioinformatics methods were performed. First, the ONCOMINE and UALCAN databases were used to analyze the mRNA expression of different MCMs. The Human Protein Atlas database was used to analyze the protein expression of MCMs in normal and tumor tissues. The potential clinical value of MCMs was evaluated using the UALCAN, Kaplan-Meier plotter and cBioPortal databases. Then, the related genes and key coexpressed genes of MCMs were screened using GEPIA2 and cBioPortal analysis. For these genes, we used Metascape and the DAVID database to perform Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses, construct the related molecular interaction network, and obtain the key subnetworks and related hub genes. The Kaplan-Meier plotter database was used for survival analysis of cervical cancer patients to evaluate and predict the potential clinical value of the hub genes. Moreover, multiple gene comparisons of the expression of MCMs and related genes in different cancer types also showed the clinical significance of these potential targets. RESULTS The mRNA and protein expression of MCMs increased in tumor tissue. Overexpression of MCM2/3/4/5/6/7/8/10 was found to be significantly associated with clinical cancer stage. Higher mRNA expression levels of MCM3/5/6/7/8 were found to be significantly associated with longer overall survival, and higher mRNA expression of MCM2/3/4/5/6/7/8 was associated with favorable OS. In addition, a high mutation rate of MCMs (71%) was observed. MCM2, MCM4, MCM8, MCM3 and MCM7 were the five genes with the most genetic alterations. In addition, the coexpressed genes and related genes of MCMs were successfully screened for enrichment analysis. These genes were significantly enriched in important pathways, such as the DNA replication, cell cycle, mismatch repair, spliceosome, and Fanconi anemia pathways. A protein-protein interaction network was successfully constructed, and a total of 13 hub genes (CDC45, ORC1, RPA1, CDT1, TARDBP, RBMX, SRSF3, SRSF1, RFC5, RFC2, MSH6, DTL, and MSH2) from 4 key subnetworks were obtained. These genes and MCM2/3/4/5/6/7/8 might have potential clinical value for the survival and prognosis of cervical cancer patients. CONCLUSIONS These findings promoted the understanding of the MCM protein family and clinically related molecular targets for cervical epithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer. Our results were helpful to evaluate the potential clinical value of MCMs and related genes in patients with cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojie Wu
- Shanghai Zerun Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Pilot Department, Building 9, 1690 Zhangheng Road Pudong, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Shuyi Xi
- Shanghai Zerun Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Pilot Department, Building 9, 1690 Zhangheng Road Pudong, Shanghai, 201203, China
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14
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Zhou J, Wang M, Zhou Z, Wang W, Duan J, Wu G. Expression and Prognostic Value of MCM Family Genes in Osteosarcoma. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:668402. [PMID: 34239894 PMCID: PMC8257954 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.668402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed a detailed cancer VS normal analysis to explore the expression and prognostic value of minichromosome maintenance (MCM) proteinsin human sarcoma. The mRNA expression levels of the MCM family genes in sarcoma were analyzed using data from ONCOMINE, GEPIA and CCLE databases. KEGG database was used to analyze the function of MCM2–7 complex in DNA replication and cell cycle. QRT-PCR and western blot were used to confirm the differential expression of key MCMs in osteosarcoma cell lines. Cell Counting Kit-8 and flow cytometry method were used to detect the cell proliferation and apoptosis of hFOB1.19 cells. The results showed that MCM1–7 and MCM10 were all upregulated in sarcoma in ONCOMINE database. MCM2, and MCM4–7 were highly expressed in sarcoma in GEPIA database. Moreover, all these ten factors were highly expressed in sarcoma cell lines. Furthermore, we analyzed the prognostic value of MCMs for sarcoma in GEPIA and found that MCM2, MCM3, MCM4, and MCM10 are prognostic biomarkers for human sarcoma. Analysis results using KEGG datasets showed that MCM4 and MCM6–7 constituted a core structure of MCM2-7 hexamers. We found that AzadC treatment and overexpression of MCM4 significantly promoted hFOB1.19 cell proliferation and inhibited apoptosis. The present study implied that MCM2–4 and 10 are potential biomarkers for the prognosis of sarcoma. The prognostic role of MCM4 may be attributable to the change in its DNA methylation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mingyong Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Osteoporosis Diagnosis and Treatments of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Wanchun Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Juan Duan
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Gen Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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15
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Structural study of the N-terminal domain of human MCM8/9 complex. Structure 2021; 29:1171-1181.e4. [PMID: 34043945 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
MCM8/9 is a complex involved in homologous recombination (HR) repair pathway. MCM8/9 dysfunction can cause genome instability and result in primary ovarian insufficiency (POI). However, the mechanism underlying these effects is largely unknown. Here, we report crystal structures of the N-terminal domains (NTDs) of MCM8 and MCM9, and build a ring-shaped NTD structure based on a 6.6 Å resolution cryoelectron microscopy map. This shows that the MCM8/9 complex forms a 3:3 heterohexamer in an alternating pattern. A positively charged DNA binding channel and a putative ssDNA exit pathway for fork DNA unwinding are revealed. Based on the atomic model, the potential effects of the clinical POI mutants are interpreted. Surprisingly, the zinc-finger motifs are found to be capable of binding an iron atom as well. Overall, our results provide a model for the formation of the MCM8/9 complex and provide a path for further studies.
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16
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Ren Z, Li J, Zhao S, Qiao Q, Li R. Knockdown of MCM8 functions as a strategy to inhibit the development and progression of osteosarcoma through regulating CTGF. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:376. [PMID: 33828075 PMCID: PMC8027380 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03621-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant tumor of bone derived from osteoblasts, which is a noteworthy threat to the health of children and adolescents. In this study, we found that MCM8 has significantly higher expression level in osteosarcoma tissues in comparison with normal tissues, which was also correlated with more advanced tumor grade and pathological stage. In agreement with the role of MCM proteins as indicators of cell proliferation, knockdown/overexpression of MCM8 inhibited/promoted osteosarcoma cell proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. Also, MCM8 knockdown/overexpression was also significantly associated with the promotion/inhibition of cell apoptosis and suppression/promotion of cell migration. More importantly, mechanistic study identified CTGF as a potential downstream target of MCM8, silencing of which could enhance the regulatory effects of MCM8 knockdown and alleviate the effects of MCM8 overexpression on osteosarcoma development. In summary, MCM8/CTGF axis was revealed as critical participant in the development and progression of osteosarcoma and MCM8 may be a promising therapeutic target for osteosarcoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhinan Ren
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Furong, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Shanwen Zhao
- Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Center for Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510610, China.,Orthopaedic Hospital of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510630, China.,Academy of Orthopaedics, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510630, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Qi Qiao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Runguang Li
- Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Center for Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510610, China. .,Orthopaedic Hospital of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510630, China. .,Academy of Orthopaedics, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510630, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, Guangzhou, 510515, China. .,Department of Orthopedics, Linzhi People's Hospital, Linzhi, 860000, China.
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17
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Biayna J, Garcia-Cao I, Álvarez MM, Salvadores M, Espinosa-Carrasco J, McCullough M, Supek F, Stracker TH. Loss of the abasic site sensor HMCES is synthetic lethal with the activity of the APOBEC3A cytosine deaminase in cancer cells. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001176. [PMID: 33788831 PMCID: PMC8041192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of cancer mutagenic signatures provides information about the origin of mutations and can inform the use of clinical therapies, including immunotherapy. In particular, APOBEC3A (A3A) has emerged as a major driver of mutagenesis in cancer cells, and its expression results in DNA damage and susceptibility to treatment with inhibitors of the ATR and CHK1 checkpoint kinases. Here, we report the implementation of CRISPR/Cas-9 genetic screening to identify susceptibilities of multiple A3A-expressing lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) cell lines. We identify HMCES, a protein recently linked to the protection of abasic sites, as a central protein for the tolerance of A3A expression. HMCES depletion results in synthetic lethality with A3A expression preferentially in a TP53-mutant background. Analysis of previous screening data reveals a strong association between A3A mutational signatures and sensitivity to HMCES loss and indicates that HMCES is specialized in protecting against a narrow spectrum of DNA damaging agents in addition to A3A. We experimentally show that both HMCES disruption and A3A expression increase susceptibility of cancer cells to ionizing radiation (IR), oxidative stress, and ATR inhibition, strategies that are often applied in tumor therapies. Overall, our results suggest that HMCES is an attractive target for selective treatment of A3A-expressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Biayna
- Genome Data Science, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Garcia-Cao
- Genomic Instability and Cancer, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel M. Álvarez
- Genome Data Science, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Salvadores
- Genome Data Science, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Espinosa-Carrasco
- Genome Data Science, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcel McCullough
- Genome Data Science, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fran Supek
- Genome Data Science, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail: (FS); (THS)
| | - Travis H. Stracker
- Genomic Instability and Cancer, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Radiation Oncology Branch, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (FS); (THS)
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18
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Genetics of Azoospermia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063264. [PMID: 33806855 PMCID: PMC8004677 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Azoospermia affects 1% of men, and it can be due to: (i) hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction, (ii) primary quantitative spermatogenic disturbances, (iii) urogenital duct obstruction. Known genetic factors contribute to all these categories, and genetic testing is part of the routine diagnostic workup of azoospermic men. The diagnostic yield of genetic tests in azoospermia is different in the different etiological categories, with the highest in Congenital Bilateral Absence of Vas Deferens (90%) and the lowest in Non-Obstructive Azoospermia (NOA) due to primary testicular failure (~30%). Whole-Exome Sequencing allowed the discovery of an increasing number of monogenic defects of NOA with a current list of 38 candidate genes. These genes are of potential clinical relevance for future gene panel-based screening. We classified these genes according to the associated-testicular histology underlying the NOA phenotype. The validation and the discovery of novel NOA genes will radically improve patient management. Interestingly, approximately 37% of candidate genes are shared in human male and female gonadal failure, implying that genetic counselling should be extended also to female family members of NOA patients.
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19
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Pal U, Halder P, Ray A, Sarkar S, Datta S, Ghosh P, Ghosh S. The etiology of Down syndrome: Maternal MCM9 polymorphisms increase risk of reduced recombination and nondisjunction of chromosome 21 during meiosis I within oocyte. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009462. [PMID: 33750944 PMCID: PMC8021012 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered patterns of recombination on 21q have long been associated with the nondisjunction chromosome 21 within oocytes and the increased risk of having a child with Down syndrome. Unfortunately the genetic etiology of these altered patterns of recombination have yet to be elucidated. We for the first time genotyped the gene MCM9, a candidate gene for recombination regulation and DNA repair in mothers with or without children with Down syndrome. In our approach, we identified the location of recombination on the maternal chromosome 21 using short tandem repeat markers, then stratified our population by the origin of meiotic error and age at conception. We observed that twenty-five out of forty-one single nucleotide polymorphic sites within MCM9 exhibited an association with meiosis I error (N = 700), but not with meiosis II error (N = 125). This association was maternal age-independent. Several variants exhibited aprotective association with MI error, some were neutral. Maternal age stratified characterization of cases revealed that MCM9 risk variants were associated with an increased chance of reduced recombination on 21q within oocytes. The spatial distribution of single observed recombination events revealed no significant change in the location of recombination among women harbouring MCM9 risk, protective, or neutral variant. Additionally, we identified a total of six novel polymorphic variants and two novel alleles that were either risk imparting or protective against meiosis I nondisjunction. In silico analyses using five different programs suggest the risk variants either cause a change in protein function or may alter the splicing pattern of transcripts and disrupt the proportion of different isoforms of MCM9 products within oocytes. These observations bring us a significant step closer to understanding the molecular basis of recombination errors in chromosome 21 nondisjunction within oocytes that leads to birth of child with Down syndrome. We studied MCM9 variations in the genome of women with a Down syndrome child by stratifying the women based on MCM9 genotypes, meiotic error group, and their age of conception. We identified polymorphisms are associated with reduced recombination and nondisjunction of chromosome 21 at the meiosis I stage of oogenesis in a maternal age-independent manner. But these variants do not affect the position of chiasma formation. In Silico analyses revealed the presence of MCM9 variants that may cause alteration in protein function due to amino acid substitution. We also identified splice variants in MCM9. We hypothesize that the polymorphisms in MCM9 predispose women to experience reduced recombination on chromosome 21 in oocytes at meiosis I, which ultimately leads to the birth of a child with Down syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upamanyu Pal
- Cytogenetics and Genomics Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Taraknath Palit Siksha Prangan (Ballygunge Science College Campus), Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Pinku Halder
- Cytogenetics and Genomics Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Taraknath Palit Siksha Prangan (Ballygunge Science College Campus), Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Anirban Ray
- Department of Zoology, Bangabasi Morning College (affiliated to University of Calcutta), Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Sumantra Sarkar
- Department of Paediatric Medicine, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (IPGMER), Bhowanipore, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Department of Paediatric Medicine, Diamond Harbour Government Medical College & Hospital, Diamond Harbour, West Bengal, India
| | - Supratim Datta
- Department of Paediatric Medicine, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (IPGMER), Bhowanipore, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Papiya Ghosh
- Department of Zoology, Bijoykrishna Girls’ College (Affiliated to University of Calcutta), Howrah, West Bengal, India
| | - Sujay Ghosh
- Cytogenetics and Genomics Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Taraknath Palit Siksha Prangan (Ballygunge Science College Campus), Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- * E-mail:
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20
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Sadoughi F, Mirsafaei L, Dana PM, Hallajzadeh J, Asemi Z, Mansournia MA, Montazer M, Hosseinpour M, Yousefi B. The role of DNA damage response in chemo- and radio-resistance of cancer cells: Can DDR inhibitors sole the problem? DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 101:103074. [PMID: 33640757 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Up to now, many improvements have been made in providing more therapeutic strategies for cancer patients. The lack of susceptibility to common therapies like chemo- and radio-therapy is one of the reasons why we need more methods in the field of cancer therapy. DNA damage response (DDR) is a set of mechanisms which identifies DNA lesions and triggers the repair process for restoring DNA after causing an arrest in the cell cycle. The ability of DDR in maintaining the genome stability and integrity can be favorable to cancerous cells which are exposed to radiation therapy or are treated with chemotherapeutic agents. When DDR mechanisms are error-free in cancer cells, they can escape the expected cellular death and display resistance to treatment. In this regard, targeting different components of DDR can help to increase the susceptibility of advanced tumors to chemo- and radio-therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Sadoughi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Liaosadat Mirsafaei
- Department of Cardiology, Ramsar Campus, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Parisa Maleki Dana
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Jamal Hallajzadeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Research Center for Evidence-Based Health Management, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran.
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Ali Mansournia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Majid Montazer
- Department of Thorax Surgery, Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Hosseinpour
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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21
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Naiman K, Campillo-Funollet E, Watson AT, Budden A, Miyabe I, Carr AM. Replication dynamics of recombination-dependent replication forks. Nat Commun 2021; 12:923. [PMID: 33568651 PMCID: PMC7876095 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21198-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Replication forks restarted by homologous recombination are error prone and replicate both strands semi-conservatively using Pol δ. Here, we use polymerase usage sequencing to visualize in vivo replication dynamics of HR-restarted forks at an S. pombe replication barrier, RTS1, and model replication by Monte Carlo simulation. We show that HR-restarted forks synthesise both strands with Pol δ for up to 30 kb without maturing to a δ/ε configuration and that Pol α is not used significantly on either strand, suggesting the lagging strand template remains as a gap that is filled in by Pol δ later. We further demonstrate that HR-restarted forks progress uninterrupted through a fork barrier that arrests canonical forks. Finally, by manipulating lagging strand resection during HR-restart by deleting pku70, we show that the leading strand initiates replication at the same position, signifying the stability of the 3' single strand in the context of increased resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Naiman
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, UK.
| | | | - Adam T Watson
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, UK
| | - Alice Budden
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, UK
| | - Izumi Miyabe
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, UK
| | - Antony M Carr
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, UK.
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22
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Motifs of the C-terminal domain of MCM9 direct localization to sites of mitomycin-C damage for RAD51 recruitment. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100355. [PMID: 33539926 PMCID: PMC7949153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The MCM8/9 complex is implicated in aiding fork progression and facilitating homologous recombination (HR) in response to several DNA damage agents. MCM9 itself is an outlier within the MCM family containing a long C-terminal extension (CTE) comprising 42% of the total length, but with no known functional components and high predicted disorder. In this report, we identify and characterize two unique motifs within the primarily unstructured CTE that are required for localization of MCM8/9 to sites of mitomycin C (MMC)-induced DNA damage. First, an unconventional “bipartite-like” nuclear localization (NLS) motif consisting of two positively charged amino acid stretches separated by a long intervening sequence is required for the nuclear import of both MCM8 and MCM9. Second, a variant of the BRC motif (BRCv) similar to that found in other HR helicases is necessary for localization to sites of MMC damage. The MCM9-BRCv directly interacts with and recruits RAD51 downstream to MMC-induced damage to aid in DNA repair. Patient lymphocytes devoid of functional MCM9 and discrete MCM9 knockout cells have a significantly impaired ability to form RAD51 foci after MMC treatment. Therefore, the disordered CTE in MCM9 is functionally important in promoting MCM8/9 activity and in recruiting downstream interactors; thus, requiring full-length MCM9 for proper DNA repair.
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23
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Signaling pathways involved in cell cycle arrest during the DNA breaks. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 98:103047. [PMID: 33454524 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Our genome bears tens of thousands of harms and devastations per day; In this regard, numerous sophisticated and complicated mechanisms are embedded by our cells in furtherance of remitting an unchanged and stable genome to their next generation. These mechanisms, that are collectively called DDR, have the duty of detecting the lesions and repairing them. it's necessary for the viability of any living cell that sustain the integrity and stability of its genetic content and this highlights the role of mediators that transduce the signals of DNA damage to the cell cycle in order to prevent the replication of a defective DNA. In this paper, we review the signaling pathways that lie between these processes and define how different ingredients of DDR are also able to affect the checkpoint signaling.
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24
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Verdiesen RMG, van der Schouw YT, van Gils CH, Verschuren WMM, Broekmans FJM, Borges MC, Soares ALG, Lawlor DA, Eliassen AH, Kraft P, Sandler DP, Harlow SD, Smith JA, Santoro N, Schoemaker MJ, Swerdlow AJ, Murray A, Ruth KS, Onland-Moret NC. Genome-wide association study meta-analysis identifies three novel loci for circulating anti-Müllerian hormone levels in women. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020:2020.10.29.20221390. [PMID: 33173903 PMCID: PMC7654897 DOI: 10.1101/2020.10.29.20221390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is expressed by antral stage ovarian follicles in women. Consequently, circulating AMH levels are detectable until menopause. Variation in age-specific AMH levels has been associated with breast cancer and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), amongst other diseases. Identification of genetic variants underlying variation in AMH levels could provide clues about the physiological mechanisms that explain these AMH-disease associations. To date, only one variant in MCM8 has been identified to be associated with circulating AMH levels in women. We aimed to identify additional variants for AMH through a GWAS meta-analysis including data from 7049 premenopausal women of European ancestry, which more than doubles the sample size of the largest previous GWAS. We identified four loci associated with AMH levels at p < 5×10 -8 : the previously reported MCM8 locus and three novel signals in or near AMH, TEX41 , and CDCA7 . The strongest signal was a missense variant in the AMH gene (rs10417628). Most prioritized genes at the other three identified loci were involved in cell cycle regulation. Genetic correlation analyses indicated a strong positive correlation among SNPs for AMH levels and for age at menopause (r g = 0.82, FDR=0.003). Exploratory Mendelian randomization analyses did not support a causal effect of AMH on breast cancer or PCOS risk, but should be interpreted with caution as they may be underpowered and the validity of genetic instruments could not be extensively explored. In conclusion, we identified a variant in the AMH gene and three other loci that may affect circulating AMH levels in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée MG Verdiesen
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne T van der Schouw
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Carla H van Gils
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA, The Netherlands
| | - WM Monique Verschuren
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA, The Netherlands
- Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Frank JM Broekmans
- Department of Reproductive Medicine and Gynecology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Maria C Borges
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Ana LG Soares
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Deborah A Lawlor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- Bristol NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
| | - A Heather Eliassen
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston MA, 02115, USA
| | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston MA, 02115, USA
| | - Dale P Sandler
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Sioban D Harlow
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Michigan, 48109-2029, USA
| | - Jennifer A Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Michigan, 48109-2029, USA
| | - Nanette Santoro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Colorado, 80045, USA
| | - Minouk J Schoemaker
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Anthony J Swerdlow
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
- Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Anna Murray
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Katherine S Ruth
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - N Charlotte Onland-Moret
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA, The Netherlands
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25
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Golubicki M, Bonjoch L, Acuña-Ochoa JG, Díaz-Gay M, Muñoz J, Cuatrecasas M, Ocaña T, Iseas S, Mendez G, Cisterna D, Schubert SA, Nielsen M, van Wezel T, Goldberg Y, Pikarsky E, Robbio J, Roca E, Castells A, Balaguer F, Antelo M, Castellví-Bel S. Germline biallelic Mcm8 variants are associated with early-onset Lynch-like syndrome. JCI Insight 2020; 5:140698. [PMID: 32841224 PMCID: PMC7526538 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.140698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lynch syndrome is the most common cause of hereditary colorectal cancer (CRC), and it is characterized by DNA mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency. The term Lynch-like syndrome (LLS) is used for patients with MMR-deficient tumors and neither germline mutation in MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2, or EPCAM nor MLH1 somatic methylation. Biallelic somatic inactivation or cryptic germline MMR variants undetected during genetic testing have been proposed to be involved. Sixteen patients with early-onset LLS CRC were selected for germline and tumor whole-exome sequencing. Two potentially pathogenic germline MCM8 variants were detected in a male patient with LLS with fertility problems. A knockout cellular model for MCM8 was generated by CRISPR/Cas9 and detected genetic variants were produced by mutagenesis. DNA damage, microsatellite instability, and mutational signatures were monitored. DNA damage was evident for MCM8KO cells and the analyzed genetic variants. Microsatellite instability and mutational signatures in MCM8KO cells were compatible with the involvement of MCM8 in MMR. Replication in an independent familial cancer cohort detected additional carriers. Unexplained MMR-deficient CRC cases, even showing somatic biallelic MMR inactivation, may be caused by underlying germline defects in genes different than MMR genes. We suggest MCM8 as a gene involved in CRC germline predisposition with a recessive pattern of inheritance. MCM8 may be involved in germline predisposition to colorectal cancer in Lynch-like syndrome cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Golubicki
- Oncology Section and.,Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hospital of Gastroenterology "Dr. C.B. Udaondo," Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laia Bonjoch
- Gastroenterology Department, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José G Acuña-Ochoa
- Gastroenterology Department, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcos Díaz-Gay
- Gastroenterology Department, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jenifer Muñoz
- Gastroenterology Department, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miriam Cuatrecasas
- Pathology Department, IDIBAPS, CIBEREHD, and Tumor Bank-Biobank, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Ocaña
- Gastroenterology Department, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Daniel Cisterna
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hospital of Gastroenterology "Dr. C.B. Udaondo," Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Maartje Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Yael Goldberg
- Recanati Genetics Institute, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Eli Pikarsky
- Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research, Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | - Antoni Castells
- Gastroenterology Department, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Balaguer
- Gastroenterology Department, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Sergi Castellví-Bel
- Gastroenterology Department, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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26
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Yang X, Zhan P, Feng S, Ji H, Tian W, Wang M, Cheng C, Song B. SRSF6 regulates alternative splicing of genes involved in DNA damage response and DNA repair in HeLa cells. Oncol Rep 2020; 44:1851-1862. [PMID: 32901876 PMCID: PMC7551351 DOI: 10.3892/or.2020.7750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) occurs in nearly all human genes and abnormal AS has a close association with cancer. Serine and arginine-rich splicing factor 6 (SRSF6), a canonical member of the serine/arginine-rich protein family, has been characterized as an important regulator of AS. However, the role of SRSF6 in regulating AS in cancers has remained to be fully elucidated. In the present study, the median expression of SRSF6 in tumors was determined to be higher compared with that in matched normal tissues in 13 out of 16 cancer types from The Cancer Genome Atlas. To investigate the biological effects of SRSF6 overexpression, an SRSF6-overexpression model of HeLa cells was constructed and it was revealed that SRSF6 overexpression resulted in significantly higher apoptosis and lower proliferation compared to control cells. Transcriptome analysis indicated that overexpression of SRSF6 in cancer cells induced large-scale changes in transcriptional expression levels and AS. Two groups of cervical cancer tumor samples in which SRSF6 was differentially expressed were then selected to analyze potential SRSF6-regulated AS. It was determined that the pattern of SRSF6-regulated AS in clinical samples was similar to that in cancer cells and AS genes were enriched in DNA damage response (DDR) pathways, including DNA repair and double-strand break repair via homologous recombination. Furthermore, AS events regulated by SRSF6 were validated using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. The present results highlighted that SRSF6 is able to trigger the activation of DDR pathways via regulation of AS to influence cancer progression. These results markedly expand the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying SRSF6-mediated gene regulation and suggest the potential use of SRSF6 as a therapeutic target in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yang
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Shuqiang Feng
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - He Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Wenjie Tian
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Mengdi Wang
- ABLife BioBigData Institute, Wuhan, Hubei 430075, P.R. China
| | - Chao Cheng
- ABLife BioBigData Institute, Wuhan, Hubei 430075, P.R. China
| | - Bin Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
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27
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Huang JW, Acharya A, Taglialatela A, Nambiar TS, Cuella-Martin R, Leuzzi G, Hayward SB, Joseph SA, Brunette GJ, Anand R, Soni RK, Clark NL, Bernstein KA, Cejka P, Ciccia A. MCM8IP activates the MCM8-9 helicase to promote DNA synthesis and homologous recombination upon DNA damage. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2948. [PMID: 32528060 PMCID: PMC7290032 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16718-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Homologous recombination (HR) mediates the error-free repair of DNA double-strand breaks to maintain genomic stability. Here we characterize C17orf53/MCM8IP, an OB-fold containing protein that binds ssDNA, as a DNA repair factor involved in HR. MCM8IP-deficient cells exhibit HR defects, especially in long-tract gene conversion, occurring downstream of RAD51 loading, consistent with a role for MCM8IP in HR-dependent DNA synthesis. Moreover, loss of MCM8IP confers cellular sensitivity to crosslinking agents and PARP inhibition. Importantly, we report that MCM8IP directly associates with MCM8-9, a helicase complex mutated in primary ovarian insufficiency, and RPA1. We additionally show that the interactions of MCM8IP with MCM8-9 and RPA facilitate HR and promote replication fork progression and cellular viability in response to treatment with crosslinking agents. Mechanistically, MCM8IP stimulates the helicase activity of MCM8-9. Collectively, our work identifies MCM8IP as a key regulator of MCM8-9-dependent DNA synthesis during DNA recombination and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Wei Huang
- Department of Genetics and Development, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ananya Acharya
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Angelo Taglialatela
- Department of Genetics and Development, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tarun S Nambiar
- Department of Genetics and Development, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Raquel Cuella-Martin
- Department of Genetics and Development, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Giuseppe Leuzzi
- Department of Genetics and Development, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samuel B Hayward
- Department of Genetics and Development, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah A Joseph
- Department of Genetics and Development, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gregory J Brunette
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Roopesh Anand
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Rajesh K Soni
- Proteomics and Macromolecular Crystallography Shared Resource, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nathan L Clark
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kara A Bernstein
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Petr Cejka
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alberto Ciccia
- Department of Genetics and Development, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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Huselid E, Bunting SF. The Regulation of Homologous Recombination by Helicases. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11050498. [PMID: 32369918 PMCID: PMC7290689 DOI: 10.3390/genes11050498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Homologous recombination is essential for DNA repair, replication and the exchange of genetic material between parental chromosomes during meiosis. The stages of recombination involve complex reorganization of DNA structures, and the successful completion of these steps is dependent on the activities of multiple helicase enzymes. Helicases of many different families coordinate the processing of broken DNA ends, and the subsequent formation and disassembly of the recombination intermediates that are necessary for template-based DNA repair. Loss of recombination-associated helicase activities can therefore lead to genomic instability, cell death and increased risk of tumor formation. The efficiency of recombination is also influenced by the ‘anti-recombinase’ effect of certain helicases, which can direct DNA breaks toward repair by other pathways. Other helicases regulate the crossover versus non-crossover outcomes of repair. The use of recombination is increased when replication forks and the transcription machinery collide, or encounter lesions in the DNA template. Successful completion of recombination in these situations is also regulated by helicases, allowing normal cell growth, and the maintenance of genomic integrity.
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29
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Guo T, Zheng Y, Li G, Zhao S, Ma J, Qin Y. Novel pathogenic mutations in minichromosome maintenance complex component 9 (MCM9) responsible for premature ovarian insufficiency. Fertil Steril 2020; 113:845-852. [PMID: 32145932 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2019.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether mutations in the minichromosome maintenance complex component 9 (MCM9) gene were present in 192 patients with sporadic premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) of Chinese descent. DESIGN Genetic and functional study. SETTING University-based reproductive medicine center. PATIENT(S) A total of 192 patients with sporadic POI and 192 control women with regular menstruation. INTERVENTION(S) Sanger sequencing performed in 192 sporadic POI patients, and potential pathogenic variants were excluded in matched controls. Functional effects of mutations on MCM9 were explored based on etoposide-induced DNA damage response, and DNA repair capacity was evaluated by histone H2AX phosphorylation level. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Sanger sequencing and functional characteristics. RESULT(S) Three novel heterozygous mutations in MCM9, c.C1423T (p.L475F), c.T2921C (p.L974S), and c.G3388A (p.A1130T), were identified in three POI patients separately, which were absent in 192 controls. Functional studies showed that the human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells overexpressing mutant MCM9 presented with diminished DNA repair capacity compared with wild type. CONCLUSION(S) This study identified novel mutations in MCM9 that are potentially causative for sporadic POI in Chinese women and further highlighted the role of DNA repair capacity in maintenance of ovarian function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Guo
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, and Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Zheng
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, and Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China; Department of Reproductive Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyu Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, and Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shidou Zhao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, and Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinlong Ma
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, and Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Qin
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, and Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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30
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Abstract
This Outlook discusses the findings by Hustedt et al. in this issue of Genes & Development that report the identification of HROB, a novel factor required for loading MCM8–9 onto HR intermediates to facilitate DNA repair synthesis. Homologous recombination (HR) is an important route for repairing DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). The early stages of HR are well understood, but later stages remain mysterious. In this issue of Genes & Development, Hustedt and colleagues (pp. 1397–1415) reveal HROB as a new player in HR required for recruitment of the MCM8–9 complex, which is paralogous to the MCM2–7 replicative helicase. HROB functions closely with MCM8–9 to promote postsynaptic DNA repair synthesis. This study sheds valuable light on late events in HR and suggests that HROB may load MCM8–9 onto HR intermediates to facilitate the DNA unwinding required for DNA repair synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Saredi
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - John Rouse
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
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31
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Kasak L, Laan M. Monogenic causes of non-obstructive azoospermia: challenges, established knowledge, limitations and perspectives. Hum Genet 2020; 140:135-154. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02112-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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32
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Tian M, Loidl J. An MCM family protein promotes interhomolog recombination by preventing precocious intersister repair of meiotic DSBs. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008514. [PMID: 31815942 PMCID: PMC6922451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinational repair of meiotic DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) uses the homologous chromosome as a template, although the sister chromatid offers itself as a spatially more convenient substrate. In many organisms, this choice is reinforced by the recombination protein Dmc1. In Tetrahymena, the repair of DSBs, which are formed early in prophase, is postponed to late prophase when homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids become juxtaposed owing to tight parallel packing in the thread-shaped nucleus, and thus become equally suitable for use as repair templates. The delay in DSB repair is achieved by rejection of the invading strand by the Sgs1 helicase in early meiotic prophase. In the absence of Mcmd1, a meiosis-specific minichromosome maintenance (MCM)-like protein (and its partner Pamd1), Dmc1 is prematurely lost from chromatin and DNA synthesis (as monitored by BrdU incorporation) takes place in early prophase. In mcmd1Δ and pamd1Δ mutants, only a few crossovers are formed. In a mcmd1Δ hop2Δ double mutant, normal timing of Dmc1 loss and DNA synthesis is restored. Because Tetrahymena Hop2 is believed to enable homologous strand invasion, we conclude that Dmc1 loss in the absence of Mcmd1 affects only post-invasion recombination intermediates. Therefore, we propose that the Dmc1 nucleofilament becomes dismantled immediately after forming a heteroduplex with a template strand. As a consequence, repair synthesis and D-loop extension starts in early prophase intermediates and prevents strand rejection before the completion of homologous pairing. In this case, DSB repair may primarily use the sister chromatid. We conclude that Mcmd1‒Pamd1 protects the Dmc1 nucleofilament from premature dismantling, thereby suppressing precocious repair synthesis and excessive intersister strand exchange at the cost of homologous recombination. Minichromosome maintenance (MCM) proteins are mainly known for their involvement in DNA replication. However, distant members of this protein family have recently been shown to promote interhomolog over intersister recombination in meiosis. They achieve this by enforcing or stabilizing the invasion of a double-stranded DNA by a filament consisting of a homologous single-stranded DNA molecule coated with a strand exchange protein. This interaction then would lead to the exchange of DNA strands and, ultimately, crossing over. Here, we study a member of the MCM protein family in the protist Tetrahymena thermophila. Meiosis in this organism has several unusual features: A synaptonemal complex is not formed, and homologous prealignment occurs during the close parallel arrangement of chromosomes in the extremely elongated, threadlike meiotic prophase nucleus. This noncanonical pairing has come along with altered mechanisms for recombination partner choice. Thus, we find that the Tetrahymena meiotic MCM protein promotes crossovers in an unprecedented way: It suppresses the formation of recombination intermediates between sister DNA molecules early in meiosis, thereby increasing the chance of competing interhomolog recombination events. Thus, members of the same protein family have been harnessed by different organisms to achieve the same result via completely different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Tian
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Josef Loidl
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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33
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Perera HM, Behrmann MS, Hoang JM, Griffin WC, Trakselis MA. Contacts and context that regulate DNA helicase unwinding and replisome progression. Enzymes 2019; 45:183-223. [PMID: 31627877 DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hexameric DNA helicases involved in the separation of duplex DNA at the replication fork have a universal architecture but have evolved from two separate protein families. The consequences are that the regulation, translocation polarity, strand specificity, and architectural orientation varies between phage/bacteria to that of archaea/eukaryotes. Once assembled and activated for single strand DNA translocation and unwinding, the DNA polymerase couples tightly to the helicase forming a robust replisome complex. However, this helicase-polymerase interaction can be challenged by various forms of endogenous or exogenous agents that can stall the entire replisome or decouple DNA unwinding from synthesis. The consequences of decoupling can be severe, leading to a build-up of ssDNA requiring various pathways for replication fork restart. All told, the hexameric helicase sits prominently at the front of the replisome constantly responding to a variety of obstacles that require transient unwinding/reannealing, traversal of more stable blocks, and alternations in DNA unwinding speed that regulate replisome progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himasha M Perera
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX, United States
| | - Megan S Behrmann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX, United States
| | - Joy M Hoang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX, United States
| | - Wezley C Griffin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX, United States
| | - Michael A Trakselis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX, United States.
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