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Palmer RHC, Johnson EC, Won H, Polimanti R, Kapoor M, Chitre A, Bogue MA, Benca‐Bachman CE, Parker CC, Verma A, Reynolds T, Ernst J, Bray M, Kwon SB, Lai D, Quach BC, Gaddis NC, Saba L, Chen H, Hawrylycz M, Zhang S, Zhou Y, Mahaffey S, Fischer C, Sanchez‐Roige S, Bandrowski A, Lu Q, Shen L, Philip V, Gelernter J, Bierut LJ, Hancock DB, Edenberg HJ, Johnson EO, Nestler EJ, Barr PB, Prins P, Smith DJ, Akbarian S, Thorgeirsson T, Walton D, Baker E, Jacobson D, Palmer AA, Miles M, Chesler EJ, Emerson J, Agrawal A, Martone M, Williams RW. Integration of evidence across human and model organism studies: A meeting report. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2021; 20:e12738. [PMID: 33893716 PMCID: PMC8365690 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The National Institute on Drug Abuse and Joint Institute for Biological Sciences at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory hosted a meeting attended by a diverse group of scientists with expertise in substance use disorders (SUDs), computational biology, and FAIR (Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability, and Reusability) data sharing. The meeting's objective was to discuss and evaluate better strategies to integrate genetic, epigenetic, and 'omics data across human and model organisms to achieve deeper mechanistic insight into SUDs. Specific topics were to (a) evaluate the current state of substance use genetics and genomics research and fundamental gaps, (b) identify opportunities and challenges of integration and sharing across species and data types, (c) identify current tools and resources for integration of genetic, epigenetic, and phenotypic data, (d) discuss steps and impediment related to data integration, and (e) outline future steps to support more effective collaboration-particularly between animal model research communities and human genetics and clinical research teams. This review summarizes key facets of this catalytic discussion with a focus on new opportunities and gaps in resources and knowledge on SUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan H. C. Palmer
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of PsychologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Emma C. Johnson
- Department of PsychiatryWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Hyejung Won
- Department of Genetics and Neuroscience CenterUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Renato Polimanti
- Department of PsychiatryYale University School of MedicineWest HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Manav Kapoor
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Apurva Chitre
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Chelsie E. Benca‐Bachman
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of PsychologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Clarissa C. Parker
- Department of Psychology and Program in NeuroscienceMiddlebury CollegeMiddleburyVermontUSA
| | - Anurag Verma
- Biomedical and Translational Informatics LaboratoryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | | | - Jason Ernst
- Department of Biological ChemistryUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Michael Bray
- Department of PsychiatryWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Soo Bin Kwon
- Department of Biological ChemistryUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Dongbing Lai
- Department of Medical and Molecular GeneticsIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Bryan C. Quach
- GenOmics, Bioinformatics, and Translational Research Center, Biostatistics and Epidemiology DivisionRTI InternationalResearch Triangle ParkNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Nathan C. Gaddis
- GenOmics, Bioinformatics, and Translational Research Center, Biostatistics and Epidemiology DivisionRTI InternationalResearch Triangle ParkNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Laura Saba
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Colorado, Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and ToxicologyUniversity of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennesseeUSA
| | | | - Shan Zhang
- Department of Statistics and ProbabilityMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Department of Department of BiostatisticsUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Spencer Mahaffey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of PharmacyUniversity of Colorado DenverAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Christian Fischer
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and InformaticsUniversity of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennesseeUSA
| | - Sandra Sanchez‐Roige
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Anita Bandrowski
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Qing Lu
- Department of Department of BiostatisticsUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Li Shen
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | | | - Joel Gelernter
- Department of PsychiatryYale University School of MedicineWest HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Laura J. Bierut
- Department of PsychiatryWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Dana B. Hancock
- GenOmics, Bioinformatics, and Translational Research Center, Biostatistics and Epidemiology DivisionRTI InternationalResearch Triangle ParkNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Howard J. Edenberg
- Department of Medical and Molecular GeneticsIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Eric O. Johnson
- GenOmics, Bioinformatics, and Translational Research Center, Biostatistics and Epidemiology DivisionRTI InternationalResearch Triangle ParkNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Eric J. Nestler
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Peter B. Barr
- Department of PsychologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | - Pjotr Prins
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and InformaticsUniversity of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennesseeUSA
| | - Desmond J. Smith
- Department of Molecular and Medical PharmacologyDavid Geffen School of Medicine, UCLALos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Schahram Akbarian
- Friedman Brain Institute and Departments of Psychiatry and NeuroscienceIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | | | | | - Erich Baker
- Department of Computer ScienceBaylor UniversityWacoTexasUSA
| | - Daniel Jacobson
- Computational and Predictive Biology, BiosciencesOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTennesseeUSA
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Tennessee KnoxvilleKnoxvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Abraham A. Palmer
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Michael Miles
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | | | | | - Arpana Agrawal
- Department of PsychiatryWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Maryann Martone
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Robert W. Williams
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and InformaticsUniversity of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennesseeUSA
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Ceci FM, Ferraguti G, Petrella C, Greco A, Ralli M, Iannitelli A, Carito V, Tirassa P, Chaldakov GN, Messina MP, Ceccanti M, Fiore M. Nerve Growth Factor in Alcohol Use Disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 19:45-60. [PMID: 32348226 PMCID: PMC7903493 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200429003239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The nerve growth factor (NGF) belongs to the family of neurotrophic factors. Initially discovered as a signaling molecule involved in the survival, protection, differentiation, and proliferation of sympathetic and peripheral sensory neurons, it also participates in the regulation of the immune system and endocrine system. NGF biological activity is due to the binding of two classes of receptors: the tropomyosin-related kinase A (TrkA) and the low-affinity NGF pan-neurotrophin receptor p75. Alcohol Use Disorders (AUD) are one of the most frequent mental disorders in developed countries, characterized by heavy drinking, despite the negative effects of alcohol on brain development and cognitive functions that cause individual’s work, medical, legal, educational, and social life problems. In addition, alcohol consumption during pregnancy disrupts the development of the fetal brain causing a wide range of neurobehavioral outcomes collectively known as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). The rationale of this review is to describe crucial findings on the role of NGF in humans and animals, when exposed to prenatal, chronic alcohol consumption, and on binge drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Maria Ceci
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University Hospital of Rome, Italy
| | - Giampiero Ferraguti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University Hospital of Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Petrella
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Section of Neurobiology, National Research Council (IBBC-CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Greco
- Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University Hospital of Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Ralli
- Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University Hospital of Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Iannitelli
- Department of Biotechnology and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Valentina Carito
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Section of Neurobiology, National Research Council (IBBC-CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Tirassa
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Section of Neurobiology, National Research Council (IBBC-CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - George N Chaldakov
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University, Varna, Bulgaria
| | | | - Mauro Ceccanti
- Centro Riferimento Alcologico Regione Lazio, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Fiore
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Section of Neurobiology, National Research Council (IBBC-CNR), Rome, Italy
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Steingrimsson S, Carlsen HK, Lundström E, Lundström S, Nilsson T. Problematic Alcohol and Drug Use Is Associated with Low Self-Directedness and Cooperativeness. Eur Addict Res 2020; 26:326-334. [PMID: 32172238 PMCID: PMC7677993 DOI: 10.1159/000506473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Personality traits, such as self-directedness (SD) and cooperativeness (CO), may be indicative of problematic alcohol and/or drug use. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to quantify the association of substance use with SD and CO in a large cohort of adolescents. METHOD A total of 6,917 individuals (58% women) at the age of 18 who had filled in the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) and Drug Use Disorder Identification Test (DUDIT), and the SD and CO scales from the Temperament and Character -Inventory, as part of the Child and Adolescent Twin study in Sweden were included in the analyses. RESULTS High AUDIT scores (>15) were found in 2.4% of the population and high DUDIT scores (>7) in 1.2% of the population. Total score on the AUDIT was negatively correlated (p < 0.001) with SD (r = -0.18) and CO (r = -0.15), as well as total DUDIT with SD (r = -0.11) and CO (r = -0.08). The risk of high AUDIT (>15) and DUDIT (>7) was highest for those with a low (1 standard deviation below mean) SD score (ORs 4.1 and 4.5, p < 0.001) and a low CO score (ORs 3.5 and 4.5, p < 0.001). However, at 1 standard deviation above mean, no association between alcohol or drug use and SD or CO was seen. Using SD and CO scores to predict AUDIT >15 or DUDIT >7 yielded a sensitivity between 62.4 and 71.3% and a specificity between 64.9 and 70.4%. CONCLUSIONS Personality traits of low SD and CO are associated with increased alcohol and drug use. These findings support the notion that personality traits can be used to identify individuals at high risk of substance abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steinn Steingrimsson
- Centre of Ethics, Law and Mental Health (CELAM), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden,Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden,*Steinn Steingrimsson, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Journalvägen 5, Västra Götalandsregionen, SE–41655 Gothenburg (Sweden), E-Mail
| | | | - Emil Lundström
- Adult Psychiatric Clinic, Södra Älvsborg Hospital Borås, Borås, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Lundström
- Centre of Ethics, Law and Mental Health (CELAM), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Thomas Nilsson
- Centre of Ethics, Law and Mental Health (CELAM), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden,Department of Forensic Psychiatry, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Chen G, Xue WD, Zhu J. Full genetic analysis for genome-wide association study of Fangji: a powerful approach for effectively dissecting the molecular architecture of personalized traditional Chinese medicine. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:906-911. [PMID: 29417942 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidation of the systems biology foundation underlying the effect of Fangji, which are multi-herbal traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulas, is one of the major aims in the field. The numerous bioactive ingredients of a Fangji deal with the multiple targets of a complex disease, which is influenced by a number of genes and their interactions with the environment. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) is an unbiased approach for dissecting the genetic variants underlying complex diseases and individual response to a given treatment. GWAS has great potential for the study of systems biology from the point of view of genomics, but the capacity using current analysis models is largely handicapped, as evidenced by missing heritability. Recent development of a full genetic model, in which gene-gene interactions (dominance and epistasis) and gene-environment interactions are all considered, has addressed these problems. This approach has been demonstrated to substantially increase model power, remarkably improving the detection of association of GWAS and the construction of the molecular architecture. This analysis does not require a very large sample size, which is often difficult to meet for a GWAS of treatment response. Furthermore, this analysis can integrate other omic information and allow for variations of Fangji, which is very promising for Fangjiomic study and detection of the sophisticated molecular architecture of the function of Fangji, as well as for the delineation of the systems biology of personalized medicine in TCM in an unbiased and comprehensive manner.
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Finan LJ, Simpson E, Schulz J, Ohannessian CM. Parental Problem Drinking and Emerging Adult Problem Behavior: The Moderating Role of Parental Support. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND FAMILY STUDIES 2018; 27:1175-1185. [PMID: 29713136 PMCID: PMC5921927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the relationship between parental problem drinking (maternal and paternal) and emerging adult problem behaviors (alcohol use, drug use, and antisocial behavior). In addition, the moderating role of parental support (maternal and paternal) was explored. Data were drawn from a nationally representative sample of emerging adults (N = 600; Mage = 20.00, SD = 1.42; 50% women; 62% White). Results from regression analyses of survey data indicated that both maternal problem drinking and maternal support moderated the relationship between paternal problem drinking and emerging adult alcohol use. For drug use, there was a three-way interaction between paternal problem drinking, maternal problem drinking, and maternal support. The relationship between paternal problem drinking and drug use only was significant for those who reported high maternal problem drinking and low maternal support. For antisocial behavior, there were positive relationships between paternal problem drinking and antisocial behavior and between maternal problem drinking and antisocial behavior in contexts of varying levels of parental support. Findings highlight the potential for parental support to both buffer and enhance the adverse influence of parental problem drinking across varied contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Finan
- Prevention Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, 180 Grand Avenue, Suite 1200, Oakland, CA 94612, , 510-883-5703
| | - Emily Simpson
- University of Connecticut and Connecticut Children's Medical Center, 282 Washington Street, Hartford, CT 06106.
| | - Jessica Schulz
- Rutgers University, Camden, 311 N. Fifth Street, Camden, NJ 08102,
| | - Christine McCauley Ohannessian
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine and Connecticut Children's Medical Center, 282 Washington Street, Hartford, CT 06106,
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Savage JE, Salvatore JE, Aliev F, Edwards AC, Hickman M, Kendler KS, Macleod J, Latvala A, Loukola A, Kaprio J, Rose RJ, Chan G, Hesselbrock V, Webb BT, Adkins A, Bigdeli TB, Riley BP, Dick DM. Polygenic Risk Score Prediction of Alcohol Dependence Symptoms Across Population-Based and Clinically Ascertained Samples. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2018; 42:520-530. [PMID: 29405378 PMCID: PMC5832589 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite consistent evidence of the heritability of alcohol use disorders (AUDs), few specific genes with an etiological role have been identified. It is likely that AUDs are highly polygenic; however, the etiological pathways and genetic variants involved may differ between populations. The aim of this study was thus to evaluate whether aggregate genetic risk for AUDs differed between clinically ascertained and population-based epidemiological samples. METHODS Four independent samples were obtained: 2 from unselected birth cohorts (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children [ALSPAC], N = 4,304; FinnTwin12 [FT12], N = 1,135) and 2 from families densely affected with AUDs, identified from treatment-seeking patients (Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism, N = 2,097; Irish Affected Sib Pair Study of Alcohol Dependence, N = 706). AUD symptoms were assessed with clinical interviews, and participants of European ancestry were genotyped. Genomewide association was conducted separately in each sample, and the resulting association weights were used to create polygenic risk scores in each of the other samples (12 total discovery-validation pairs), and from meta-analyses within sample type. We then tested how well these aggregate genetic scores predicted AUD outcomes within and across sample types. RESULTS Polygenic scores derived from 1 population-based sample (ALSPAC) significantly predicted AUD symptoms in another population-based sample (FT12), but not in either clinically ascertained sample. Trend-level associations (uncorrected p < 0.05) were found for polygenic score predictions within sample types but no or negative predictions across sample types. Polygenic scores accounted for 0 to 1% of the variance in AUD symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Though preliminary, these results provide suggestive evidence of differences in the genetic etiology of AUDs based on sample characteristics such as treatment-seeking status, which may index other important clinical or demographic factors that moderate genetic influences. Although the variance accounted for by genomewide polygenic scores remains low, future studies could improve gene identification efforts by amassing very large samples, or reducing genetic heterogeneity by informing analyses with other phenotypic information such as sample characteristics. Multiple complementary approaches may be needed to make progress in gene identification for this complex disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne E. Savage
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Jessica E. Salvatore
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Fazil Aliev
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University
- Faculty of Business, Karabuk University, Turkey
| | - Alexis C. Edwards
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Matthew Hickman
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth S. Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - John Macleod
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Antti Latvala
- Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki
| | - Anu Loukola
- Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki
| | - Richard J. Rose
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University
| | - Grace Chan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut Health Center
| | | | - Bradley T. Webb
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Amy Adkins
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University
- College Behavioral and Emotional Health Institute (COBE), Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Tim B. Bigdeli
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Brien P. Riley
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Danielle M. Dick
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University
- College Behavioral and Emotional Health Institute (COBE), Virginia Commonwealth University
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Chen G, Zhang F, Xue W, Wu R, Xu H, Wang K, Zhu J. An association study revealed substantial effects of dominance, epistasis and substance dependence co-morbidity on alcohol dependence symptom count. Addict Biol 2017; 22:1475-1485. [PMID: 27151647 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol dependence is a complex disease involving polygenes, environment and their interactions. Inadequate consideration of these interactions may have hampered the progress on genome-wide association studies of alcohol dependence. By using the dataset of the Study of Addiction: Genetics and Environment with 3838 subjects, we conducted a genome-wide association studies of alcohol dependence symptom count (ADSC) with a full genetic model considering additive, dominance, epistasis and their interactions with ethnicity, as well as conditions of co-morbid substance dependence. Twenty quantitative trait single nucleotide polymorphisms (QTSs) showed highly significant associations with ADSC, including four previously reported genes (ADH1C, PKNOX2, CPE and KCNB2) and the reported intergenic rs1363605, supporting the overall validity of the analysis. Two QTSs within or near ADH1C showed very strong association in a dominance inheritance mode and increased the phenotype value of ADSC when the effect of co-morbid opiate or marijuana dependence was controlled. Highly significant association was also identified in variants within four novel genes (RGS6, FMN1, NRM and BPTF), two non-coding RNA and two epistasis loci. QTS rs7616413, located near PTPRG encoding a protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor, interacted with rs10090742 within ANGPT1 encoding a protein tyrosine phosphatase in an additive × additive or dominance × additive manner. The detected QTSs contributed to about 20 percent of total heritability, in which dominance and epistasis effects accounted for over 50 percent. These results demonstrated that perturbations arising from gene-gene interaction and conditions of co-morbidity substantially influence the genetic architecture of complex trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- Center for Translational Systems Biology and Neuroscience, and Key Laboratory of Integrative Biomedicine for Brain Diseases; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Futao Zhang
- Institute of Bioinformatics; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Wenda Xue
- Center for Translational Systems Biology and Neuroscience, and Key Laboratory of Integrative Biomedicine for Brain Diseases; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Ruyan Wu
- Center for Translational Systems Biology and Neuroscience, and Key Laboratory of Integrative Biomedicine for Brain Diseases; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Haiming Xu
- Institute of Bioinformatics; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Kesheng Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health; East Tennessee State University; Johnson City TN USA
| | - Jun Zhu
- Institute of Bioinformatics; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
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8
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Sulovari A, Liu Z, Zhu Z, Li D. Genome-wide meta-analysis of copy number variations with alcohol dependence. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2017; 18:398-405. [PMID: 28696413 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2017.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Genetic association studies and meta-analyses of alcohol dependence (AD) have reported AD-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). These SNPs collectively account for a small portion of estimated heritability in AD. Recent genome-wide copy number variation (CNV) studies have identified CNVs associated with AD and substance dependence, suggesting that a portion of the missing heritability is explained by CNV. We applied PennCNV and QuantiSNP CNV calling algorithms to identify consensus CNVs in five AD cohorts of European and African origins. After rigorous quality control, genome-wide meta-analyses of CNVs were carried out in 3243 well-diagnosed AD cases and 2802 controls. We identified nine CNV regions, including a deletion in chromosome 5q21.3 with a suggestive association with AD (OR=2.15 (1.41-3.29) and P=3.8 × 10-4) and eight nominally significant CNV regions. All regions were replicated with consistent effect sizes across studies and populations. Pathway and gene-drug interaction enrichment analyses based on the resulting genes indicated the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway and the recombinant insulin and hyaluronidase drugs, which were relevant to AD biology or treatment. To our knowledge, this is the first genome-wide meta-analysis of CNVs with addiction. Further investigation of the AD-associated CNV regions will provide better understanding of the AD genetic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sulovari
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Z Liu
- Spine Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Z Zhu
- Spine Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - D Li
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Department of Computer Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Neuroscience, Behavior, and Health Initiative, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
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9
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Abstract
The Bayesian Network Webserver (BNW, http://compbio.uthsc.edu/BNW ) is an integrated platform for Bayesian network modeling of biological datasets. It provides a web-based network modeling environment that seamlessly integrates advanced algorithms for probabilistic causal modeling and reasoning with Bayesian networks. BNW is designed for precise modeling of relatively small networks that contain less than 20 nodes. The structure learning algorithms used by BNW guarantee the discovery of the best (most probable) network structure given the data. To facilitate network modeling across multiple biological levels, BNW provides a very flexible interface that allows users to assign network nodes into different tiers and define the relationships between and within the tiers. This function is particularly useful for modeling systems genetics datasets that often consist of multiscalar heterogeneous genotype-to-phenotype data. BNW enables users to, within seconds or minutes, go from having a simply formatted input file containing a dataset to using a network model to make predictions about the interactions between variables and the potential effects of experimental interventions. In this chapter, we will introduce the functions of BNW and show how to model systems genetics datasets with BNW.
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10
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Abstract
Alcohol use disorders are common in developed countries, where alcohol is cheap, readily available, and heavily promoted. Common, mild disorders often remit in young adulthood, but more severe disorders can become chronic and need long-term medical and psychological management. Doctors are uniquely placed to opportunistically assess and manage alcohol use disorders, but in practice diagnosis and treatment are often delayed. Brief behavioural intervention is effective in primary care for hazardous drinkers and individuals with mild disorders. Brief interventions could also encourage early entry to treatment for people with more-severe illness who are underdiagnosed and undertreated. Sustained abstinence is the optimum outcome for severe disorder. The stigma that discourages treatment seeking needs to be reduced, and pragmatic approaches adopted for patients who initially reject abstinence as a goal. To engage people in one or more psychological and pharmacological treatments of equivalent effectiveness is more important than to advocate a specific treatment. A key research priority is to improve the diagnosis and treatment of most affected people who have comorbid mental and other drug use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Connor
- Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Discipline of Psychiatry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul S Haber
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Drug Health Services, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Wayne D Hall
- Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Addictions Department, King's College London, London, UK.
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Carey G, Malbon E, Carey N, Joyce A, Crammond B, Carey A. Systems science and systems thinking for public health: a systematic review of the field. BMJ Open 2015; 5:e009002. [PMID: 26719314 PMCID: PMC4710830 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This paper reports on findings from a systematic review designed to investigate the state of systems science research in public health. The objectives were to: (1) explore how systems methodologies are being applied within public health and (2) identify fruitful areas of activity. DESIGN A systematic review was conducted from existing literature that draws on or uses systems science (in its various forms) and relates to key public health areas of action and concern, including tobacco, alcohol, obesity and the social determinants of health. DATA ANALYSIS 117 articles were included in the review. An inductive qualitative content analysis was used for data extraction. The following were systematically extracted from the articles: approach, methodology, transparency, strengths and weaknesses. These were then organised according to theme (ie, commonalities between studies within each category), in order to provide an overview of the state of the field as a whole. The assessment of data quality was intrinsic to the goals of the review itself, and therefore, was carried out as part of the analysis. RESULTS 4 categories of research were identified from the review, ranging from editorial and commentary pieces to complex system dynamic modelling. Our analysis of each of these categories of research highlighted areas of potential for systems science to strengthen public health efforts, while also revealing a number of limitations in the dynamic systems modelling being carried out in public health. CONCLUSIONS There is a great deal of interest in how the application of systems concepts and approach might aid public health. Our analysis suggests that soft systems modelling techniques are likely to be the most useful addition to public health, and align well with current debate around knowledge transfer and policy. However, the full range of systems methodologies is yet to be engaged with by public health researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Carey
- Regulatory Institutions Network Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Eleanor Malbon
- The Australian Prevention Partnership Centre, Sax Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nicole Carey
- Self-organizing Systems Research Group School of engineering and applied sciences Harvard University
| | - Andrew Joyce
- Centre for Social Impact, Swinburne University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brad Crammond
- Centre for Epidemiology and Preventive Health. Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alan Carey
- Maths Science Institute Australian National University
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Ohannessian CM. The interactive effect of paternal problem drinking and maternal problem drinking on adolescent internalizing problems. Addict Behav 2015; 50:70-3. [PMID: 26103425 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study examined the effects of both paternal problem drinking and maternal problem drinking on adolescent internalizing problems (depression and anxiety symptomatology). METHODS Surveys were administered to 566 10th and 11th grade students from the Mid-Atlantic region of the U.S. in the spring of 2007 and again in the spring of 2008. RESULTS Although significant main effects were not observed, significant interactions were found between paternal problem drinking and maternal problem drinking for internalizing problems, especially for boys. In general, these interactions indicated that when paternal problem drinking was high, depression symptomatology and anxiety symptomatology were lower if maternal problem drinking was low. CONCLUSIONS Findings from this study highlight the need to consider both paternal and maternal problem drinking when examining the effects that parental problem drinking may have on adolescent adjustment.
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Bühler KM, Giné E, Echeverry-Alzate V, Calleja-Conde J, de Fonseca FR, López-Moreno JA. Common single nucleotide variants underlying drug addiction: more than a decade of research. Addict Biol 2015; 20:845-71. [PMID: 25603899 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Drug-related phenotypes are common complex and highly heritable traits. In the last few years, candidate gene (CGAS) and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified a huge number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with drug use, abuse or dependence, mainly related to alcohol or nicotine. Nevertheless, few of these associations have been replicated in independent studies. The aim of this study was to provide a review of the SNPs that have been most significantly associated with alcohol-, nicotine-, cannabis- and cocaine-related phenotypes in humans between the years of 2000 and 2012. To this end, we selected CGAS, GWAS, family-based association and case-only studies published in peer-reviewed international scientific journals (using the PubMed/MEDLINE and Addiction GWAS Resource databases) in which a significant association was reported. A total of 371 studies fit the search criteria. We then filtered SNPs with at least one replication study and performed meta-analysis of the significance of the associations. SNPs in the alcohol metabolizing genes, in the cholinergic gene cluster CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4, and in the DRD2 and ANNK1 genes, are, to date, the most replicated and significant gene variants associated with alcohol- and nicotine-related phenotypes. In the case of cannabis and cocaine, a far fewer number of studies and replications have been reported, indicating either a need for further investigation or that the genetics of cannabis/cocaine addiction are more elusive. This review brings a global state-of-the-art vision of the behavioral genetics of addiction and collaborates on formulation of new hypothesis to guide future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kora-Mareen Bühler
- Department of Psychobiology; School of Psychology; Complutense University of Madrid; Málaga Spain
| | - Elena Giné
- Department of Cellular Biology; School of Medicine; Complutense University of Madrid; Málaga Spain
| | - Victor Echeverry-Alzate
- Department of Psychobiology; School of Psychology; Complutense University of Madrid; Málaga Spain
| | - Javier Calleja-Conde
- Department of Psychobiology; School of Psychology; Complutense University of Madrid; Málaga Spain
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Grotewiel M, Bettinger JC. Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans as Discovery Platforms for Genes Involved in Human Alcohol Use Disorder. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 39:1292-311. [PMID: 26173477 PMCID: PMC4656040 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the profound clinical significance and strong heritability of alcohol use disorder (AUD), we do not yet have a comprehensive understanding of the naturally occurring genetic variance within the human genome that drives its development. This lack of understanding is likely to be due in part to the large phenotypic and genetic heterogeneities that underlie human AUD. As a complement to genetic studies in humans, many laboratories are using the invertebrate model organisms (iMOs) Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) and Caenorhabditis elegans (nematode worm) to identify genetic mechanisms that influence the effects of alcohol (ethanol) on behavior. While these extremely powerful models have identified many genes that influence the behavioral responses to alcohol, in most cases it has remained unclear whether results from behavioral-genetic studies in iMOs are directly applicable to understanding the genetic basis of human AUD. METHODS In this review, we critically evaluate the utility of the fly and worm models for identifying genes that influence AUD in humans. RESULTS Based on results published through early 2015, studies in flies and worms have identified 91 and 50 genes, respectively, that influence 1 or more aspects of behavioral responses to alcohol. Collectively, these fly and worm genes correspond to 293 orthologous genes in humans. Intriguingly, 51 of these 293 human genes have been implicated in AUD by at least 1 study in human populations. CONCLUSIONS Our analyses strongly suggest that the Drosophila and C. elegans models have considerable utility for identifying orthologs of genes that influence human AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Grotewiel
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Virginia Commonwealth University Alcohol Research Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Jill C Bettinger
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Virginia Commonwealth University Alcohol Research Center, Richmond, Virginia
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Samochowiec J, Samochowiec A, Puls I, Bienkowski P, Schott BH. Genetics of alcohol dependence: a review of clinical studies. Neuropsychobiology 2015; 70:77-94. [PMID: 25359488 DOI: 10.1159/000364826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Alcohol dependence is a common severe psychiatric disorder with a multifactorial etiology. Since the completion of the human genome project and with the increased availability of high-throughput genotyping, multiple genetic risk factors for substance-related disorders, including alcohol dependence, have been identified, but not all results could be replicated. METHODS We systematically review the clinical literature on genetic risk factors for alcohol dependence and alcohol-related phenotypes, including candidate gene-based studies, linkage studies and genome-wide association studies (GWAS). RESULTS Irrespectively of the methodology employed, the most robust findings regarding genetic risk factors for alcohol dependence concern genetic variations that affect alcohol metabolism. GWAS confirm the importance of the alcohol dehydrogenase gene cluster on chromosome 4 in the genetic risk for alcohol dependence with multiple variants that exert a small, but cumulative influence. A single variant with strong influence on individual risk is the aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 ALDHD2*2 variant common in Asian populations. Other robust associations have been found with previously uncharacterized genes like KIAA0040, and such observations can lead to the identification of thus far unknown signaling pathways. Converging evidence also points to a role of glutamatergic, dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmitter signaling in the risk for alcohol dependence, but effects are small, and gene-environment interactions further increase the complexity. CONCLUSION With few exceptions like ALDH2*2, the contribution of individual genetic variants to the risk for alcohol-related disorders is small. However, the concentration of risk variants within neurotransmitter signaling pathways may help to deepen our understanding of the underlying pathophysiology and thereby contribute to develop novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Samochowiec
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
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Brick LAD, Knopik VS, Velicer WF, Palmer R. Abstract: Genome-Wide Complex Trait Analysis of Shared Genetic Effects Between Brain Electrophysiology Measures and Alcohol Dependence. MULTIVARIATE BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH 2015; 50:129-130. [PMID: 26609750 DOI: 10.1080/00273171.2014.988989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Ann D Brick
- a Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry at Rhode Island Hospital; and Cancer Prevention Research Center , University of Rhode Island
| | - Valerie S Knopik
- b Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry at Rhode Island Hospital; and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior , Brown University
| | - Wayne F Velicer
- c Cancer Prevention Research Center , University of Rhode Island
| | - Rohan Palmer
- b Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry at Rhode Island Hospital; and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior , Brown University
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Chan RF, Lewellyn L, DeLoyht JM, Sennett K, Coffman S, Hewitt M, Bettinger JC, Warrick JM, Grotewiel M. Contrasting influences of Drosophila white/mini-white on ethanol sensitivity in two different behavioral assays. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2014; 38:1582-93. [PMID: 24890118 PMCID: PMC4049357 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has been used extensively to investigate genetic mechanisms of ethanol (EtOH)-related behaviors. Many past studies in flies, including studies from our laboratory, have manipulated gene expression using transposons carrying the genetic-phenotypic marker mini-white(mini-w), a derivative of the endogenous gene white(w). Whether the mini-w transgenic marker or the endogenous w gene influences behavioral responses to acute EtOH exposure in flies has not been systematically investigated. METHODS We manipulated mini-w and w expression via (i) transposons marked with mini-w, (ii) RNAi against mini-w and w, and (iii) a null allele of w. We assessed EtOH sensitivity and tolerance using a previously described eRING assay (based on climbing in the presence of EtOH) and an assay based on EtOH-induced sedation. RESULTS In eRING assays, EtOH-induced impairment of climbing correlated inversely with expression of the mini-w marker from a series of transposon insertions. Additionally, flies harboring a null allele of w or flies with RNAi-mediated knockdown of mini-w were significantly more sensitive to EtOH in eRING assays than controls expressing endogenous w or the mini-w marker. In contrast, EtOH sensitivity and rapid tolerance measured in the EtOH sedation assay were not affected by decreased expression of mini-w or endogenous w in flies. CONCLUSIONS EtOH sensitivity measured in the eRING assay is noticeably influenced by w and mini-w, making eRING problematic for studies on EtOH-related behavior in Drosophila using transgenes marked with mini-w. In contrast, the EtOH sensitivity assay described here is a suitable behavioral paradigm for studies on EtOH sensitivity and rapid tolerance in Drosophila including those that use widely available transgenes marked with mini-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin F. Chan
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Program, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Lara Lewellyn
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Jacqueline M. DeLoyht
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Kristyn Sennett
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Scarlett Coffman
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Matthew Hewitt
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Jill C. Bettinger
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Program, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
- Virginia Commonwealth University Alcohol Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | | | - Mike Grotewiel
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Program, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
- Virginia Commonwealth University Alcohol Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
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Wackernah RC, Minnick MJ, Clapp P. Alcohol use disorder: pathophysiology, effects, and pharmacologic options for treatment. Subst Abuse Rehabil 2014; 5:1-12. [PMID: 24648792 PMCID: PMC3931699 DOI: 10.2147/sar.s37907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorders (AUD) continue to be a concerning health issue worldwide. Harmful alcohol use leads to 2.5 million deaths annually worldwide. Multiple options exist for the management of dependence on alcohol, not all of which are approved by drug-regulating agencies. Current practice in treating AUD does not reflect the diversity of pharmacologic options that have potential to provide benefit, and guidance for clinicians is limited. Few medications are approved for treatment of AUD, and these have exhibited small and/or inconsistent effects in broad patient populations with diverse drinking patterns. The need for continued research into the treatment of this disease is evident in order to provide patients with more specific and effective options. This review describes the neurobiological mechanisms of AUD that are amenable to treatment and drug therapies that target pathophysiological conditions of AUD to reduce drinking. In addition, current literature on pharmacologic (both approved and non-approved) treatment options for AUD offered in the United States and elsewhere are reviewed. The aim is to inform clinicians regarding the options for alcohol abuse treatment, keeping in mind that not all treatments are completely successful in reducing craving or heavy drinking or increasing abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin C Wackernah
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, Rueckert-Hartman College for Health Professions, Regis University, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Matthew J Minnick
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, Rueckert-Hartman College for Health Professions, Regis University, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Peter Clapp
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Rueckert-Hartman College for Health Professions, Regis University, Denver, CO, USA
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Gray JC, MacKillop J. Genetic basis of delay discounting in frequent gamblers: examination of a priori candidates and exploration of a panel of dopamine-related loci. Brain Behav 2014; 4:812-21. [PMID: 25365808 PMCID: PMC4212112 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Delay discounting is a behavioral economic index of impulsivity that reflects preferences for small immediate rewards relative to larger delayed rewards. It has been consistently linked to pathological gambling and other forms of addictive behavior, and has been proposed to be a behavioral characteristic that may link genetic variation and risk of developing addictive disorders (i.e., an endophenotype). Studies to date have revealed significant associations with polymorphisms associated with dopamine neurotransmission. The current study examined associations between delay discounting and both previously linked variants and a novel panel of dopamine-related variants in a sample of frequent gamblers. METHODS Participants were 175 weekly gamblers of European ancestry who completed the Monetary Choice Questionnaire to assess delay discounting preferences and provided a DNA via saliva. RESULTS In a priori tests, two loci previously associated with delayed reward discounting (rs1800497 and rs4680) were not replicated, however, the long form of DRD4 VNTR was significantly associated with lower discounting of delayed rewards. Exploratory analysis of the dopamine-related panel revealed 11 additional significant associations in genes associated with dopamine synthesis, breakdown, reuptake, and receptor function (DRD3, SLC6A3, DDC, DBH, and SLC18A2). An aggregate genetic risk score from the nominally significant loci accounted for 17% of the variance in discounting. Mediational analyses largely supported the presence of indirect effects between the associated loci, delay discounting, and pathological gambling severity. CONCLUSIONS These findings do not replicate previously reported associations but identify several novel candidates and provide preliminary support for a systems biology approach to understand the genetic basis of delay discounting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C Gray
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia Athens, Georgia
| | - James MacKillop
- Boris Centre for Addictions Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Agudelo M, Yndart A, Morrison M, Figueroa G, Muñoz K, Samikkannu T, Nair MP. Differential expression and functional role of cannabinoid genes in alcohol users. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; 133:789-93. [PMID: 24060590 PMCID: PMC3818789 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic factors account for about fifty percent of the risk for alcoholism and alcohol dependence (AD) has been reported to be influenced by cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) and the endocannabinoid system (ECS). Previous studies have focused on cannabinoids and alcohol-related effects in the CNS; however, the role CBRs play on alcohol effects in the immune system has not been elucidated yet. Since alcohol can affect immune responses and have detrimental effects on immune cells such as dendritic cells (DCs), we hypothesize that alcohol can exert its effects on DCs by modulating changes in CBRs, which in turn can regulate important DC functions such as cytokine production. METHODS Therefore, we studied the expression of CNR1 and CNR2, and the novel cannabinoid G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) 55 (GPR55) in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs) from alcohol users. CNR1, CNR2, and GPR55 genes were measured by qRT-PCR and protein by flow cytometry. MDDCs from alcohol users show significantly higher levels of CNR2 and GPR55 compared to MDDCs from non-users. These findings were further confirmed using MDDCs treated with alcohol. Inflammatory cytokines were measured in EtOH-treated and non-treated cells by antibody array. RESULTS Functional effects of CBRs on MDDCs were shown by CB2 and GPR55 siRNA transfection. Transfected EtOH-treated cells showed significantly higher levels of proinflammatory cytokine production as measured by IL-1β expression. Our results provide insights into alcohol mechanisms of DC regulation and show, for the first time, that alcohol is inducing CNR2 and GPR55 in human DCs.
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Santos LEC, da Silveira GA, Costa VDC, Batista AG, Madureira AP, Rodrigues AM, Scorza CA, Amorim HA, Arida RM, Duarte MA, Scorza FA, Cavalheiro EA, de Almeida ACG. Alcohol abuse promotes changes in non-synaptic epileptiform activity with concomitant expression changes in cotransporters and glial cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78854. [PMID: 24236060 PMCID: PMC3827301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-synaptic mechanisms are being considered the common factor of brain damage in status epilepticus and alcohol intoxication. The present work reports the influence of the chronic use of ethanol on epileptic processes sustained by non-synaptic mechanisms. Adult male Wistar rats administered with ethanol (1, 2 e 3 g/kg/d) during 28 days were compared with Control. Non-synaptic epileptiform activities (NEAs) were induced by means of the zero-calcium and high-potassium model using hippocampal slices. The observed involvement of the dentate gyrus (DG) on the neurodegeneration promoted by ethanol motivated the monitoring of the electrophysiological activity in this region. The DG regions were analyzed for the presence of NKCC1, KCC2, GFAP and CD11b immunoreactivity and cell density. The treated groups showed extracellular potential measured at the granular layer with increased DC shift and population spikes (PS), which was remarkable for the group E1. The latencies to the NEAs onset were more prominent also for the treated groups, being correlated with the neuronal loss. In line with these findings were the predispositions of the treated slices for neuronal edema after NEAs induction, suggesting that restrict inter-cell space counteracts the neuronal loss and subsists the hyper-synchronism. The significant increase of the expressions of NKCC1 and CD11b for the treated groups confirms the existence of conditions favorable to the observed edematous necrosis. The data suggest that the ethanol consumption promotes changes on the non-synaptic mechanisms modulating the NEAs. For the lower ethanol dosage the neurophysiological changes were more effective suggesting to be due to the less intense neurodegenertation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Eduardo Canton Santos
- Laboratório de Neurociência Experimental e Computacional, Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, São João del-Rei, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Gilcélio Amaral da Silveira
- Laboratório de Neurociência Experimental e Computacional, Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, São João del-Rei, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Victor Diego Cupertino Costa
- Laboratório de Neurociência Experimental e Computacional, Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, São João del-Rei, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Aline Gisele Batista
- Laboratório de Neurociência Experimental e Computacional, Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, São João del-Rei, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Ana Paula Madureira
- Laboratório de Neurociência Experimental e Computacional, Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, São João del-Rei, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Antônio Márcio Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Neurociência Experimental e Computacional, Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, São João del-Rei, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Carla Alessandra Scorza
- Disciplina de Neurologia Experimental, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Henrique Alves Amorim
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Ricardo Mário Arida
- Disciplina de Fisiologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Mario Antônio Duarte
- Laboratório de Neurociência Experimental e Computacional, Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, São João del-Rei, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Fúlvio Alexandre Scorza
- Disciplina de Neurologia Experimental, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Esper Abrão Cavalheiro
- Disciplina de Neurologia Experimental, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Antônio-Carlos Guimarães de Almeida
- Laboratório de Neurociência Experimental e Computacional, Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, São João del-Rei, Minas Gerais, Brasil
- * E-mail:
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