1
|
Sadler RC, Wojciechowski TW, Trangenstein P, Harris A, Buchalski Z, Furr-Holden D. Linking Historical Discriminatory Housing Patterns to the Contemporary Alcohol Environment. APPLIED SPATIAL ANALYSIS AND POLICY 2022; 16:561-581. [PMID: 36532713 PMCID: PMC9734485 DOI: 10.1007/s12061-022-09493-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Research on alcohol outlet density consistently shows greater disparities in exposure in disinvested communities. Likewise, structural racism via discriminatory housing practices has created many of the issues that beset contemporary disinvested neighborhoods. Little work, however, has examined the relationship between housing practices and alcohol outlet disparities. The central premise of our work is that these discriminatory and inequitable practices create distinctions in the alcohol environment, and that such disparities have implications for work on alcohol policy. Here we link alcohol outlet density with a spatial database examining redlining, blockbusting, and gentrification in Baltimore, Maryland, and Flint, Michigan (two cities with common experiences of urban disinvestment over the last 50 years). Standard measures are used to account for the impacts of neighborhood racial, socioeconomic, and housing composition in a multilevel model. Our findings highlight that gentrification and redlining are strongly associated with alcohol outlet density, while blockbusting is not. Gentrification and redlining also frequently co-occur in inner-urban areas, while the more suburban phenomenon of blockbusting rarely overlaps with either. These findings further contextualize nascent work on structural racism in housing that illustrates important disparities along the lines of these distinct practices. Future work should consider how legacy impacts of discriminatory housing patterns impact our communities today.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alan Harris
- Michigan State University, 200 E 1st St., Flint, MI 48502 USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kupka P, Petruželka B, Walach V. Illicit drug use and exposure in disadvantaged neighborhoods in Czechia: policy representations and evidence. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2022; 21:662-686. [PMID: 32701039 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2020.1793866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the lifetime prevalence of illicit drug use and illicit drug exposure in disadvantaged ("Roma") and more affluent neighborhoods in Czechia. The results of a survey among populations of both types of neighborhoods suggest no statistically significant difference between the two in terms of the overall lifetime prevalence of illicit drug use; however, lifetime prevalence of methamphetamine use proved higher in disadvantaged neighborhoods. The population of disadvantaged neighborhoods has also lower chances to use LSD during their lifetime. Further differences were identified in drug exposure, with the population of more affluent neighborhoods being more frequently exposed to illicit drugs than the population of disadvantaged neighborhoods. The predictors of drug use and drug exposure were partially different for both populations. In the disadvantaged population, drug use was revealed, among other predictors, to be associated with housing conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Kupka
- University of West Bohemia, Pilsen, Czechia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Anderson M, Devlin AM, Pickering L, McCann M, Wight D. 'It's not 9 to 5 recovery': the role of a recovery community in producing social bonds that support recovery. DRUGS (ABINGDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 28:475-485. [PMID: 34675456 PMCID: PMC8522802 DOI: 10.1080/09687637.2021.1933911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
AIM To understand how the social networks of a new recovery community can help sustain recovery, focusing on processes of social identity change, in the context of the wider UK recovery movement. METHODS A cross-sectional, mixed-methods social network analysis (SNA) of ego-network sociograms to map network transitions, using retrospective measures. Ten men were recruited from a peer-worker programme, in the South Ayrshire Alcohol and Drug Partnership (ADP), West of Scotland. Network measures were compared between two timepoints, just prior to current recovery and the present time. Measures included size and density, closeness of members, and their positive or negative influence, proportion of alcohol and other drug (AOD) using and recovery peers, and extent of separate subgroups. These were complemented with qualitative interview data. FINDINGS There was a significant transition in network composition, with the replacing of AOD-using peers with recovery peers and a broader transformation from relationships being framed as negative to positive. However, there was no significant transition in network structure, with AOD-using and recovery networks both consisting of strong ties and a similar density of connections between people in the networks. CONCLUSIONS The transition in network composition between pre-recovery and the present indicates a different set of social influences, while the similarities in network structure indicate that the recovery network replaced the role of the using network in providing close bonds. This helped reduce social isolation experienced in early-recovery and provided a pathway into more structured opportunities for volunteering and employment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Anderson
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alison M. Devlin
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lucy Pickering
- College of Social Sciences, Institute of Health and Wellbeing Social Sciences University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mark McCann
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Daniel Wight
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Panlilio LV, Stull SW, Bertz JW, Burgess-Hull AJ, Lanza ST, Curtis BL, Phillips KA, Epstein DH, Preston KL. Beyond abstinence and relapse II: momentary relationships between stress, craving, and lapse within clusters of patients with similar patterns of drug use. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:1513-1529. [PMID: 33558983 PMCID: PMC8141007 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05782-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Given that many patients being treated for opioid-use disorder continue to use drugs, identifying clusters of patients who share similar patterns of use might provide insight into the disorder, the processes that affect it, and ways that treatment can be personalized. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS We applied hierarchical clustering to identify patterns of opioid and cocaine use in 309 participants being treated with methadone or buprenorphine (in a buprenorphine-naloxone formulation) for up to 16 weeks. A smartphone app was used to assess stress and craving at three random times per day over the course of the study. RESULTS Five basic patterns of use were identified: frequent opioid use, frequent cocaine use, frequent dual use (opioids and cocaine), sporadic use, and infrequent use. These patterns were differentially associated with medication (methadone vs. buprenorphine), race, age, drug-use history, drug-related problems prior to the study, stress-coping strategies, specific triggers of use events, and levels of cue exposure, craving, and negative mood. Craving tended to increase before use in all except those who used sporadically. Craving was sharply higher during the 90 min following moderate-to-severe stress in those with frequent use, but only moderately higher in those with infrequent or sporadic use. CONCLUSIONS People who share similar patterns of drug-use during treatment also tend to share similarities with respect to psychological processes that surround instances of use, such as stress-induced craving. Cluster analysis combined with smartphone-based experience sampling provides an effective strategy for studying how drug use is related to personal and environmental factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leigh V Panlilio
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
| | - Samuel W Stull
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Jeremiah W Bertz
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Albert J Burgess-Hull
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Stephanie T Lanza
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Brenda L Curtis
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Karran A Phillips
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - David H Epstein
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Kenzie L Preston
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
DuPre N, Blair L, Moyer S, Cook EF, Little B, Howard J. Hepatitis A Outbreaks Associated With the Opioid Epidemic in Kentucky Counties, 2017-2018. Am J Public Health 2020; 110:1332. [PMID: 32673108 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2020.305789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Objectives. To describe county-level socioeconomic profiles associated with Kentucky's 2017-2018 hepatitis A outbreak that predominately affected communities affected by the opioid epidemic.Methods. We linked county-level characteristics on socioeconomic and housing variables to counties' hepatitis A rates. Principal component analysis identified county profiles of poverty, education, disability, income inequality, grandparent responsibility, residential instability, and marital status. We used Poisson regression to estimate adjusted relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).Results. Counties with scores reflecting an extremely disadvantaged profile (RR = 1.21; 95% CI = 0.99, 1.48) and greater percentage of nonmarried men, residential instability, and income inequality (RR = 1.15; 95% CI = 0.94, 1.41) had higher hepatitis A rates. Counties with scores reflecting more married adults, residential stability, and lower income inequality despite disability, poverty, and low education (RR = 0.77; 95% CI = 0.59, 1.00) had lower hepatitis A rates. Counties with a higher percentage of workers in the manufacturing industry had slightly lower rates (RR = 0.97; 95% CI = 0.94, 1.00).Conclusions. As expected, impoverished counties had higher hepatitis A rates. Evaluation across the socioeconomic patterns highlighted community-level factors (e.g., residential instability, income inequality, and social structures) that can be collected to augment hepatitis A data surveillance and used to identify higher-risk communities for targeted immunizations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie DuPre
- Natalie DuPre and Lyndsey Blair are with the Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Louisville School of Public Health and Information Sciences, Louisville, KY. Sarah Moyer, Bert Little, and Jeffrey Howard are with the Department of Health Management and Systems Sciences, University of Louisville School of Public Health and Information Sciences. S. Moyer is also with the Louisville Metro Department of Public Health and Wellness, Louisville. E. Francis Cook is with the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Lyndsey Blair
- Natalie DuPre and Lyndsey Blair are with the Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Louisville School of Public Health and Information Sciences, Louisville, KY. Sarah Moyer, Bert Little, and Jeffrey Howard are with the Department of Health Management and Systems Sciences, University of Louisville School of Public Health and Information Sciences. S. Moyer is also with the Louisville Metro Department of Public Health and Wellness, Louisville. E. Francis Cook is with the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Sarah Moyer
- Natalie DuPre and Lyndsey Blair are with the Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Louisville School of Public Health and Information Sciences, Louisville, KY. Sarah Moyer, Bert Little, and Jeffrey Howard are with the Department of Health Management and Systems Sciences, University of Louisville School of Public Health and Information Sciences. S. Moyer is also with the Louisville Metro Department of Public Health and Wellness, Louisville. E. Francis Cook is with the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - E Francis Cook
- Natalie DuPre and Lyndsey Blair are with the Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Louisville School of Public Health and Information Sciences, Louisville, KY. Sarah Moyer, Bert Little, and Jeffrey Howard are with the Department of Health Management and Systems Sciences, University of Louisville School of Public Health and Information Sciences. S. Moyer is also with the Louisville Metro Department of Public Health and Wellness, Louisville. E. Francis Cook is with the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Bert Little
- Natalie DuPre and Lyndsey Blair are with the Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Louisville School of Public Health and Information Sciences, Louisville, KY. Sarah Moyer, Bert Little, and Jeffrey Howard are with the Department of Health Management and Systems Sciences, University of Louisville School of Public Health and Information Sciences. S. Moyer is also with the Louisville Metro Department of Public Health and Wellness, Louisville. E. Francis Cook is with the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Jeffrey Howard
- Natalie DuPre and Lyndsey Blair are with the Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Louisville School of Public Health and Information Sciences, Louisville, KY. Sarah Moyer, Bert Little, and Jeffrey Howard are with the Department of Health Management and Systems Sciences, University of Louisville School of Public Health and Information Sciences. S. Moyer is also with the Louisville Metro Department of Public Health and Wellness, Louisville. E. Francis Cook is with the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fairman BJ, Goldstein RB, Simons-Morton BG, Haynie DL, Liu D, Hingson RW, Gilman SE. Neighbourhood context and binge drinking from adolescence into early adulthood in a US national cohort. Int J Epidemiol 2020; 49:103-112. [PMID: 31263877 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyz133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Underage binge drinking is a serious health concern that is likely influenced by the neighbourhood environment. However, longitudinal evidence has been limited and few studies have examined time-varying neighbourhood factors and demographic subgroup variation. METHODS We investigated neighbourhood influences and binge drinking in a national cohort of US 10th grade students at four times (2010-2014; n = 2745). We estimated odds ratios (OR) for past 30-day binge drinking associated with neighbourhood disadvantage, personal and property crime (quartiles), and number of liquor, beer and wine stores within 5 km, and then evaluated whether neighbourhood associations differ by age, sex and race/ethnicity. RESULTS Neighbourhood disadvantage was associated with binge drinking before 18 [OR = 1.54; 95% confidence interval (1.14, 2.08)], but not after 18 years of age. Property crime in neighbourhoods was associated with a higher odds of binge drinking [OR = 1.54 (0.96, 2.45)], an association that was stronger in early adulthood [4th vs 1st quartile: OR = 1.77 (1.04, 3.03)] and among Whites [4th vs 1st quartile: OR = 2.46 (1.03, 5.90)]. Higher density of liquor stores predicted binge drinking among Blacks [1-10 stores vs none: OR = 4.31 (1.50, 12.36)] whereas higher density of beer/wine stores predicted binge drinking among Whites [one vs none for beer: OR = 2.21 (1.06, 4.60); for wine: OR = 2.04 (1.04, 4.03)]. CONCLUSIONS Neighbourhood conditions, particularly those related to economic circumstances, crime and alcohol outlet density, were related to binge drinking among young adults, but associations varied across age and individual characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Fairman
- Social and Behavioral Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health
| | - Risë B Goldstein
- Social and Behavioral Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health
| | - Bruce G Simons-Morton
- Social and Behavioral Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health
| | - Denise L Haynie
- Social and Behavioral Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health
| | - Danping Liu
- Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health
| | - Ralph W Hingson
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health
| | - Stephen E Gilman
- Social and Behavioral Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health.,Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kassanits J, Bobak TJ, Stevens E, Guerrero M, Light J, Jason LA. The relationship of Oxford Houses across heterogeneous house and setting characteristics. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPSYCHIATRY 2020; 90:324-327. [PMID: 31916801 DOI: 10.1037/ort0000437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Oxford Houses (OH) are democratically run, self-funded, substance-use recovery homes that operate across the United States and internationally. Previous research shows the OHs are present in diverse neighborhoods. The current study examined the neighborhoods of 42 OHs located in Oregon, Texas, and North Carolina to better quantify and understand house and neighborhood characteristics that are related to relapse rates. Independent variables were participants' length of stay in OH, wages earned from employment, and income/education neighborhood characteristics. Neighborhood characteristics were related to relapse rates, with higher relapse rates occurring in neighborhoods with lower income and education levels. This finding supports the OH organization's premise that while OHs may work across community settings, they perform better in neighborhoods with higher average income and education levels. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ted J Bobak
- Center for Community Research, DePaul University
| | - Ed Stevens
- Center for Community Research, DePaul University
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cloud DH, Ibragimov U, Prood N, Young AM, Cooper HLF. Rural risk environments for hepatitis c among young adults in appalachian kentucky. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2019; 72:47-54. [PMID: 31113713 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rural Kentucky is an epicenter of hepatitis C(HCV), especially among young adults who inject drugs. While the Risk Environment Framework (REF) has been used widely to study and address socio-ecological determinants of infectious disease among people who inject drugs (PWID), it has been almost exclusively applied to urban environments. Applying REF to rural environments can enhance our understanding of the drivers of HCV epidemics in these hard-hit areas, and inform the creation and implementation of harm reduction interventions in this local context. METHODS Participants were recruited between March and August 2017 via community-based outreach methods (e.g., cookouts, flyers) and peer referral. Individuals who met eligibility criteria (aged 18-35, recently used prescription opioids and/or heroin to get high, lived in one of the 5 target counties) participated indepth, semi-structured interviews. The interview guide was informed by the REF, and covered HCV-related risk behaviors and environmental features that shaped vulnerability to engaging in these behaviors. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed using constructivist grounded-theory methods. RESULTS Participants (N=19) described multiple intersecting risk environment features that shaped vulnerability to HCV transmission. Economic decline generated intergenerational poverty, dwindling employment prospects, and diminished social enrichment opportunities that collectively contributed to substance misuse and risky injection practices. Geographic isolation, lack of collective knowledge about HCV transmission risks, scarce harm reduction services, familial poverty, and fear of law enforcement interacted to increase the odds of people injecting in "trap houses" (akin to shooting galleries) or secluded areas, spaces in which they rushed to inject and shared injection equipment. Pervasive stigma was a structural barrier to adopting, expanding, and using harm reduction services. CONCLUSION This exploratory study identified features of rural risk environments that may contribute to significant HCV burdens in Appalachian Kentucky. Findings signal the importance of expanding proven harm reduction strategies and anti-stigma interventions tailored to rural contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David H Cloud
- Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, United States.
| | | | - Nadya Prood
- Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, United States
| | - April M Young
- University of Kentucky College of Public Health, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Slutske WS, Deutsch AR, Piasecki TM. Neighborhood density of alcohol outlets moderates genetic and environmental influences on alcohol problems. Addiction 2019; 114:815-822. [PMID: 30561109 DOI: 10.1111/add.14534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Geographic differences in rates of alcohol use disorder suggest that environmental factors and gene-environment interactions are likely to play an important role in its genesis. We aimed to examine whether living in a community with more alcohol outlets would facilitate the expression of the genetic propensity to develop alcohol problems. DESIGN Cross-sectional twin/sibling study. SETTING United States. PARTICIPANTS The participants were 18-26-year-old twin, full- and half-sibling pairs from Wave III of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. MEASUREMENTS Participants completed in-home interviews in which past year alcohol problems were assessed. Alcohol outlet densities were extracted from state-level liquor license databases aggregated at the census tract level. FINDINGS There was evidence that estimates of genetic and environmental influences on alcohol problems varied as a function of the density of alcohol outlets in the community. The heritability of alcohol problems for those residing in a neighborhood with more than 10 on-premises outlets was 78% (95% confidence limits = 52-100%), compared with 11% (95% confidence limits = 0-29%) for those in a neighborhood with no on-premises outlets. This moderating effect of alcohol outlet density was not explained by state of residence, population density or neighborhood socio-demographic characteristics. CONCLUSIONS Individuals who are genetically predisposed to develop alcohol problems may be especially sensitive to the influence of many alcohol outlets in their community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy S Slutske
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Arielle R Deutsch
- Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Thomas M Piasecki
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Not getting high with a little help from your friends: Social versus drug network correlates of marijuana use among YMSM. Addict Behav 2019; 92:180-185. [PMID: 30641336 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Substantial evidence has documented the importance of social connections in shaping health and drug use behaviors among adolescents and young adults. The current study extends previous research into the associations between network characteristics and drug use behavior among young men who have sex with men (YMSM) by 1) examining multiple network characteristics, 2) simultaneously assessing multiple network types (i.e., social and drug use), and 3) examining change in network characteristics and drug use behavior over time. Data for the current study comes from RADAR, a longitudinal cohort study of YMSM. Latent growth curve models examined the change in frequency of marijuana use across four observations and individual and network correlates of this change including: demographics, drug network size, drug network density, social network size, and social network density. Baseline frequency of marijuana use was positively associated with drug network size and density, while it was inversely related to social network size and density. In addition, increasing frequency of marijuana use was associated with increases in drug network size and density, while it was associated with decreases in social network size. These findings highlight the complexity of multiple network types (e.g., drug and social) and network structures (e.g., size and density) in understanding drug use behavior among YMSM. Furthermore, as changes in drug and social networks may be indicative of changes in marijuana use, peer relationships may be especially important in understanding an individual's trajectories of marijuana use.
Collapse
|
11
|
West BS. Social Networks of Substance-Using Populations: Key Issues and Promising New Approaches for HIV. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2019; 16:48-56. [PMID: 30659477 PMCID: PMC6420834 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-019-00425-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This paper presents recent literature on substance using networks and HIV, highlighting renewed and emerging themes in the field. The goal is to draw attention to research that holds considerable promise for advancing our understanding of the role of networks in shaping behaviors, while also providing critical information for the development of interventions, programs, and policies to reduce HIV and other drug-related harms. RECENT FINDINGS Recent research advances our understanding of networks and HIV, including among understudied populations, and provides new insight into how risk environments shape the networks and health of substance-using populations. In particular, the integration of network approaches with molecular epidemiology, research on space and place, and intervention methods provides exciting new avenues of investigation. Continued advances in network research are critical to supporting the health and rights of substance-using populations and ensuring the development of high-impact HIV programs and policies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brooke S West
- School of Social Work, Columbia University, 1255 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health in the School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Slutske WS, Deutsch AR, Piasecki TM. Neighborhood alcohol outlet density and genetic influences on alcohol use: evidence for gene-environment interaction. Psychol Med 2019; 49:474-482. [PMID: 29730997 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291718001095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic influences on alcohol involvement are likely to vary as a function of the 'alcohol environment,' given that exposure to alcohol is a necessary precondition for genetic risk to be expressed. However, few gene-environment interaction studies of alcohol involvement have focused on characteristics of the community-level alcohol environment. The goal of this study was to examine whether living in a community with more alcohol outlets would facilitate the expression of the genetic propensity to drink in a genetically-informed national survey of United States young adults. METHODS The participants were 2434 18-26-year-old twin, full-, and half-sibling pairs from Wave III of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. Participants completed in-home interviews in which alcohol use was assessed. Alcohol outlet densities were extracted from state-level liquor license databases aggregated at the census tract level to derive the density of outlets. RESULTS There was evidence that the estimates of genetic and environmental influences on alcohol use varied as a function of the density of alcohol outlets in the community. For example, the heritability of the frequency of alcohol use for those residing in a neighborhood with ten or more outlets was 74% (95% confidence limits = 55-94%), compared with 16% (95% confidence limits = 0-34%) for those in a neighborhood with zero outlets. This moderating effect of alcohol outlet density was not explained by the state of residence, population density, or neighborhood sociodemographic characteristics. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that living in a neighborhood with many alcohol outlets may be especially high-risk for those individuals who are genetically predisposed to frequently drink.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy S Slutske
- University of Missouri,210 McAlester Hall,Columbia,MO 65211,USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mkuu R, Rowell-Cunsolo TL, Harvey IS. Until I get off parole … then I can swim in it if I want to: Facilitators of and barriers to drug use among formerly incarcerated Black drug offenders. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2019; 18:3-22. [PMID: 28665207 PMCID: PMC5748025 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2017.1325810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Black Americans are overrepresented among those incarcerated for drug-related offenses. Drug use, postincarceration, is associated with high risk of recidivism and overdose deaths. We explored factors influencing drug use among former Black drug offenders. Qualitative interviews with 30 Black Americans released from prison within the past year explored drug behavior as well as institutional, environmental, and social factors that influence drug use. Findings show participants reentered drug-enticing environments and social networks. Being on parole, drug programs, and social support influenced abating drug use. Drug interventions postincarceration should consider the environment and social networks as leverage points for behavior change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahma Mkuu
- a Transdisciplinary Center for Health Equity Research, Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas
| | | | - Idethia Shevon Harvey
- a Transdisciplinary Center for Health Equity Research, Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dilkes-Frayne E, Fraser S, Pienaar K, Kokanovic R. Iterating ‘addiction’: Residential relocation and the spatio-temporal production of alcohol and other drug consumption patterns. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2017; 44:164-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
15
|
Linton SL, Haley DF, Hunter-Jones J, Ross Z, Cooper HLF. Social causation and neighborhood selection underlie associations of neighborhood factors with illicit drug-using social networks and illicit drug use among adults relocated from public housing. Soc Sci Med 2017; 185:81-90. [PMID: 28554162 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Theories of social causation and social influence, which posit that neighborhood and social network characteristics are distal causes of substance use, are frequently used to interpret associations among neighborhood characteristics, social network characteristics and substance use. These associations are also hypothesized to result from selection processes, in which substance use determines where people live and who they interact with. The potential for these competing selection mechanisms to co-occur has been underexplored among adults. This study utilizes path analysis to determine the paths that relate census tract characteristics (e.g., economic deprivation), social network characteristics (i.e., having ≥ 1 illicit drug-using network member) and illicit drug use, among 172 African American adults relocated from public housing in Atlanta, Georgia and followed from 2009 to 2014 (7 waves). Individual and network-level characteristics were captured using surveys. Census tract characteristics were created using administrative data. Waves 1 (pre-relocation), 2 (1st wave post-relocation), and 7 were analyzed. When controlling for individual-level sociodemographic factors, residing in census tracts with prior economic disadvantage was significantly associated with illicit drug use at wave 1; illicit drug use at wave 1 was significantly associated with living in economically-disadvantaged census tracts at wave 2; and violent crime at wave 2 was associated with illicit drug-using social network members at wave 7. Findings from this study support theories that describe social causation and neighborhood selection processes as explaining relationships of neighborhood characteristics with illicit drug use and illicit drug-using social networks. Policies that improve local economic and social conditions of neighborhoods may discourage substance use. Future studies should further identify the barriers that prevent substance users from obtaining housing in less disadvantaged neighborhoods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabriya L Linton
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Danielle F Haley
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 130 Mason Farm Rd CB#7030, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Josalin Hunter-Jones
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Zev Ross
- ZevRoss Spatial Analysis, 120 N Aurora Street, Suite 3A, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Hannah L F Cooper
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| |
Collapse
|