Association between serum transaminase levels and insulin resistance in euthyroid and non-diabetic adults

Effects of dietary wheat supplementation levels on growth performance, rumen bacterial community and fermentation parameters in Chinese Tibetan Sheep

The objective of this study was to evaluate various wheat supplementation levels on rumen microbiota and fermentation parameter in Tibetan sheep. A total of ninety ram with an average 12.37 ± 0.92 kg at the age of 2 months were randomly allocated to three treatments: 0% wheat diet (CW, N = 30), 10% wheat diet (LW, N = 30), and 15% wheat diet (HW, N = 30) on a dry matter basis. The experiment was conducted over a period of 127 days, including 7 days of adaption to the diets. Our results showed that sheep fed 10% wheat exhibited optimal average daily gain and feed gain ratio compared with HW group (p < 0.05). The serum alkaline phosphatase concentration was the lowest when fed the 10% wheat diet (p < 0.05), whereas serum aspartate aminotransferase concentration was the highest (p < 0.05). Both acetate and propionate increased with increase in dietary wheat ratio (p < 0.05), while a greater decrease in concentrations of NH3 -N was observed (p < 0.05). In rumen fluid, 3413 OTUs were obtained with 97% consistency. Phylum Firmicutes was the predominant bacteria and accounted for 49.04%. The CW groups supported significantly increased the abundance of Bacteroidetes (p < 0.05), as compared with the HW group. The abundance of Bacteroidales_UCG-001, Ruminococcus, and Mitsuokella possessed a higher relative abundance in HW group (p < 0.05). No differences in the bacterial community and fermentation parameters were observed between the sheep fed 0% and 10% wheat (p > 0.05). Ruminal bacterial community structure was significantly correlated with isobutyrite (r2  = 0.4878, p = 0.035) and valerate (r2  = 0.4878, p = 0.013). In conclusion, supplementation of 10% wheat in diet promoted the average daily gain and never altered microbial community structure and fermentation pattern, which can be effectively replace partial corn in Chinese Tibetan Sheep.

Preliminary evidence of insulin resistance in young adults with impaired sleep

Objective: Impaired sleep is associated with insulin resistance (IR), a precursor to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but is poorly understood in young adults. This cross-sectional study examined sleep characteristics, risk factors for T2DM, and IR in college students. Participants: Thirty-two college students (18-25 years) with either short sleep or poor quality sleep were assessed. Methods: Participants completed self-report measures of sleep and T2DM risk factors. One week of objective sleep was measured with wrist actigraphy. IR was calculated from fasting serum glucose and insulin concentrations. Results: The sample slept on average 6.6 hours/night, and over half had IR. Of those with IR, 44.4% had normal body mass index (BMI), 72% had normal fasting glucose concentrations, and all but one had T2DM risk test score indicating they were not at risk. Conclusions: IR was found in over half of participants; however, many typical T2DM risk factors were not present in those with IR.

Association between liver and chronic kidney disease on hemoglobin A1c concentrations

INTRODUCTION

HbA1c is the gold standard for measuring long-range glycemic control in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus. Conditions such as CKD or LD can lead to spurious HbA1c test results. There is conflicting literature about the relationship between HbA1c, LD, and CKD.

METHODS

Results for HbA1c concentrations were retrieved from 2015- to 2019. We evaluated over 2,500 test results with LD and 20,000 results with CKD compared to over 21,000 test results without LD, iron deficiency anemia, or CKD. Patients were classified as having LD if they had high ALT and AST concentrations. If they have abnormal serum creatinine and BUN or low eGFR based on age-based reference ranges for CKD. Kruskal-Wallis statistical analyses method was used to test whether the two samples followed the same distribution and significance. Results The median HbA1c concentration was 5.8% (40 mmol/l) among LD classified patients in both males and females vs. 5.4% (36 mmol/l) (P<0.001) for females and 5.6% (38 mmol/l) (P<0.001) for males without LD. A significant difference in median HbA1c concentrations were also observed between CKD samples (female: 5.7% (39 mmol/l), male: 6.0% (42 mmol/l)) and non-CKD samples (female: 5.4% (36 mmol/l), male: 5.6% (38 mmol/l)) (P<0.001). Depending on the population's CKD stage, median concentrations of % HbA1c are increased from stage-1 through stage-4 and fell in Stage-5. Conclusion Patients with high AST and ALT concentrations or CKD can have increased HbA1c concentrations compared to normal patients. When using HbA1c concentrations to monitor diabetes, healthcare professionals should consider LD or CKD status before making any therapeutic decisions.