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Kumar V, Lalawmpuia C, Lodhi P, Guglani B. Acute Intermittent Porphyria Presenting with Non-Convulsive Status Epilepticus and Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome. Neurol India 2023; 71:1302-1303. [PMID: 38174492 DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.391353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Kumar
- Department of Neurology, Max Institute of Neurosciences, Patparganj, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Preeti Lodhi
- Department of Medicine, Max Institute of Neurosciences, Patparganj, New Delhi, India
| | - Bhuvnesh Guglani
- Department of Radiology, Max Super Speciality Hospital, Patparganj, New Delhi, India
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Baidya S, Kandel P, Rajkarnikar S, Kadel A, Niraula A, Dubey RK, Lamichhane M, Raut M, Bhattarai A, Tuladhar ET, Sharma VK. Porphyria: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2022; 16:490. [PMID: 36575494 PMCID: PMC9795741 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-022-03708-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prompt diagnosis of metabolic disorders in a resource-limited country like Nepal is daunting. Acute intermittent porphyria is a rare but common hepatic porphyria mostly seen in females of the reproductive age group. As its incidence is quite uncommon, conjectures about porphyria diagnosis are often duped into a diagnostic conundrum. CASE PRESENTATION Here we unravel a case of a 15-year-old Hindu Nepalese girl distraught by the myriad of symptoms in the setting of severe abdominal pain accompanied by constipation and limb pain as the chief complaints. She presented with acute severe hypertension with marked persistent hyponatremia (up to 109 mEq/L). Despite conservative management of hypertension and electrolytes, unresolved electrolyte imbalance led us to the speculation of disturbance in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Due to her exacerbating neurovisceral status, she also required intensive care during the disease course. After thorough investigations and exemption of presumed provisional diagnoses, based on sustained symptomatic presentation, the clinical suspicion was driven towards a diagnosis of porphyria-related disorders. Positive Watson-Schwartz test substantiated the diagnosis of acute intermittent porphyria. Her symptoms gradually abated after the consumption of high carbohydrate diets. CONCLUSION This case highlights the baffling amalgamation of symptoms that simulate common diseases of concern yet are buried in the realm of porphyric disorders. Porphyria can be diagnosed using simple screening tools and timely treatment can diminish serious consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujata Baidya
- grid.80817.360000 0001 2114 6728Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Institute of Medicine, Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Pratibha Kandel
- grid.80817.360000 0001 2114 6728Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Institute of Medicine, Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Smrity Rajkarnikar
- grid.80817.360000 0001 2114 6728Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Institute of Medicine, Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Anuradha Kadel
- grid.80817.360000 0001 2114 6728Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Institute of Medicine, Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Apeksha Niraula
- grid.80817.360000 0001 2114 6728Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Institute of Medicine, Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Raju Kumar Dubey
- grid.80817.360000 0001 2114 6728Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Institute of Medicine, Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Machhindra Lamichhane
- grid.80817.360000 0001 2114 6728Department of Paediatrics, Institute of Medicine, Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Mithileshwer Raut
- grid.80817.360000 0001 2114 6728Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Institute of Medicine, Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Aseem Bhattarai
- grid.80817.360000 0001 2114 6728Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Institute of Medicine, Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Eans Tara Tuladhar
- grid.80817.360000 0001 2114 6728Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Institute of Medicine, Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Vijay Kumar Sharma
- grid.80817.360000 0001 2114 6728Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Institute of Medicine, Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Neurological Manifestations of Acute Porphyrias. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2022; 22:355-362. [PMID: 35665475 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-022-01205-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Porphyrias constitute a group of rare metabolic disorders that result in a deficiency of the heme biosynthetic pathway and lead to the accumulation of metabolic intermediaries. Patients with porphyria can experience recurrent neurovisceral attacks which are characterized by neuropathic abdominal pain and acute gastrointestinal symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, and constipation. Depending on the type of porphyria, patients can present with cutaneous manifestations, such as severe skin photosensitivity, chronic hemolysis, or evidence of neurologic dysfunction, including alterations in consciousness, neurovascular involvement, seizures, transient sensor-motor symptoms, polyneuropathy, and behavioral abnormalities. RECENT FINDINGS More recently, cases of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, cerebral vasoconstriction, and acute flaccid paralysis have also been described. While the exact pathogenic mechanisms linking the accumulation of abnormal heme biosynthetic intermediaries to neurologic manifestations have not been completely elucidated, it has been proposed that these manifestations are more common than previously thought and can result in permanent neurologic injury. This article reviews the basic principles of heme synthesis as well as the pathogenic mechanism of disease, presentation, and treatment of acute hepatic porphyrias with emphasis on those with neurologic manifestations.
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Ogyu K, Kurose S, Uchida H, Kanemoto K, Mimura M, Takeuchi H. Clinical features of catatonic non-convulsive status epilepticus: A systematic review of cases. J Psychosom Res 2021; 151:110660. [PMID: 34768095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Non-convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) can manifest as catatonia, although it is unclear how frequently such cases have been reported. The common clinical features of these two conditions are also unclear. METHODS Using the MEDLINE and Embase databases, we performed a systematic literature search to identify cases diagnosed with both catatonia, according to the Bush-Francis Catatonia Rating Scale, and NCSE, according to the Salzburg Consensus Criteria (last search: March 29, 2021). We extracted data on demographics, clinical features of catatonia, EEG findings, and treatments. RESULTS A total of 66 patients with catatonic NSCE (men, 49%; mean age, 42.0 years) were identified from our search. Of the 66 cases described: 30 (46%) showed motor symptoms; 35 (38%) occurred in patients with preceding episodes of epileptic seizures; 19 (29%) showed subtle ictal clinical phenomena, such as minor twitching of the mouth, periorbital region, and extremities; 22 (33%) presented with psychiatric symptoms prior to the onset of catatonia; 17 (26%) had a history of psychiatric diseases; and in 10 cases (15%), NSCE was confirmed by intentional or non-intentional long-term EEG monitoring. Benzodiazepines were used as the initial treatment for NCSE in 30 cases (49%), of which 20 cases (73%) improved with monotherapy. DISCUSSION A substantial number of cases included in the present review involved catatonia without any symptoms indicative of epilepsy, suggesting that NCSE may be misdiagnosed as a psychiatric disease, and highlighting the importance of the accurate diagnosis and treatment of NCSE in patients presenting with catatonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamiyu Ogyu
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, National Hospital Organization Shimofusa Psychiatric Medical Center, Chiba 266-0007, Japan
| | - Shin Kurose
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Ashikaga Red Cross Hospital, Ashikaga 326-0843, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Uchida
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kousuke Kanemoto
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute 480-1103, Japan
| | - Masaru Mimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Takeuchi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
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Gerischer LM, Scheibe F, Nümann A, Köhnlein M, Stölzel U, Meisel A. Acute porphyrias - A neurological perspective. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e2389. [PMID: 34661997 PMCID: PMC8613433 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute hepatic porphyrias (AHP) can cause severe neurological symptoms involving the central, autonomic, and peripheral nervous system. Due to their relative rarity and their chameleon-like presentation, delayed diagnosis and misdiagnosis are common. AHPs are genetically inherited disorders that result from heme biosynthesis enzyme deficiencies and comprise four forms: acute intermittent porphyria (AIP), variegate porphyria (VP), hereditary coproporphyria (HCP), and ALA-dehydratase porphyria (ALADP). Depending on the clinical presentation, the main differential diagnoses are Guillain-Barré syndrome and autoimmune encephalitis. Red flags that could raise the suspicion of acute porphyria are neurological symptoms starting after severe (abdominal) pain, in association with reddish urine, hyponatremia or photodermatitis, and the presence of encephalopathy and/or axonal neuropathy. We highlight the diagnostic difficulties by presenting three cases from our neurological intensive care unit and give a comprehensive overview about the diagnostic findings in imaging, electrophysiology, and neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea M. Gerischer
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, Department of NeurologyBerlinGermany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, NeuroCure Clinical Research CenterBerlinGermany
| | - Franziska Scheibe
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, Department of NeurologyBerlinGermany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, NeuroCure Clinical Research CenterBerlinGermany
| | - Astrid Nümann
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, Department of NeurologyBerlinGermany
| | - Martin Köhnlein
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, Department of NeurologyBerlinGermany
| | - Ulrich Stölzel
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Porphyria Center SaxoniaKlinikum Chemnitz gGmbHChemnitzGermany
| | - Andreas Meisel
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, Department of NeurologyBerlinGermany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, NeuroCure Clinical Research CenterBerlinGermany
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Oliveira Santos M, Leal Rato M. Neurology of the acute hepatic porphyrias. J Neurol Sci 2021; 428:117605. [PMID: 34375916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2021.117605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrias are a set of rare inherited metabolic disorders, each of them representing a defect in one of the eight enzymes in the haem biosynthetic pathway resulting in the accumulation of organic compounds called porphyrins. Acute hepatic porphyrias (AHP) are those in which the enzyme deficiency occurs in the liver, of which acute intermittent porphyria is by far the most common subtype. Neurology of the AHP is still challenging in practice, and patients rarely receive the correct diagnosis early in the disease course. For AHP, which primarily affects the central and peripheral nervous system, the cause of symptoms seems to be the increased production of neurotoxic precursors, in particular delta-aminolaevulinic acid and porphobilinogen. Neurological complications usually result from severe episodes of acute attacks. The neurologic hallmark of porphyrias is an acute predominantly motor axonal neuropathy resembling a Guillain-Barré syndrome that generally occurs after the onset of other clinical features such as abdominal pain and central nervous system manifestations. Neuropsychiatric syndromes, seizures, encephalopathy, and cerebrovascular disorders are among the possible central nervous system presentations. Therapeutic approach to AHP is divided into management and prophylaxis of an acute attack, including long standing options such as intravenous hematin and new therapeutic agents such as givosiran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Oliveira Santos
- Neurology, Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisboa, Portugal; Institute of Physiology Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Miguel Leal Rato
- Neurology, Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisboa, Portugal; Institute of Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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