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Roch PJ, Noisser L, Böker KO, Hoffmann DB, Schilling AF, Sehmisch S, Komrakova M. Advantage of ostarine over raloxifene and their combined treatments for muscle of estrogen-deficient rats. J Endocrinol Invest 2024; 47:709-720. [PMID: 37672168 PMCID: PMC10904410 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-023-02188-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Selective androgen (ostarine, OST) and estrogen (raloxifene, RAL) receptor modulators with improved tissue selectivity have been developed as alternatives to hormone replacement therapy. We investigated the combined effects of OST and RAL on muscle tissue in an estrogen-deficient rat model of postmenopausal conditions. METHODS Three-month-old Sprague Dawley rats were divided into groups: (1) untreated non-ovariectomized rats (Non-OVX), (2) untreated ovariectomized rats (OVX), (3) OVX rats treated with OST, (4) OVX rats treated with RAL, (5) OVX rats treated with OST and RAL. Both compounds were administered in the diet. The average dose received was 0.6 ± 0.1 mg for OST and 11.1 ± 1.2 mg for RAL per kg body weight/day. After thirteen weeks, rat activity, muscle weight, structure, gene expression, and serum markers were analyzed. RESULTS OST increased muscle weight, capillary ratio, insulin-like growth factor 1 (Igf-1) expression, serum phosphorus, uterine weight. RAL decreased muscle weight, capillary ratio, food intake, serum calcium and increased Igf-1 and Myostatin expression, serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). OST + RAL increased muscle nucleus ratio, uterine weight, serum phosphorus, FSH and luteinizing hormone and decreased body and muscle weight, serum calcium. Neither treatment changed muscle fiber size. OVX increased body and muscle weight, decreased uterine weight, serum calcium and magnesium. CONCLUSION OST had beneficial effects on muscle in OVX rats. Side effects of OST on the uterus and serum electrolytes should be considered before using it for therapeutic purposes. RAL and RAL + OST had less effect on muscle and showed endocrinological side effects on pituitary-gonadal axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Roch
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - L Noisser
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - K O Böker
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - D B Hoffmann
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - A F Schilling
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - S Sehmisch
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Hannover Medical School, University of Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - M Komrakova
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
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Hao W, Fu C, Dong C, Zhou C, Sun H, Xie Z, Zhu D. Age at menopause and all-cause and cause-specific dementia: a prospective analysis of the UK Biobank cohort. Hum Reprod 2023; 38:1746-1754. [PMID: 37344154 PMCID: PMC10663050 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dead130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Are there associations between natural or surgical menopause and incident dementia by age at menopause? SUMMARY ANSWER Compared to age at menopause of 46-50 years, earlier natural menopause (≤40 and 41-45 years) was related to higher risk of all-cause dementia, while a U-shape relationship was observed between age at surgical menopause and risk of dementia. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Menopause marks the end of female reproductive period. Age at menopause reflects the length of exposure to endogenous estrogen. Evidence on the association between age at natural, surgical menopause, and risk of dementia has been inconsistent. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION A population-based cohort study involving 160 080 women who participated in the UK Biobank study. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Women with no dementia at baseline, and had no missing data on key exposure variables and covariates were included. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs on the association of categorical menopause age with incident all-cause dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VD). Restricted cubic splines were used to model the non-linear relationship between continuous age at natural, surgical menopause, and risk of dementia. In addition, we analyzed the interaction effect of ever-used menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) at baseline, income level, leisure activities, and age at menopause on risk of dementia. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Compared to women with age at menopause of 46-50 years, women with earlier natural menopause younger than 40 years (1.36, 1.01-1.83) and 41-45 years (1.19, 1.03-1.39) had a higher risk of all-cause dementia, while late natural menopause >55 years was linked to lower risk of dementia (0.83, 0.71-0.98). Compared to natural menopause, surgical menopause was associated with 10% higher risk of dementia (1.10, 0.98-1.24). A U-shape relationship was observed between surgical menopause and risk of dementia. Women with surgical menopause before age 40 years (1.94, 1.38-2.73) and after age 55 years (1.65, 1.21-2.24) were both linked to increased risk of all-cause dementia. Women with early natural menopause without ever taking MHT at baseline had an increased risk of AD. Also, in each categorized age at the menopause level, higher income level or higher number of leisure activities was linked to a lowers risk of dementia. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Menopausal age was based on women's self-report, which might cause recall bias. WIDER IMPLICATION OF THE FINDINGS Women who experienced natural menopause or had surgical menopause at an earlier age need close monitoring and engagement for preventive health measures to delay the development of dementia. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS This work was supported by the Start-up Foundation for Scientific Research in Shandong University (202099000066), Science Fund Program for Excellent Young Scholars of Shandong Provence (Overseas) (2022HWYQ-030), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82273702). There are no competing interests. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Hao
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- NHC Key Lab of Health Economics and Policy Research, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chunying Fu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Caiyun Dong
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chunmiao Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Huizi Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ziwei Xie
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Dongshan Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Roch PJ, Wolgast V, Gebhardt MM, Böker KO, Hoffmann DB, Saul D, Schilling AF, Sehmisch S, Komrakova M. Combination of selective androgen and estrogen receptor modulators in orchiectomized rats. J Endocrinol Invest 2022; 45:1555-1568. [PMID: 35429299 PMCID: PMC9270269 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-022-01794-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Selective androgen and estrogen receptor modulators, ostarine (OST) and raloxifen (RAL), reportedly improve muscle tissue and offer therapeutic approaches to muscle maintenance in the elderly. The present study evaluated the effects of OST and RAL and their combination on musculoskeletal tissue in orchiectomized rats. METHODS Eight-month-old Sprague Dawley rats were analyzed. Experiment I: (1) Untreated non-orchiectomized rats (Non-ORX), (2) untreated orchiectomized rats (ORX), (3) ORX rats treated with OST during weeks 0-18 (OST-P), (4) ORX rats treated with OST during weeks 12-18 (OST-T). Experiment II: 1) Non-ORX, (2) ORX, 3) OST-P, (4) ORX rats treated with RAL, during weeks 0-18 (RAL-P), 5) ORX rats treated with OST + RAL, weeks 0-18 (OST + RAL-P). The average daily doses of OST and RAL were 0.4 and 7 mg/kg body weight (BW). Weight, fiber size, and capillarization of muscles, gene expression, serum markers and the lumbar vertebral body were analyzed. RESULTS OST-P exerted favorable effects on muscle weight, expression of myostatin and insulin growth factor-1, but increased prostate weight. OST-T partially improved muscle parameters, showing less effect on the prostate. RAL-P did not show anabolic effects on muscles but improved body constitution by reducing abdominal area, food intake, and BW. OST + RAL-P had an anabolic impact on muscle, reduced androgenic effect on the prostate, and normalized food intake. OST and RAL improved osteoporotic bone. CONCLUSIONS The OST + RAL treatment appeared to be a promising option in the treatment of androgen-deficient conditions and showed fewer side effects than the respective single treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. J. Roch
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - V. Wolgast
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - M.-M. Gebhardt
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - K. O. Böker
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - D. B. Hoffmann
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - D. Saul
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Kogod Center On Aging and Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - A. F. Schilling
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - S. Sehmisch
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Hannover Medical School, University of Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - M. Komrakova
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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Rueda Beltz C, Rojas Figueroa A, Hinestroza Antolinez S, Bastidas A. Effects of progestogens used in menopause hormone therapy on the normal breast and benign breast disease in postmenopausal women. Climacteric 2021; 24:236-245. [PMID: 33733982 DOI: 10.1080/13697137.2021.1879779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Hormone replacement therapy in menopause is used to improve climacteric syndrome in women whose quality of life is affected. However, given the wide variety of progestogens available, it is important to evaluate their differential benign changes (radiological, cellular, and clinical) on the breast. This review aimed to determine the different benign changes of progestogens used in postmenopausal combined hormone therapy on the breast (radiological, cellular, and clinical), in women without mammary pathology, in order to establish their safety profile. A systematic review of the literature was carried out with a balanced search strategy for the identification of relevant references in the MEDLINE, BVSalud, EMBASE, ProQuest, and Cochrane databases until November 2019. The search terms used were 'menopause' or 'hormonal replacement therapy' or 'progestins' or 'estrogen' or 'mastodynia' or 'benign breast disease' or 'mammography'. Data were collected from the 'eligible' articles by two researchers (ARF and SHA), and possible discrepancies in inclusion were resolved by consensus. A total of 1886 articles were identified; 60 full-text articles were reviewed, and 17 articles that met the inclusion criteria were included for the qualitative analysis. In conclusion, combined hormone replacement therapy is associated with benign effects on the breast, such as mastodynia and increased mammographic density.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rueda Beltz
- Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia.,Clínica del Country and Clínica La Colina, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - A Rojas Figueroa
- Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia
| | | | - A Bastidas
- Epidemiology, Research Unit, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia
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Monte F, Garrido M, Pereira Guedes T, Reis J, Porto G, Pedroto I. Hemochromatosis and Xeroderma Pigmentosum: Two (Un)Suspicious Neighbors. GE-PORTUGUESE JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2021; 29:38-44. [DOI: 10.1159/000513587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A 51-year-old woman, clinically diagnosed with <i>Xeroderma pigmentosum</i> (XP), showed abnormalities in liver enzymes, high ferritin and transferrin saturation levels, with ultrasonographic features of chronic liver disease, in addition to skin hyperpigmentation. Genetic testing confirmed the clinical hypothesis of hereditary hemochromatosis (HH). Due to the known proximity of HFE (6p22.2) and POLH (6p21.1) genes, accountable for HH and the XP-V variant, respectively, a genetic test was offered and a rare variant of the POLH gene was identified. We report the first confirmed case, to our knowledge, of a patient diagnosed both with XP and HH, in whom two mutated neighbor genes – POLH and HFE – were identified, possibly the result of genetic linkage.
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Roch PJ, Henkies D, Carstens JC, Krischek C, Lehmann W, Komrakova M, Sehmisch S. Ostarine and Ligandrol Improve Muscle Tissue in an Ovariectomized Rat Model. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:556581. [PMID: 33042018 PMCID: PMC7528560 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.556581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In postmenopausal women, hormonal decline changes muscle function and structure. The non-steroidal selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) Ostarine (OS) and Ligandrol (LG) have been shown to increase muscle mass and physical function while showing a relative low risk profile. Information about their effects on muscle structure and metabolism is lacking. To analyze this, two experiments were performed using ovariectomized rats as a standard model for postmenopausal conditions. In each experiment, 3-month old Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups (n = 12 to 15). One group remained intact (Non-OVX), the other four groups were ovariectomized (OVX) and remained untreated for eight (OS Experiment) or nine (LG Experiment) weeks. Thereafter, rats of three of the four OVX groups were treated with OS or LG (with doses of 0.04, 0.4, or 4 mg/kg body weight/day) for 5 weeks. Then, uterus, gastrocnemius, and soleus muscles were weighed, fiber size, capillary density, and enzyme activity (lactate dehydrogenase [LDH], citrate synthase [CS], and complex I) were analyzed. In the LG experiment, intramuscular fat content was determined in the quadriceps femoris muscle. All OS treatments resulted in a higher capillary density in the gastrocnemius and longissimus muscles compared with the Non-OVX and the OVX rats, whereas all LG treatments showed a higher capillary density compared with the Non-OVX group. Muscle fiber size and distribution patterns were not changed under either SARM. The CS activity was higher in the longissimus muscle under OS treatment. LG resulted in a higher activity of CS in the gastrocnemius and of LDH in the longissimus muscle. Both SARMs showed an uterotrophic effect, OS at 4 and 0,4 mg dosages, LG at 4 mg dosage. In sum, beneficial effect on muscle vascularization was observed for both SARMs with a stronger impact for OS. LG showed more effect on muscle metabolism. However, a higher muscle weight and intramuscular fat content observed after LG treatment (4 mg) as well as an uterotrophic effect of both SARMs at higher dosages could be considered as an unfavorable side effects and might be a limitation for their application at these dosages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Jonathan Roch
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Paul Jonathan Roch
| | - Danny Henkies
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jan Christoph Carstens
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Carsten Krischek
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Lehmann
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marina Komrakova
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Sehmisch
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Deciphering the complex relationship between menopause and heart disease: 25 years and counting. Menopause 2018; 25:955-962. [DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000001125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Menopause may be a risk factor for hearing loss, and postmenopausal hormone therapy (HT) has been proposed to slow hearing decline; however, there are no large prospective studies. We prospectively examined the independent relations between menopause and postmenopausal HT and risk of self-reported hearing loss. METHODS Prospective cohort study among 80,972 women in the Nurses' Health Study II, baseline age 27 to 44 years, followed from 1991 to 2013. Baseline and updated information was obtained from detailed validated biennial questionnaires. Cox proportional-hazards regression models were used to examine independent associations between menopausal status and postmenopausal HT and risk of hearing loss. RESULTS After 1,410,928 person-years of follow-up, 18,558 cases of hearing loss were reported. There was no significant overall association between menopausal status, natural or surgical, and risk of hearing loss. Older age at natural menopause was associated with higher risk. The multivariable-adjusted relative risk of hearing loss among women who underwent natural menopause at age 50+ years compared with those aged less than 50 years was 1.10 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03, 1.17). Among postmenopausal women, oral HT (estrogen therapy or estrogen plus progestogen therapy) was associated with higher risk of hearing loss, and longer duration of use was associated with higher risk (P trend < 0.001). Compared with women who never used HT, the multivariable-adjusted relative risk of hearing loss among women who used oral HT for 5 to 9.9 years was 1.15 (95% CI 1.06, 1.24) and for 10+ years was 1.21 (95% CI 1.07, 1.37). CONCLUSIONS Older age at menopause and longer duration of postmenopausal HT are associated with higher risk of hearing loss.
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Insomnia Pharmacotherapy: a Review of Current Treatment Options for Insomnia in Menopause. CURRENT SLEEP MEDICINE REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40675-017-0090-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Beck KL, Anderson MC, Kirk JK. Transdermal estrogens in the changing landscape of hormone replacement therapy. Postgrad Med 2017; 129:632-636. [DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2017.1334507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keli L. Beck
- Family and Community Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, U.S.A
| | - Michelle C. Anderson
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Campbell University, Buies Creek, NC, U.S.A
| | - Julienne K. Kirk
- Family and Community Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, U.S.A
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