1
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Ochiai B, Kobayashi Y. Non-Isocyanate Synthesis of Aliphatic Polyurethane by BiCl 3-Catalyzed Transurethanization Polycondensation. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1136. [PMID: 38675057 PMCID: PMC11053453 DOI: 10.3390/polym16081136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-isocyanate polyurethane synthesis by non-Sn catalysis is an essential challenge toward green polyurethane synthesis. Bismuth compounds are attractive candidates due to their low cost, low toxicity, and availability to urethane chemistry. This work applied various Bi catalysts to the self-polycondensation of a bishydroxyurethane monomer and found BiCl3 to be an excellent catalyst through optimization. The catalytic activity and price of BiCl3 are comparable to those of Bu2SnO, while its toxicity is significantly low. BiCl3 is, therefore, a promising alternative to Sn-based catalysts in non-isocyanate polyurethane synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bungo Ochiai
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-8510, Japan
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2
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Yakushin V, Rundans M, Holynska M, Sture B, Cabulis U. Influence of Reactive Amine-Based Catalysts on Cryogenic Properties of Rigid Polyurethane Foams for Space and On-Ground Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2798. [PMID: 37049092 PMCID: PMC10096171 DOI: 10.3390/ma16072798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Rigid polyurethane (PUR) foams have outstanding properties, and some of them are successfully used even today as cryogenic insulation. The fourth-generation blowing agent Solstice® LBA and commercial polyols were used for the production of a low-density cryogenic PUR foam composition. A lab-scale pouring method for PUR foam preparation and up-scaling of the processes using an industrial spraying machine are described in this article. For the determination of the foam properties at cryogenic temperature, original methods, devices, and appliances were used. The properties at room and cryogenic temperatures of the developed PUR foams using a low-toxicity, bismuth-based, and low-emission amine catalyst were compared with a reference foam with a conventional tin-based additive amine catalyst. It was found that the values of important cryogenic characteristics such as adhesion strength after cryoshock and the safety coefficient of the PUR foams formed with new reactive-type amine-based catalysts and with the blowing agent Solstice® LBA were higher than those of the foam with conventional catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Yakushin
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Polymer Laboratory, Dzerbenes Street 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Maris Rundans
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Polymer Laboratory, Dzerbenes Street 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Beatrise Sture
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Polymer Laboratory, Dzerbenes Street 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Ugis Cabulis
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Polymer Laboratory, Dzerbenes Street 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
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3
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Medhi R, Cintora A, Guazzelli E, Narayan N, Leonardi AK, Galli G, Oliva M, Pretti C, Finlay JA, Clare AS, Martinelli E, Ober CK. Nitroxide-Containing Amphiphilic Random Terpolymers for Marine Antifouling and Fouling-Release Coatings. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:11150-11162. [PMID: 36802475 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c23213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Two types of amphiphilic random terpolymers, poly(ethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate)-ran-poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxy methacrylate)-ran-poly(polydimethyl siloxane methacrylate) (PEGMEMA-r-PTMA-r-PDMSMA), were synthesized and evaluated for antifouling (AF) and fouling-release (FR) properties using diverse marine fouling organisms. In the first stage of production, the two respective precursor amine terpolymers containing (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl methacrylate) units (PEGMEMA-r-PTMPM-r-PDMSMA) were synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization using various comonomer ratios and two initiators: alkyl halide and fluoroalkyl halide. In the second stage, these were selectively oxidized to introduce nitroxide radical functionalities. Finally, the terpolymers were incorporated into a PDMS host matrix to create coatings. AF and FR properties were examined using the alga Ulva linza, the barnacle Balanus improvisus, and the tubeworm Ficopomatus enigmaticus. The effects of comonomer ratios on surface properties and fouling assay results for each set of coatings are discussed in detail. There were marked differences in the effectiveness of these systems against the different fouling organisms. The terpolymers had distinct advantages over monopolymeric systems across the different organisms, and the nonfluorinated PEG and nitroxide combination was identified as the most effective formulation against B. improvisus and F. enigmaticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riddhiman Medhi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Alicia Cintora
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Elisa Guazzelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Nila Narayan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Amanda K Leonardi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Giancarlo Galli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Matteo Oliva
- Consorzio Interuniversitario di Biologia Marina e Ecologia Applicata "G. Bacci", Livorno 57128, Italy
| | - Carlo Pretti
- Consorzio Interuniversitario di Biologia Marina e Ecologia Applicata "G. Bacci", Livorno 57128, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - John A Finlay
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Anthony S Clare
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Elisa Martinelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Christopher K Ober
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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4
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Oliva M, Martinelli E, Guazzelli E, Cuccaro A, De Marchi L, Fumagalli G, Monni G, Vasarri M, Degl'Innocenti D, Pretti C. Posidonia oceanica (L.) (Delile, 1813) extracts as a potential booster biocide in fouling-release coatings. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:18480-18490. [PMID: 36215022 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23460-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Since the banning of tributyltin, the addition of inorganic (metal oxides) and organic (pesticides, herbicides) biocides in antifouling paint has represented an unavoidable step to counteract biofouling and the resulting biodeterioration of submerged surfaces. Therefore, the development of new methods that balance antifouling efficacy with environmental impact has become a topic of great importance. Among several proposed strategies, natural extracts may represent one of the most suitable alternatives to the widely used toxic biocides. Posidonia oceanica is one of the most representative organisms of the Mediterranean Sea and contains hundreds of bioactive compounds. In this study, we prepared, characterized, and assessed a hydroalcoholic extract of P. oceanica and then compared it to three model species. Together, these four species belong to relevant groups of biofoulers: bacteria (Aliivibrio fischeri), diatoms (Phaeodactylum tricornutum), and serpulid polychaetes (Ficopomatus enigmaticus). We also added the same P. oceanica extract to a PDMS-based coating formula. We tested this coating agent with Navicula salinicola and Ficopomatus enigmaticus to evaluate both its biocidal performance and its antifouling properties. Our results indicate that our P. oceanica extract provides suitable levels of protection against all the tested organisms and significantly reduces adhesion of N. salinicola cells and facilitates their release in low-intensity waterflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Oliva
- Interuniversity Consortium of Marine Biology and Applied Ecology "G. Bacci" (CIBM), Viale N. Sauro 4, 57128, Livorno, Italy.
| | - Elisa Martinelli
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Guazzelli
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessia Cuccaro
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Lucia De Marchi
- Interuniversity Consortium of Marine Biology and Applied Ecology "G. Bacci" (CIBM), Viale N. Sauro 4, 57128, Livorno, Italy
| | - Giorgia Fumagalli
- Interuniversity Consortium of Marine Biology and Applied Ecology "G. Bacci" (CIBM), Viale N. Sauro 4, 57128, Livorno, Italy
| | - Gianfranca Monni
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marzia Vasarri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Donatella Degl'Innocenti
- Interuniversity Consortium of Marine Biology and Applied Ecology "G. Bacci" (CIBM), Viale N. Sauro 4, 57128, Livorno, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Carlo Pretti
- Interuniversity Consortium of Marine Biology and Applied Ecology "G. Bacci" (CIBM), Viale N. Sauro 4, 57128, Livorno, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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5
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Polyethylene Glycol-b-poly(trialkylsilyl methacrylate-co-methyl methacrylate) Hydrolyzable Block Copolymers for Eco-Friendly Self-Polishing Marine Coatings. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14214589. [PMID: 36365584 PMCID: PMC9656287 DOI: 10.3390/polym14214589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrolyzable block copolymers consisting of a polyethylene glycol (PEG) first block and a random poly(trialkylsilyl methacrylate (TRSiMA, R = butyl, isopropyl)-co-methyl methacrylate (MMA)) second block were synthesized by RAFT polymerization. Two PEGs with different molar masses (Mn = 750 g/mol (PEG1) and 2200 g/mol (PEG2)) were used as macro-chain transfer agents and the polymerization conditions were set in order to obtain copolymers with a comparable mole content of trialkylsilyl methacrylate (~30 mole%) and two different PEG mole percentages of 10 and 30 mole%. The hydrolysis rates of PEG-b-(TRSiMA-co-MMA) in a THF/basic (pH = 10) water solution were shown to drastically depend on the nature of the trialkylsilyl groups and the mole content of the PEG block. Films of selected copolymers were also found to undergo hydrolysis in artificial seawater (ASW), with tunable erosion kinetics that were modulated by varying the copolymer design. Measurements of the advancing and receding contact angles of water as a function of the immersion time in the ASW confirmed the ability of the copolymer film surfaces to respond to the water environment as a result of two different mechanisms: (i) the hydrolysis of the silylester groups that prevailed in TBSiMA-based copolymers; and (ii) a major surface exposure of hydrophilic PEG chains that was predominant for TPSiMA-based copolymers. AFM analysis revealed that the surface nano-roughness increased upon immersion in ASW. The erosion of copolymer film surfaces resulted in a self-polishing, antifouling behavior against the diatom Navicula salinicola. The amount of settled diatoms depended on the hydrolysis rate of the copolymers.
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6
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Guazzelli E, Lusiani N, Monni G, Oliva M, Pelosi C, Wurm FR, Pretti C, Martinelli E. Amphiphilic Polyphosphonate Copolymers as New Additives for PDMS-Based Antifouling Coatings. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3414. [PMID: 34641229 PMCID: PMC8512855 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(ethyl ethylene phosphonate)-based methacrylic copolymers containing polysiloxane methacrylate (SiMA) co-units are proposed as surface-active additives as alternative solutions to the more investigated polyzwitterionic and polyethylene glycol counterparts for the fabrication of novel PDMS-based coatings for marine antifouling applications. In particular, the same hydrophobic SiMA macromonomer was copolymerized with a methacrylate carrying a poly(ethyl ethylene phosphonate) (PEtEPMA), a phosphorylcholine (MPC), and a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEGMA) side chain to obtain non-water soluble copolymers with similar mole content of the different hydrophilic units. The hydrolysis of poly(ethyl ethylene phosphonate)-based polymers was also studied in conditions similar to those of the marine environment to investigate their potential as erodible films. Copolymers of the three classes were blended into a condensation cure PDMS matrix in two different loadings (10 and 20 wt%) to prepare the top-coat of three-layer films to be subjected to wettability analysis and bioassays with marine model organisms. Water contact angle measurements showed that all of the films underwent surface reconstruction upon prolonged immersion in water, becoming much more hydrophilic. Interestingly, the extent of surface modification appeared to be affected by the type of hydrophilic units, showing a tendency to increase according to the order PEGMA < MPC < PEtEPMA. Biological tests showed that Ficopomatus enigmaticus release was maximized on the most hydrophilic film containing 10 wt% of the PEtEP-based copolymer. Moreover, coatings with a 10 wt% loading of the copolymer performed better than those containing 20 wt% for the removal of both Ficopomatus and Navicula, independent from the copolymer nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Guazzelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (E.G.); (N.L.); (C.P.)
| | - Niccolò Lusiani
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (E.G.); (N.L.); (C.P.)
| | - Gianfranca Monni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (G.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Matteo Oliva
- Consorzio Interuniversitario di Biologia Marina e Ecologia Applicata ‘‘G. Bacci’’, 57128 Livorno, Italy;
| | - Chiara Pelosi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (E.G.); (N.L.); (C.P.)
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry, Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiteit Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Carlo Pretti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (G.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Elisa Martinelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (E.G.); (N.L.); (C.P.)
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7
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Guazzelli E, Perondi F, Criscitiello F, Pretti C, Oliva M, Casu V, Maniero F, Gazzera L, Galli G, Martinelli E. New amphiphilic copolymers for PDMS-based nanocomposite films with long-term marine antifouling performance. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:9764-9776. [PMID: 33021610 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01905d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilic methacrylate copolymers (Si-co-EF) containing polysiloxane (Si) and mixed poly(oxyethylene)-perfluorohexyl (EF) side chains were synthesized with different compositions and used together with polysiloxane-functionalized nanoparticles as additives of condensation cured nanocomposite poly(siloxane) films. The mechanical properties of the nanocomposite films were consistent with the elastomeric behavior of the poly(siloxane) matrix without significant detriment from either the copolymer or the nanoparticles. Films were found to be markedly hydrophobic and liphophobic, with both properties being maximized at an intermediate content of EF units. The high enrichment in fluorine at the film surface was proven by angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AR-XPS). Long-term marine antifouling performance was evaluated in field immersion trials of test panels for up to 10 months of immersion. Both nanoparticles and amphiphilic copolymer were found to be highly effective in reducing the colonization of foulants, especially hard macrofoulants, when compared with control panels. Lowest percentage of surface coverage was 20% after 10 months of immersion (films with 4 wt% copolymer and 0.5 wt% nanoparticles), which was further decreased to less than 10% after exposure to a water jet for 10 s. The enhanced antifouling properties of coatings containing both nanoparticles and copolymer were confirmed by laboratory assays against the polychaete Ficopomatus enigmaticus and the diatom Navicula salinicola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Guazzelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Federico Perondi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | | | - Carlo Pretti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy and Consorzio Interuniversitario di Biologia Marina e Ecologia Applicata "G. Bacci", 57128 Livorno, Italy
| | - Matteo Oliva
- Consorzio Interuniversitario di Biologia Marina e Ecologia Applicata "G. Bacci", 57128 Livorno, Italy
| | - Valentina Casu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Giancarlo Galli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Elisa Martinelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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8
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Fortman DJ, Sheppard DT, Dichtel WR. Reprocessing Cross-Linked Polyurethanes by Catalyzing Carbamate Exchange. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Fortman
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Baker Laboratory, Ithaca, New York 14853 United States
| | - Daylan T. Sheppard
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - William R. Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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9
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Saleh NS, Ostad Movahed S, Attarbashi F. Study on the anti-biofouling effects of the grafted polyamide 6 fibers by several vinyl chemicals. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. S. Saleh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Ferdowsi University of Mashhad; Mashhad Iran
| | - S. Ostad Movahed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Ferdowsi University of Mashhad; Mashhad Iran
| | - F. Attarbashi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Ferdowsi University of Mashhad; Mashhad Iran
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10
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Martinelli E, Pretti C, Oliva M, Glisenti A, Galli G. Sol-gel polysiloxane films containing different surface-active trialkoxysilanes for the release of the marine foulant Ficopomatus enigmaticus. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Galli G, Martinelli E. Amphiphilic Polymer Platforms: Surface Engineering of Films for Marine Antibiofouling. Macromol Rapid Commun 2017; 38. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201600704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Galli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale and UdR Pisa INSTM; Università di Pisa; 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Elisa Martinelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale and UdR Pisa INSTM; Università di Pisa; 56124 Pisa Italy
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12
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PDMS-based films containing surface-active amphiphilic block copolymers to combat fouling from barnacles B. amphitrite and B. improvisus. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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13
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Martinelli E, Gunes D, Wenning BM, Ober CK, Finlay JA, Callow ME, Callow JA, Di Fino A, Clare AS, Galli G. Effects of surface-active block copolymers with oxyethylene and fluoroalkyl side chains on the antifouling performance of silicone-based films. BIOFOULING 2016; 32:81-93. [PMID: 26769148 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2015.1131822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Block copolymers made from a poly(dimethyl siloxane) (Si) and a poly(meth)acrylate carrying oxyethylene (EG) or fluoroalkyl (AF) side chains were synthesized and incorporated as surface-active components into a silicone matrix to produce cross-linked films with different surface hydrophilicity/phobicity. Near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) studies showed that film surfaces containing Si-EG were largely populated by the siloxane, with the oxyethylene chains present only to a minor extent. In contrast, the fluorinated block was selectively segregated to the polymer-air interface in films containing Si-AF as probed by NEXAFS and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses. Such differences in surface composition were reflected in the biological performance of the coatings. While the films with Si-EG showed a higher removal of both Ulva linza sporelings and Balanus amphitrite juveniles than the silicone control, those with Si-AF exhibited excellent antifouling properties, preventing the settlement of cyprids of B. amphitrite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Martinelli
- a Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale and UdR Pisa INSTM , Università di Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Deniz Gunes
- a Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale and UdR Pisa INSTM , Università di Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Brandon M Wenning
- b Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Cornell University , Ithaca, New York , USA
| | - Christopher K Ober
- b Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Cornell University , Ithaca, New York , USA
| | - John A Finlay
- c School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Maureen E Callow
- c School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - James A Callow
- c School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Alessio Di Fino
- d School of Marine Science and Technology , Newcastle University , Newcastle-upon-Tyne , UK
| | - Anthony S Clare
- d School of Marine Science and Technology , Newcastle University , Newcastle-upon-Tyne , UK
| | - Giancarlo Galli
- a Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale and UdR Pisa INSTM , Università di Pisa , Pisa , Italy
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14
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Martinelli E, Del Moro I, Galli G, Barbaglia M, Bibbiani C, Mennillo E, Oliva M, Pretti C, Antonioli D, Laus M. Photopolymerized Network Polysiloxane Films with Dangling Hydrophilic/Hydrophobic Chains for the Biofouling Release of Invasive Marine Serpulid Ficopomatus enigmaticus. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:8293-8301. [PMID: 25835588 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b01522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Novel photopolymerized network films based on a polysiloxane matrix containing varied amounts of polyoxyethylene (P3) or perfluorohexylethyl (F) dangling side chains were investigated. For films containing less than 10 wt % P3 and F, the wettability and elastic modulus were similar to those of the photopolymerized network matrix. However, angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements proved that the surface of films with F dangling chains was highly enriched in fluorine depending on both the amount of P3 and F and their relative ratio in the films. The biological performance of the films was evaluated against a new widespread and invasive marine biofoulant, the serpulid Ficopomatus enigmaticus. The diatom Navicula salinicola was also assayed as a conventional model organism for comparison. Films richer in P3 better resisted the settlement and promoted the release of calcified tubeworms of F. enigmaticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Martinelli
- †Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale and UdR Pisa INSTM, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Del Moro
- †Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale and UdR Pisa INSTM, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Galli
- †Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale and UdR Pisa INSTM, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Martina Barbaglia
- ‡Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Carlo Bibbiani
- ‡Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elvira Mennillo
- ‡Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Matteo Oliva
- ‡Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Carlo Pretti
- ‡Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Diego Antonioli
- §Dipartimento di Scienze ed Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 15100 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Michele Laus
- §Dipartimento di Scienze ed Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 15100 Alessandria, Italy
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15
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Martinelli E, Guazzelli E, Bartoli C, Gazzarri M, Chiellini F, Galli G, Callow ME, Callow JA, Finlay JA, Hill S. Amphiphilic pentablock copolymers and their blends with PDMS for antibiofouling coatings. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Martinelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale; UdR Pisa INSTM, Università di Pisa; via G. Moruzzi 3 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Elisa Guazzelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale; UdR Pisa INSTM, Università di Pisa; via G. Moruzzi 3 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Cristina Bartoli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale; UdR Pisa INSTM, Università di Pisa; via G. Moruzzi 3 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Matteo Gazzarri
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale; UdR Pisa INSTM, Università di Pisa; via G. Moruzzi 3 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Federica Chiellini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale; UdR Pisa INSTM, Università di Pisa; via G. Moruzzi 3 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Giancarlo Galli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale; UdR Pisa INSTM, Università di Pisa; via G. Moruzzi 3 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Maureen E. Callow
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham; Birmingham B15 2TT United Kingdom
| | - James A. Callow
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham; Birmingham B15 2TT United Kingdom
| | - John A. Finlay
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham; Birmingham B15 2TT United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Hill
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham; Birmingham B15 2TT United Kingdom
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Yasani BR, Martinelli E, Galli G, Glisenti A, Mieszkin S, Callow ME, Callow JA. A comparison between different fouling-release elastomer coatings containing surface-active polymers. BIOFOULING 2014; 30:387-399. [PMID: 24579757 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2013.878864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Surface-active polymers derived from styrene monomers containing siloxane (S), fluoroalkyl (F) and/or ethoxylated (E) side chains were blended with an elastomer matrix, either poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) or poly(styrene-b-(ethylene-co-butylene)-b-styrene) (SEBS), and spray-coated on top of PDMS or SEBS preformed films. By contact angle and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements, it was found that the surface-active polymer preferentially populated the outermost layers of the coating, despite its low content in the blend. However, the self-segregation process and the response to the external environment strongly depended on both the chemistry of the polymer and the type of matrix used for the blend. Additionally, mechanical testing showed that the elastic modulus of SEBS-based coatings was one order of magnitude higher than that of the corresponding PDMS-based coatings. The coatings were subjected to laboratory bioassays with the marine alga Ulva linza. PDMS-based coatings had superior fouling-release properties compared to the SEBS-based coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Yasani
- a Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale and UdR Pisa INSTM , Università di Pisa , Pisa , Italy
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