Effect of different metals on oxidative state and mitochondrial membrane potential in trout erythrocytes

Aluminum chloride (AlCl3) alters the physiological response of rainbow trout

Fish production in terrestrial recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) has steadily increased over the past decades. Therefore, several studies, both in freshwater and seawater, have shown that increased water reuse in RAS leads to increased levels of heavy metals in the bodies of fish. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the impact on the physiology, osmoregulatory mechanisms, and antioxidant response in fingerlings of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to varying doses of AlCl3 within a recirculation system. Changes in gills, N+-K+-ATPase activity and H+-ATPase activity, plasma osmolality, lactate, glucose, chloride levels, and gills and liver oxidative stress responses were used to monitor physiology responses. As a result, AlCl3 exposure modified responses in rainbow trout. Plasma parameters increased during the 6-day exposure, while lactate levels decreased in both doses. The enzymatic activities of antioxidant enzymes and the NKA pump increased when fish were exposed to high and low doses of aluminum chloride. Gene expression of glutathione reductase and peroxidase transcripts increased and decreased respectively in the liver, contrary to that observed in gill tissue. AlCl3 was also observed in liver and gill tissues. This study shows that exposure to AlCl3 affects ion regulation and oxidative stress in rainbow trout fry.

Involvement of different hemoprotein thiol groups of Oncorhynchus mykiss in cadmium toxicity

BACKGROUND

Cadmium is considered the seventh most toxic heavy metal as per ATSDR ranking but its mechanism of toxicity is debated. Recently, we evaluated the effects of this metal on the erythrocyte of teleost fish (Oncorhynchus mykiss) leading us to hypothesize that the pro-oxidant activity of cadmium is not linked to mitochondria but more likely to haemoglobin. In this context, the main aim of this work was to detect the ability of Cd to induce structural perturbation in haemoproteins that present different structures and thus different functional properties and to identify what sites of interaction are mainly involved.

METHODS

The effect of Cd on the structural destabilization of the different haemoproteins was followed spectrophometrically through their precipitation. In addition, the sites of interaction between the different haemoproteins and bivalent cadmium ions were identified by MIB server followed by molecular docking/molecular dynamics simulations both in the dimeric and tetrameric associations.

RESULTS

Cadmium does not influence the autoxidation rate of Mb, HbA and trout HbI. However, the presence of this metal accelerates the precipitation process in trout HbIV in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the presence of 1-10-50-250-500-1000 μM GSH, a chelating agent, reduces the ability of cadmium to accelerate the denaturation process although it is not able to completely prevent it. In order to explain the experimental results, a computational investigations was carried out to identify the cadmium cation affinity for the studied haemoglobins and myoglobin, both in their dimeric and tetrameric forms. As a result, the highest affinity cadmium binding sites for fish HbIV are located at the interface between tetramer-tetramer association, indicating that the cation can assist supramolecular protein aggregations and induce complex precipitation. For mammalian Hb, Mb and fish HbI computational investigation did not detect any site where Cd could to induce such aggregation, in line with the experimental results.

CONCLUSION

The present study provides new information on the mechanisms of toxicity of cadmium by specific interaction with trout O. mykiss haemoglobin component.

Effect of ubiquinol supplementation on biochemical and oxidative stress indexes after intense exercise in young athletes

Objectives: Physical exercise significantly impacts the biochemistry of the organism. Ubiquinone is a key component of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and ubiquinol, its reduced and active form, is an emerging molecule in sport nutrition. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ubiquinol supplementation on biochemical and oxidative stress indexes after an intense bout of exercise.

Methods: 21 male young athletes (26 + 5 years of age) were randomized in two groups according to a double blind cross-over study, either supplemented with ubiquinol (200 mg/day) or placebo for 1 month. Blood was withdrawn before and after a single bout of intense exercise (40 min run at 85% maxHR). Physical performance, hematochemical parameters, ubiquinone/ubiquinol plasma content, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, paraoxonase activity and oxidative DNA damage were analyzed.

Results: A single bout of intense exercise produced a significant increase in most hematochemical indexes, in particular CK and Mb while, on the contrary, normalized coenzyme Q₁₀ plasma content decreased significantly in all subjects. Ubiquinol supplementation prevented exercise-induced CoQ deprivation and decrease in paraoxonase activity. Moreover at a cellular level, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, ubiquinol supplementation was associated with a significant decrease in cytosolic ROS while mitochondrial membrane potential and oxidative DNA damage remained unchanged.

Discussion: Data highlights a very rapid dynamic of CoQ depletion following intense exercise underlying an increased demand by the organism. Ubiquinol supplementation minimized exercise-induced depletion and enhanced plasma and cellular antioxidant levels but it was not able to improve physical performance indexes or markers of muscular damage.

Preparation of a novel resin with acyl and thiourea groups and its properties for Cu(II) removal from aqueous solution

In this paper, a new resin (PIDTR) containing acyl and thiourea chelating groups was synthesized and its adsorption performances and mechanism to Cu(II) were investigated by adsorption tests, BET, SEM, FTIR and XPS analyses. Equilibrium data were fitted well with Langmuir model with the maximum adsorption capacity of 1.1608 mmol g^-1 for Cu(II) at pH 5.0. The regeneration and reusability test showed that the adsorption capacities decreased from 0.917 mmol g^-1 to 0.88 mmol g^-1 after five cycles of adsorption and desorption. The thermodynamics showed that the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic. The adsorption dynamic demonstrated that two stages in the adsorption process: liquid film diffusion and chemical adsorption. The studies of SEM indicated that Cu(II) ions were adsorbed on the surface of PIDTR. FTIR and XPS analysis further proved that Cu(II) ions were chemisorbed on the surface of PIDTR by formation of CuN, CuO and CuS bonds with the breakage of NH, C=O and S=C bonds in PIDTR.

Biochemical responses to cadmium exposure in Oncorhynchus mykiss erythrocytes

Cd is known for its carcinogenic effects, however its mechanism of toxicity and in particular its ability to promote oxidative stress is debated. In fact, although it is considered a redox-inactive metal, at high concentration Cd was shown to promote indirectly oxidative stress. In this study we investigated metal accumulation in ex vivo exposed trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) erythrocytes and Cd dose-dependent effect in terms of RBC viability, cytosolic and mitochondrial ROS levels as well as its effects on mitochondrial membrane depolarization, hemoglobin stability and precipitation. In the concentration range used, Cd did not affect cell viability. However, metal accumulation was associated with an increase in all oxidative indexes evaluated, except mitochondrial superoxide anion production that, on the contrary, was significantly decreased, probably due to a lowered respiration rate associated with interference of Cd with complex I, II and III, as suggested by the observed Cd-dependent mitochondrial membrane depolarization. On the other hand, hemoglobin destabilisation seems to be the major trigger of oxidative stress in this cell type.

Interactions among triphenyltin degradation, phospholipid synthesis and membrane characteristics of Bacillus thuringiensis in the presence of d-malic acid

Degradation pathway and surface biosorption of triphenyltin (TPT) by effective microbes have been investigated in the past. However, unclear interactions among membrane components and TPT binding and transport are still obstacles to understanding TPT biotransformation. To reveal the mechanism involved, the phospholipid expression, membrane potential, cellular mechanism and molecular dynamics between TPT and fatty acids (FAs) during the TPT degradation process in the presence of d-malic acid (DMA) were studied. The results show that the degradation efficiency of 1 mg L^-1 TPT by Bacillus thuringiensis (1 g L^-1) with 0.5 or 1 mg L^-1 DMA reached values up to approximately 90% due to the promotion of element metabolism and cellular activity, and the depression of FA synthesis induced by DMA. The addition of DMA caused conversion of more linoleic acid into 10-oxo-12(Z)-octadecenoic acid, increased the membrane permeability, and alleviated the decrease in membrane potential, resulting in TPT transport and degradation. Fluorescence analysis reveals that the endospore of B. thuringiensis could act as an indicator for membrane potential and cellular activities. The current findings are advantageous for acceleration of biosorption, transport and removal of pollutants from natural environments.