Unraveling the electrochemical properties of lanthanum cobaltite decorated halloysite nanotube nanocomposite: An advanced electrocatalyst for determination of flutamide in environmental samples

A bio-mimicking cobalt tetramenthol-substituted phthalocyanine-based electrochemical sensor for selective and sensitive detection of tert-butylhydroquinone

Healthy eating choices and adequate nutritional foods are the most important factors in extending a person's life expectancy. Synthetic antioxidants are frequently used in the food industry as preservatives despite their toxicity and hence have drawn much attention for their accurate monitoring. This study explores the newly designed cobalt tetramenthol substituted phthalocyanine (CoTMPc) for the electrocatalytic detection of an artificial food preservative, i.e., tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ). A highly selective, cost-effective electrochemical probe is developed for the nanomolar detection of TBHQ. Its efficacy is evaluated and validated by different electrochemical techniques, namely cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and chronoamperometry (CA) and the CA results demonstrated a good sensitivity of 1.3102 μA nM-1 cm-2 with a linear range of 20-200 nM and a detection limit (LOD) of 4.5 nM in comparison to other techniques. The developed sensor was successfully applied to real samples. The CoTMPc electrode exhibited superior sensitivity, excellent selectivity, repeatability, and reproducibility, with anti-interference ability, over a broad linear range towards TBHQ detection. The mechanism of electrochemical detection is supported by fluorescence resonance energy/electron transfer and provides insights into the design of high-performing electroactive molecules that induce specificity and selectivity.

Follow up of the prostate cancer treatment based on a novel sensing method for anti-prostate cancer drug (flutamide)

In this work, novel modified electrode (MXene/MIL-101(Cr)/GCE) are manufactured through simple layer-by-layer immobilization procedure. The fabricated electrochemical sensor was utilized for electrochemical sensing of flutamide in biological fluids. The immobilization of both MXene and metal-organic framework (MOF) materials on the electrode surface could improve the electrochemical performance of the modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) towards flutamide due to the synergic effects. The established sensor illustrated the significant sensing ability for the determination of flutamide. The influence of solution pH and volume ratio of MXene/MIL-101(Cr) on electrochemical performance of the modified GCE was researched and optimized. The sensor demonstrated a favorable detection limit of 0.009 μM and a linear range of 0.025-100 μM using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique. The suggested assay illustrated an excellent sensing efficiency towards flutamide in body fluids with recoveries ranging from 97.7% to 102.5%, which indicates its potential in real matrices. In addition, the MXene/MIL-101(Cr)/GCE was illustrated some advantages including simple preparation, good selectivity and reproducibility, and rapid flutamide detection.

A low-cost and facile electrochemical sensor for the trace-level recognition of flutamide in biofluids using large-area bimetallic NiCo2O4 micro flowers

Nickel–cobalt-based bimetallic oxide compound (NiCo2O4) as a highly sensitive and selective platform for the detection of flutamide in biological fluids.

Carbon Nanomaterial-Based Drug Sensing Platforms Using State-of-the- Art Electroanalytical Techniques

Background:

Currently, nanotechnology and nanomaterials are considered as the most popular and outstanding research subjects in scientific fields ranging from environmental studies to drug analysis. Carbon nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, carbon nanofibers etc. and non-carbon nanomaterials such as quantum dots, metal nanoparticles, nanorods etc. are widely used in electrochemical drug analysis for sensor development. Main aim of drug analysis with sensors is developing fast, easy to use and sensitive methods. Electroanalytical techniques such as voltammetry, potentiometry, amperometry etc. which measure electrical parameters such as current or potential in an electrochemical cell are considered economical, highly sensitive and versatile techniques.

Methods:

Most recent researches and studies about electrochemical analysis of drugs with carbon-based nanomaterials were analyzed. Books and review articles about this topic were reviewed.

Results:

The most significant carbon-based nanomaterials and electroanalytical techniques were explained in detail. In addition to this; recent applications of electrochemical techniques with carbon nanomaterials in drug analysis was expressed comprehensively. Recent researches about electrochemical applications of carbon-based nanomaterials in drug sensing were given in a table.

Conclusion:

Nanotechnology provides opportunities to create functional materials, devices and systems using nanomaterials with advantageous features such as high surface area, improved electrode kinetics and higher catalytic activity. Electrochemistry is widely used in drug analysis for pharmaceutical and medical purposes. Carbon nanomaterials based electrochemical sensors are one of the most preferred methods for drug analysis with high sensitivity, low cost and rapid detection.

In situ formation of Co3O4 nanoparticles embedded N-doped porous carbon nanocomposite: a robust material for electrocatalytic detection of anticancer drug flutamide and supercapacitor application

The one-step synthesis of heteroatom-doped porous carbons is reported with the in situ formation of cobalt oxide nanoparticles for dual electrochemical applications (i.e., electrochemical sensor and supercapacitor). A single molecular template of zeolitic imidazole framework-67 (ZIF-67) was utilized for the solid-state synthesis of cobalt oxide nanoparticle-decorated nitrogen-doped porous carbon (Co₃O₄@NPC) nanocomposite through a facile calcination treatment. For the first time, Co₃O₄@NPC nanocomposite derived from ZIF-67 has been applied as an electrode material for the efficient electrochemical detection of anticancer drug flutamide (FLU). The cyclic voltammetry studies were performed in the operating potential from 0.15 to - 0.65 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). Interestingly, the fabricated drug sensor exhibited a very low reduction potential (- 0.42 V) compared to other  reported sensors. The fabricated sensor exhibited good analytical performance in terms of low detection limit (12 nM), wide linear range (0.5 to 400 μM), and appreciable recovery results (~ 98%, RSD 1.7% (n = 3)) in a human urine sample. Hereafter, we also examined the supercapacitor performance of the Co₃O₄@NPC-modified Ni foam in a 1M KOH electrolyte, and noticeable a specific capacitance of 525 F g^-1 at 1.5 A g^-1 was attained, with long-term cycling stability. The Co₃O₄@NPC nanocomposite supercapacitor experiments outperform the associated MOF-derived carbons and the Co₃O₄-based nanostructure-modified electrodes.

Nanomolar level detection of non-steroidal antiandrogen drug flutamide based on ZnMn2O4 nanoparticles decorated porous reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite electrode

Flutamide is a non-steroidal antiandrogen drug and widely used in the treatment of prostatic carcinoma. Nevertheless, the excessive intake and improper disposal could affect the living organisms. In this work, we have synthesized a new nanocomposite based on ZnMn₂O₄ nanoparticles and porous reduced graphene oxide nanosheets (ZnMn₂O₄-PGO) for the electrocatalytic detection of flutamide (FLU) drug. The crystallinity and morphological properties of ZnMn₂O₄-PGO composite examined by different characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and so on. The fabricated ZnMn₂O₄-PGO nanocomposite modified electrode exhibited superior electrocatalytic performance to FLU drug in an optimized pH electrolyte. Fascinatingly, the electrode received a wide linear range (0.05-3.5 µM) with limit of detection of 8 nM. Besides, the developed ZnMn₂O₄-PGO nanocomposite electrode showed good sensitivity 1.05 µAµM^-1 cm^-2 and excellent selectivity for FLU detection in presence of various interfering species. A developed disposable electrode was scrutinized to determine FLU level in human urine samples by spiking method and the results achieved good recoveries in real sample analysis.

A molecularly imprinted poly 2-aminophenol-gold nanoparticle-reduced graphene oxide composite for electrochemical determination of flutamide in environmental and biological samples

A selective and sensitive electrochemical sensor based on reduced graphene oxide, gold nanoparticles, and molecularly imprinted poly 2-aminophenol was developed for electrochemical determination of flutamide in environmental and biological samples. The composite fabrication was electrochemically carried out and the composite was characterized by Fourier transform infrared, proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry. The spectroscopic results showed that polymerization of molecularly imprinted poly 2-aminophenol took place through a ladder structure system. After optimization of effective parameters on the response of the sensor, the obtained linear range, relative standard deviation (for a concentration of 50 μg L^-1 with five replicates) and limit of quantification for flutamide determination were determined to be 2-375 μg L^-1, 1.54% and 0.8 μg L^-1, respectively. The results showed that the application of poly 2-aminophenol in the structure of the proposed sensor using a molecular imprinting approach made the sensor highly selective toward flutamide, distinguishing it from similar nitro-containing compounds. The prepared sensor was successfully utilized to analyze environmental water and urine samples. The obtained results showed that the proposed method is in agreement with the HPLC method and can be used as a reliable alternative method for the analysis of flutamide.

Heterostructured bismuth oxide/hexagonal-boron nitride nanocomposite: A disposable electrochemical sensor for detection of flutamide

Aquatic contamination from the accumulation of pharmaceuticals has induced severe toxicological impact to the ecological environment, especially from non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Real-time monitoring of flutamide, which is a class of NSAIDs, is very significant in environmental protection. In this work, we have synthesized the hexagonal-h boron nitride decorated on bismuth oxide (Bi₂O₃/h-BN) based nanocomposite for the effective electrochemical detection of flutamide (FTM). The structural and morphological information of the heterostructured Bi₂O₃/h-BN nanocomposite was analyzed by using a sequence of characterization methods. Voltammetric techniques were used to evaluate the analytical performance of the Bi₂O₃/h-BN modified screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) for the FTM detection. The Bi₂O₃/h-BN modified SPCE displays a synergetic catalytic effect for the reduction of FTM due to large surface area, numerous active sites, fast charge transfer and abundant defects. The proposed electrochemical sensing platform demonstrates high selectivity, low detection limit (9.0 nM), good linear ranges (0.04-87 μM) and short response time for the detection of FTM. The feasibility of the electrochemical sensor has been proved by the successful application to determine FTM in environmental samples.

G. S, Suvina V, Sakar M, Balakrishna RG. Perovskite nanomaterials as optical and electrochemical sensors

The perovskite family is comprised of a great number of members because of the possible and flexible substitution of numerous ions in its system.