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Li F, Wang X, Zhang J, Nie H, He S, Li Y, Xia R, Zhu Y. Low levels of Cd 2+ combined with procymidone may cause ovarian damage in mice via unfolded protein response. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024; 39:3160-3171. [PMID: 38323353 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
As no study about the combined effect of low levels of Cd2+ with procymidone (PCM) on organs and organisms, we investigated their actions on mouse-ovary in vivo and in vitro. Four-week mice were treated with corn oil for the control group, corn oil + 0.0045 mg/L Cd2+ (CdCl2 was dissolved in ultrapure water and freely consumed by mice) for Cd2+ group, 50 mg/kg/d PCM (suspended in corn oil and administered orally to mice) for PCM group, and 50 mg/kg/d PCM + 0.0015 (0.0045 and 0.0135) mg/L Cd2+ for L+ (M+ and H+) PCM group for 21 days. For in vitro experiment, the cultured ovaries were treated with acetone for the control group, 0.1% acetone + 8.4 μg/L Cd2+ for the Cd2+ group, 0.63 mg/L PCM (dissolved in acetone) for the PCM-group, and 0.63 mg/L PCM + 2.8 (8.4 and 25.2) μg/L Cd2+ for L+ (M+ and H+) PCM group for 7 days. Mouse body weight in each treatment group, the weight and volume of ovaries in all PCM groups were lower than the control. Both in vivo and in vitro, all-stage follicle numbers were lower in M+PCM and H+PCM groups, whereas the atretic follicles and CASPASE3/8 were higher; meanwhile, lower estradiol and progesterone and higher unfolded protein response (UPR) members in all PCM groups. L+, M+, and H+PCM groups had further ovarian damage and stronger UPR than PCM groups, as did M+PCM groups over Cd2+ groups. It is hypothesized low-level PCM and Cd2+ may mutually promote each other's triggered UPR and exacerbate ovarian damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Li
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Medical School, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Medical School, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical School, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Nie
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical School, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Shiyun He
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical School, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yushan Li
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical School, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Ruowen Xia
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical School, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yongfei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Medical School, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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Li R, Li F, Wang X, Bai M, Fu H, Yan Z, Yang X, Zhu Y. 4-Phenylbutyric acid may prevent mouse ovarian and uterine damage due to procymidone-induced alteration of circRNA Scar and circZc3h4 levels by controlling excessive unfolded protein response. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 196:105631. [PMID: 37945263 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Procymidone (PCM) below the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) has previously been proven to induce ovarian and uterine damage in adolescent mice due to its raised circRNA Scar, decreased circZc3h4, and overactivated unfolded protein response (UPR). Also, 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) inhibits histone deacetylase and endoplasmic reticulum stress, reduces UPR, improves metabolism, and ensures homeostasis within the endoplasmic reticulum. In this study, 20, 40 and 80 mM of 4-PBA were utilized respectively to intervene the damage caused by 1.0 × 10-5 M PCM to ovaries and uterus in vitro culture. Besides, 100 mg/kg /d 4-PBA was intraperitoneally injected to female adolescent mice before, during and after oral administration of 100 mg/kg /d PCM for prevention and cure to observe tissue changes in the ovaries and uteri, and levels of circRNA Scar, circZc3h4 and UPR members. Our findings demonstrated that in vitro experiments, all doses of 4-PBA could inhibit ovarian and uterine damage caused by PCM, and the effect of 80 mM was especially noticeable. In the in vivo experiments, the best results were obtained when PCM was given with simultaneous 4-PBA intervention, i.e., minimal ovarian and uterine damage. Both in vivo and in vitro, 4-PBA in the ovary and uterus resulted in decreased circRNA Scar levels, increased circZc3h4 abundance, and moderately elevated levels of UPR members. So, it is suggested that 4-PBA moderately activates UPR, partially or completely antagonizing the elevated circRNA Scar and decreased circZc3h4 and consequently preventing PCM-induced ovarian and uterine damage effectively in adolescent mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical school, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China; College of Medicine, Yichun University, Yichun 336000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Fan Li
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical school, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Xuning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical school, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Mingxin Bai
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical school, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Hu Fu
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical school, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China; Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Fish Developmental Biology of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Zhengli Yan
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical school, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China; Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Fish Developmental Biology of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Xiaoping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Fish Developmental Biology of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China.
| | - Yongfei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical school, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China; Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Fish Developmental Biology of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China.
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Fu H, Yang J, Xin B, Yan Z, Zhu Y. Accentuated Hippo pathway and elevated miR-132 and miR-195a lead to changes of uteri and ovaries in offspring mice following prenatal exposure to vinclozolin. Reprod Toxicol 2023; 116:108335. [PMID: 36642194 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Vinclozolin (VCZ) has been identified as a broad-spectrum fungicide and an environmental endocrine disruptor. Also, the Hippo signaling pathway controls organ size by regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis, and moreover, overexpression of microRNA-132 (miR-132) and microRNA-195 (miR-195) inhibits cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis. So, in this study, the experimental mice were orally given 400 mg/kg/day VCZ (suspended in corn oil) at gestational day 12-18, while those of the control group were fed with corn oil of equal volume. Then unilateral ovaries and mid-uteri were isolated from 10 randomly-selected mice at the postnatal 1st week (7 days), 3rd week (20-21 days), and 7th week (48-49 days) respectively to observe gene levels, while 6 of the contralateral ovaries and uteri were subsequently examined for proteins respectively. Besides, 16 from both groups were determined with serum estradiol (E2) at week 7, of which 6 were randomized for histological observation. Here we found the levels of E2 reduced in VCZ-group at week 7, with fewer follicles and injured endometrium. Meanwhile, in VCZ mice of all ages, increased miR-132 and miR-195a, decreased G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), elevated phosphorylated large tumor suppressor (pLATS) and phosphorylated yes-associated protein (pYAP), and decreased yes-associated protein (YAP) were observed in their ovaries and uteri. These findings suggested ovarian and uterine dysplasia in the offspring induced by gestational VCZ-exposure were mainly attributed to higher miR-132 and miR-195a and accentuated Hippo-pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Fu
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical school, Hunan normal university, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China; Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Fish Developmental Biology of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Jinru Yang
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical school, Hunan normal university, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China; Department of Immunization Planning, Hanzhong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hanzhong City 723000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bingyan Xin
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical school, Hunan normal university, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China; Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Fish Developmental Biology of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Zhengli Yan
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical school, Hunan normal university, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China; Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Fish Developmental Biology of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Yongfei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical school, Hunan normal university, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China; Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Fish Developmental Biology of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China.
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Xin B, Yu H, Li R, Wang Q, Fu H, Yan Z, Zhu Y. The joint action of unfolded protein response, circZc3h4, and circRNA Scar in procymidone-induced testicular injury in adolescent mice. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:2605-2614. [PMID: 35913088 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Procymidone (PCM) is a low toxicity fungicide, and an endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) that particularly damages the reproductive system of male vertebrates. In present study, adolescent mice in control, low-, medium-, and high-dose groups were orally administered 0 (equal volume of soybean oil), 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg/day PCM, respectively, for 21 days. Additionally, a three-dimensional culture of mouse testes was performed in vitro, and the control, low dose (0.33 × 10-5 M), medium dose (1 × 10-5 M), and high dose (3 × 10-5 M) PCM groups were established. We have found that, under both in vivo and in vitro conditions, all doses of PCM caused damage to mouse testes. Moreover, the levels of circZc3h4 RNA and Zc3h4 decreased while miR-212 increased in all treatment groups, with a corresponding rise in circRNA Scar and fall in Atp5b, compared to those in the control group, and all the changes showed a dose-response relationship. Besides, we have identified that low doses of PCM could activate the Ire1-Xbp1 pathway, whereas the medium and high doses activated the Perk-Elf2α-Atf4, Ire1-Xbp1, and Atf6 pathways. And it is, therefore, speculated that the unfolded protein response (UPR), circZc3h4 and circRNA Scar may have taken joint action in testicular injury in adolescent mice induced by PCM at the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL, 100 mg/kg/day) and below NOAEL doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyan Xin
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical School, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Haiming Yu
- Department of Critical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University (the People's Hospital of Hunan Province), Changsha, China
| | - Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical School, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical School, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Hu Fu
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical School, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhengli Yan
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical School, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yongfei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical School, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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