Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alter rhizosphere bacterial community characteristics to improve Cr tolerance of Acorus calamus

Integrated transcriptome and metabolomics analyses revealed key functional genes in Canna indica under Cr stress

Chromium (Cr) can interfere with plant gene expression, change the content of metabolites and affect plant growth. However, the molecular response mechanism of wetland plants at different time sequences under Cr stress has yet to be fully understood. In this study, Canna indica was exposed to 100 mg/kg Cr-contaminated soil for 0, 7, 14, and 21 days and analyzed using untargeted metabolomics (LC-MS) and transcriptomics. The results showed that Cr stress increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and peroxidase (POD), the contents of glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and oxygen free radical (ROS), and inhibited the biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments, thus leading to changes in plant growth and biomass. Metabonomics analysis showed that Cr stress mainly affected 12 metabolic pathways, involving 38 differentially expressed metabolites, including amino acids, phenylpropane, and flavonoids. By transcriptome analysis, a total of 16,247 differentially expressed genes (DEGs, 7710 up-regulated genes, and 8537 down-regulated genes) were identified, among which, at the early stage of stress (Cr contaminate seven days), C. indica responds to Cr toxicity mainly through galactose, starch and sucrose metabolism. With the extension of stress time, plant hormone signal transduction and MAPK signaling pathway in C. indica in the Cr14 (Cr contaminate 14 days) treatment group were significantly affected. Finally, in the late stage of stress (Cr21), C. indica co-defuses Cr toxicity by activating its Glutathione metabolism and Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. In conclusion, this study revealed the molecular response mechanism of C. indica to Cr stress at different times through multi-omics methods.

Comprehensive physiology and proteomics analysis revealed the resistance mechanism of rice (Oryza sativa L) to cadmium stress

Cadmium contamination can lead to a decrease in crop yield and quality. However, Cd-tolerant rice can improve rice resistance genes, improve crop tolerance to heavy metals, and protect plants from oxidative damage. In this study, Japonica rice: Chunyou 987 and Indica rice: Chuanzhong you 3607 were used to reveal the molecular response mechanism of Cd-tolerant rice under cadmium concentration of 3 mg/kg through comparative experiments combined with physiology and proteomics. The results showed that compared with indica rice, japonica rice showed more robust resistance to Cd stress and effectively retained many Cd ions in roots. Moreover, it enhanced its enzymatic and non-enzymatic anti-oxidative stress mechanism, which increased the activities of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 47.37%, 21.75%, and 55.42%, respectively. The contents of non-enzymatic antioxidant substances ascorbic acid (AsA), glutathione (GSH), cysteine (Cys), proline (PRO), anthocyanins (OPC), and flavonoids were increased by 25.32%, 42.67%, 21.43%, 50.81%, 33.23%, and 72.16%, respectively. Through proteomics analysis, it was found that in response to the damage caused by cadmium stress, Japonica rice makes Photosynthesis functional proteins (psbO and PetH), Photosynthesis antenna proteins (LHCA and ASCAB9), Carbon fixation functional proteins (PEPC and OsAld), Porphyrin metabolism functional proteins (OsRCCR1 and SE5), Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate The expression of metabolism functional proteins (CATC and GLO4.) and Glutathione metabolism functional proteins (APX8 and OsGSTU13) were significantly up-regulated, which stimulated the antioxidant stress mechanism and photosynthetic system, and constructed a robust energy supply system to ensure the normal metabolic activities of life. Strengthening the mechanisms of plant homeostasis. In summary, this study revealed the molecular mechanism of tolerance to Cd stress in japonica rice, and the results of this study will provide a possible way to improve Cd-resistant rice seedlings.

Comprehensive physiology and proteomics analysis revealed the molecular toxicological mechanism of Se stress on indica and japonica rice

Selenium pollution can lead to a decrease in crop yield and quality. However, the toxicological mechanisms of high Se concentrations on crops remain unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the physiological and proteomic molecular responses to Se stress in Oryza sativa. The results showed that under selenium stress, enzymatic activities of catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase in indica rice decreased by 61%, 28%, and 68%, respectively. The contents of non-enzymatic antioxidant substances ascorbic acid, glutathione, cysteine, proline, anthocyanidin, and flavonoids were decreased by 13%, 39%, 46%, 32%, 20%, and 5%, respectively, which significantly inhibited the antioxidant stress process of plants. At the same time, the results of proteomics analysis showed that rice seedlings, under Se stress, are involved in photosynthesis, photosynthesis-antenna proteins, carbon fixation, porphyrin metabolism, glyoxylate, and dicarboxylate. The differentially expressed proteins in metabolism and glutathione metabolism pathways showed a downward trend. It significantly inhibited the anti-oxidative stress, photosynthesis, and energy cycling process in plant cells, destroyed the homeostasis balance of rice plants, and inhibited the growth and development of rice. This finding reveals the molecular toxicological mechanism of Se stress on rice seedlings and provides a possible way to improve Se-resistant rice seedlings.

Utilizing transcriptomics and proteomics to unravel key genes and proteins of Oryza sativa seedlings mediated by selenium in response to cadmium stress

BACKGROUND

Cadmium (Cd) pollution has declined crop yields and quality. Selenium (Se) is a beneficial mineral element that protects plants from oxidative damage, thereby improving crop tolerance to heavy metals. The molecular mechanism of Se-induced Cd tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa) is not yet understood. This study aimed to elucidate the beneficial mechanism of Se (1 mg/kg) in alleviating Cd toxicity in rice seedlings.

RESULTS

Exogenous selenium addition significantly improved the toxic effect of cadmium stress on rice seedlings, increasing plant height and fresh weight by 20.53% and 34.48%, respectively, and increasing chlorophyll and carotenoid content by 16.68% and 15.26%, respectively. Moreover, the MDA, ·OH, and protein carbonyl levels induced by cadmium stress were reduced by 47.65%, 67.57%, and 56.43%, respectively. Cell wall metabolism, energy cycling, and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems in rice seedlings were significantly enhanced. Transcriptome analysis showed that the expressions of key functional genes psbQ, psbO, psaG, psaD, atpG, and PetH were significantly up-regulated under low-concentration Se treatment, which enhanced the energy metabolism process of photosystem I and photosystem II in rice seedlings. At the same time, the up-regulation of LHCA, LHCB family, and C4H1, PRX, and atp6 functional genes improved the ability of photon capture and heavy metal ion binding in plants. Combined with proteome analysis, the expression of functional proteins OsGSTF1, OsGSTU11, OsG6PDH4, OsDHAB1, CP29, and CabE was significantly up-regulated under Se, which enhanced photosynthesis and anti-oxidative stress mechanism in rice seedlings. At the same time, it regulates the plant hormone signal transduction pathway. It up-regulates the expression response process of IAA, ABA, and JAZ to activate the synergistic effect between each cell rapidly and jointly maintain the homeostasis balance.

CONCLUSION

Our results revealed the regulation process of Se-mediated critical metabolic pathways, functional genes, and proteins in rice under cadmium stress. They provided insights into the expression rules and dynamic response process of the Se-mediated plant resistance mechanism. This study provided the theoretical basis and technical support for crop safety in cropland ecosystems and cadmium-contaminated areas.

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi-Mediated Modulation of Physiological, Biochemical, and Secondary Metabolite Responses in Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) under Salt and Drought Stress

The increasing impact of global climate change has resulted in adversity stresses, like salt and drought, gradually becoming the main factors that limit crop growth. Hemp, which contains numerous medicinal active components and multiple bioactive functions, is widely used in the agricultural, industrial, and medical fields, hence promoting the rapid development of related industries. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can establish a symbiotic relationship with 80% of vascular plants. This symbiosis promotes host plant growth, regulates plant physiology and biochemistry, facilitates secondary metabolite synthesis, and enhances resistance to abiotic stresses. However, the effects of salt stress, drought stress, and AMF interaction in hemp are not well understood. In this study, to investigate this, we performed a study where we cultured hemp that was either inoculated or uninoculated with Funneliformis mosseae and determined changes in effective colonization rate, growth, soluble substances, photosynthesis, fluorescence, ions, and secondary metabolites by cultivating hemp under different concentrations of NaCl (0 mM, 100 mM, and 200 mM) and different soil moisture content (45%, 25%, and 15%). The results showed that salt, drought stress, or salt-drought interaction stress all inhibited colonization rate after stress, plant growth, mainly due to ion toxicity and oxidative damage. Inoculation with F. mosseae effectively alleviated plant growth inhibition under 100 mM NaCl salt stress, drought stress, and salt-drought interaction stress conditions. It also improved osmoregulation, photosynthetic properties, fluorescence properties, and ion homeostasis, and promoted the accumulation of secondary metabolites. However, under 200 mM NaCl salt stress conditions, inoculation with F. mosseae negatively affected plant physiology, biochemistry, and secondary metabolite synthesis, although it did alleviate growth inhibition. The results demonstrate that there are different effects of salt-drought interaction stress versus single stress (salt or drought stress) on plant growth physiology. In addition, we provide new insights about the positive effects of AMF on host plants under such stress conditions and the effects of AMF on plants under high salt stress.

Biochar loaded with root exudates of hyperaccumulator Leersia hexandra Swartz facilitated Cr(VI) reduction by shaping soil functional microbial communities

Cr(VI) contamination is widely recognized as one of the major environmental hazards. To address the problem of remediation of soil Cr(VI) contamination and utilization of waste peanut shells, this study comprehensively investigated the effects of peanut shell-derived biochar loaded with root exudates of hyperaccumulator Leersia hexandra Swartz on Cr(VI) reduction and microbial community succession in soil. This study confirmed that root exudate-loaded peanut shell biochar reduced soil pH while simultaneously increasing DOC, sulfide, and Fe(II) concentrations, thereby facilitating the reduction of Cr(VI), achieving a reduction efficiency of 81.8%. Based on XPS and SEM elemental mapping analyses, Cr(VI) reduction occurred concurrently with the Fe and S redox cycles. Furthermore, the microbial diversity, abundance of the functional genera (Geobacter, Arthrobacter, and Desulfococcus) and the metabolic functions associated with Cr(VI) reduction were enhanced by root exudate-loaded biochar. Root exudate-loaded biochar can promote both direct Cr(VI) reduction mediated by the Cr(VI)-reducing bacteria Arthrobacter, and indirect Cr(VI) reduction through Cr/S/Fe co-transformation mediated by the sulfate-reducing bacteria Desulfococcus and Fe(III)-reducing bacteria Geobacter. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of peanut shell biochar loaded with root exudates of hyperaccumulator Leersia hexandra Swartz to promote soil Cr(VI) reduction, reveals the mechanism how root exudate-loaded biochar shapes functional microbial communities to facilitate Cr(VI) reduction, and proposes a viable strategy for Cr(VI) remediation and utilization of peanut shell.

Metagenomic analysis revealed N-metabolizing microbial response of Iris tectorum to Cr stress after colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and plant growth-promoting bacteria enhance plant tolerance to abiotic stress and promote plant growth in contaminated soil. However, the interaction mechanism between rhizosphere microbial communities under chromium (Cr) stress remains unclear. This study conducted a greenhouse pot experiment and metagenomics analysis to reveal the comprehensive effects of the interaction between AMF (Rhizophagus intraradices) and nitrogen-N metabolizing plant growth promoters on the growth of Iris tectorum. The results showed that AMF significantly increased the biomass and nutrient levels of I. tectorum in contaminated soil and decreased the content of Cr in the soil. Metagenomics analysis revealed that the structure and composition of the rhizosphere microbial community involved in nitrogen metabolism changed significantly after inoculation with AMF under Cr stress. Functional genes related to soil nitrogen mineralization (gltB, gltD, gdhA, ureC, and glnA), nitrate reduction to ammonium (nirB, nrfA, and nasA), and soil nitrogen assimilation (NRT, nrtA, and nrtC) were up-regulated in the N-metabolizing microbial community. In contrast, the abundance of functional genes involved in denitrification (nirK and narI) was down-regulated. In addition, the inoculation of AMF regulates the synergies between the N-metabolic rhizosphere microbial communities and enhances the complexity and stability of the rhizosphere ecological network. This study provides a basis for improving plant tolerance to heavy metal stress by regulating the functional abundance of N-metabolizing plant growth-promoting bacteria through AMF inoculation. It helps to understand the potential mechanism of wetland plant remediation of Cr-contaminated soil.

Biodegradation of sulfadiazine by ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) in a soil system: Analysis of detoxification mechanisms, transcriptome, and bacterial communities

The indiscriminate use of sulfadiazine has caused severe harm to the environment, and biodegradation is a viable method for the removal of sulfadiazine. However, there are few studies that consider sulfadiazine biodegradation mechanisms. To comprehensively investigate the process of sulfadiazine biodegradation by plants in a soil system, a potted system that included ryegrass and soil was constructed in this study. The removal of sulfadiazine from the system was found to be greater than 95% by determining the sulfadiazine residue. During the sulfadiazine removal process, a significant decrease in ryegrass growth and a significant increase in antioxidant enzyme activity were observed, which indicates the toxic response and detoxification mechanism of sulfadiazine on ryegrass. The ryegrass transcriptome and soil bacterial communities were further investigated. These results revealed that most of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were enriched in the CYP450 enzyme family and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway after sulfadiazine exposure. The expression of these genes was significantly upregulated. Sulfadiazine significantly increased the abundance of Vicinamibacteraceae, RB41, Ramlibacter, and Microvirga in the soil. These key genes and bacteria play an important role in sulfadiazine biodegradation. Through network analysis of the relationship between the DEGs and soil bacteria, it was found that many soil bacteria promote the expression of plant metabolic genes. This mutual promotion enhanced the sulfadiazine biodegradation in the soil system. This study demonstrated that this pot system could substantially remove sulfadiazine and elucidated the biodegradation mechanism through changes in plants and soil bacteria.

Combined contribution of biochar and introduced AM fungi on lead stability and microbial community in polluted agricultural soil

Introduction

Lead (Pb) pollution in agricultural soil has been accelerated by industrial development and human activities, and poses a major threat to agricultural ecosystems. Both biochar and arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi are considered to play an important role in remediation of Pb contaminated soil.

Methods

The combined remediation effects of introduced AM fungi and biochar on soil properties, Pb availability, microbial community and functional profiles were systematically investigated in unsterilized Pb-polluted agricultural soil.

Results

Results indicated that soil nutrients were significantly improved through the combined application of biochar and introduced AM fungi. The introduced AM fungi combined with biochar prepared at 400°C and 500°C promoted the transformation of Pb to a more stable state with low bioavailability. Moreover, the addition of AM fungi and biochar affected the relative abundances of dominant bacteria and fungi at the phylum and genus levels. Biochar mainly affected soil bacterial community and obviously increased the relative abundance of Actinobacteria and Blastococcus. The interactions between biochar and introduced AM fungi mainly affected fungal community, and increased the abundance of Ascomycota and Botryotrichum. Further, PICRUSt analysis indicated biochar amendment supported stronger bacterial metabolic functional potentials.

Discussion

Therefore, the combined application of biochar and Therefore, the combined application of biochar and introduced AM fungi could improve soil nutrients, reduce Pb introduced AM fungi could improve soil nutrients, reduce Pb availability, availability, and show and show a positive effect on a positive effect on indigenous microbial communities and indigenous microbial communities and metabolic functions in metabolic functions in farmland soil.

Metagenomics reveal arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi altering functional gene expression of rhizosphere microbial community to enhance Iris tectorum's resistance to Cr stress

Chromium (Cr) can disrupt a plant's normal physiological and metabolic functions and severely impact the microenvironment. However, limited studies have investigated the impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation on the rhizosphere microorganisms of Iris tectorum under Cr stress, and the mechanisms of how rhizosphere microorganisms interact with hosts and contaminants. In this study, we investigated the effects of AMF inoculation on the growth, absorption of nutrients and heavy metals, and functional genes of the rhizosphere microbial community of I. tectorum under Cr stress in a greenhouse pot experiment. The results showed that AMF significantly increased the biomass and nutrient levels of I. tectorum, while decreasing the content of Cr in soil. Furthermore, metagenome analysis demonstrated significant changes in the structure and composition of the rhizosphere microbial community after AMF formed a mycorrhizal symbiosis system with the I. tectorum. Specifically, the abundance of functional genes related to nutrient cycling (N, P) and heavy metal resistance (chrA and arsB), as well as the abundance of heavy metal transporter family (P-atPase, MIT, CDF, and ABC) in the rhizosphere microbial community were up-regulated and their expression. Additionally, the synergies between rhizosphere microbial communities were regulated, and the complexity and stability of the rhizosphere microbial ecological network were enhanced. This study provides evidence that AMF can regulate rhizosphere microbial communities to improve plant growth and heavy metal stress tolerance, and helps us to understand the potential mechanism of wetland plant remediation of Cr-contaminated soil under AMF symbiosis.

Enhancing chromium removal and recovery from industrial wastewater using sustainable and efficient nanomaterial: A review

Water contamination can be detrimental to the human health due to higher concentration of carcinogenic heavy metals such as chromium (Cr) in the wastewater. Many traditional methods are being employed in wastewater treatment plants for Cr removal to control the environmental impacts. Such methods include ion exchange, coagulation, membrane filtration, and chemical precipitation and microbial degradation. Recent advances in materials science and green chemistry have led to the development of nanomaterial that possess high specific surface areas and multiple functions, making them suitable for removing metals such as Cr from wastewater. Literature shows that the most efficient, effective, clean, and long-lasting approach for removing heavy metals from wastewater involves adsorbing heavy metals onto the surface of nanomaterial. This review assesses the removal methods of Cr from wastewater, advantages and disadvantages of using nanomaterial to remove Cr from wastewater and potential negative impacts on human health. The latest trends and developments in Cr removal strategies using nanomaterial adsorption are also explored in the present review.

Response characteristics of rhizosphere microbial community and metabolites of Iris tectorum to Cr stress

Chromium (Cr) is a toxic heavy element that interferes with plant metabolite biosynthesis and modifies the plant rhizosphere microenvironment, affecting plant growth. However, the interactions and response mechanisms between plants and rhizosphere bacteria under Cr stress still need to be fully understood. In this study, we used Iris tectorum as a research target and combined physiology, metabolomics, and microbiology to reveal the stress response mechanism of I. tectorum under heavy metal chromium stress. The results showed that Cr stress-induced oxidative stress inhibited plant growth and development and increased malondialdehyde and oxygen free radicals content. Also, it increased ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase activity, and superoxide dismutase activity, as well as glutathione and soluble sugar content. Microbiome analysis showed that Cr stress changed the rhizosphere bacterial community diversity index by 33.56%. Proteobacteria, Actinobacteriota, and Chloroflexi together accounting for 71.21% of the total sequences. Meanwhile, the abundance of rhizosphere dominant and plant-promoting bacteria increased significantly with increasing time of Cr stress. The improvement of the soil microenvironment and the recruitment of bacteria by I. tectorum root secretions were significantly enhanced. By metabolomic analysis, five vital metabolic pathways were identified, involving 89 differentially expressed metabolites, divided into 15 major categories. In summary, a multi-omics approach was used in this study to reveal the interaction and stress response mechanisms between I. tectorum and rhizosphere bacterial communities under Cr stress, which provided theoretical basis for plant-microbial bioremediation of Cr-contaminated soils in constructed wetlands. This may provide more valuable information for wetland remediation of heavy metal pollution.

The Application of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi as Microbial Biostimulant, Sustainable Approaches in Modern Agriculture

Biostimulant application can be considered an effective, practical, and sustainable nutritional crop supplementation and may lessen the environmental problems related to excessive fertilization. Biostimulants provide beneficial properties to plants by increasing plant metabolism, which promotes crop yield and improves the quality of crops; protecting plants against environmental stresses such as water shortage, soil salinization, and exposure to sub-optimal growth temperatures; and promoting plant growth via higher nutrient uptake. Other important benefits include promoting soil enzymatic and microbial activities, changing the architecture of roots, increasing the solubility and mobility of micronutrients, and enhancing the fertility of the soil, predominantly by nurturing the development of complementary soil microbes. Biostimulants are classified as microbial, such as arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF), plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), non-pathogenic fungi, protozoa, and nematodes, or non-microbial, such as seaweed extract, phosphite, humic acid, other inorganic salts, chitin and chitosan derivatives, protein hydrolysates and free amino acids, and complex organic materials. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are among the most prominent microbial biostimulants and have an important role in cultivating better, healthier, and more functional foods in sustainable agriculture. AMF assist plant nutrient and water acquisition; enhance plant stress tolerance against salinity, drought, and heavy metals; and reduce soil erosion. AMF are proven to be a sustainable and environmentally friendly source of crop supplements. The current manuscript gives many examples of the potential of biostimulants for the production of different crops. However, further studies are needed to better understand the effectiveness of different biostimulants in sustainable agriculture. The review focuses on how AMF application can overcome nutrient limitations typical of organic systems by improving nutrient availability, uptake, and assimilation, consequently reducing the gap between organic and conventional yields. The aim of this literature review is to survey the impacts of AMF by presenting case studies and successful paradigms in different crops as well as introducing the main mechanisms of action of the different biostimulant products.

Recruitment and metabolomics between Canna indica and rhizosphere bacteria under Cr stress

It is of positive significance to explore the mechanism of antioxidant and metabolic response of Canna indica under Cr stress mediated by rhizosphere niche. However, the mechanisms of recruitment and interaction of rhizosphere microorganisms in plants still need to be fully understood. This study combined physiology, microbiology, and metabolomics, revealing the interaction between C. indica and rhizosphere microorganisms under Cr stress. The results showed that Cr stress increased the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and oxygen-free radicals (ROS) in plants. At the same time, the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, and APX) and the contents of glutathione (GSH) and soluble sugar were increased. In addition, Cr stress decreased the α diversity index of C. indica rhizosphere bacterial community and changed its community structure. The dominant bacteria, namely, Actinobacteriota, Proteobacteria, and Chloroflexi accounted for 75.16% of the total sequence. At the same time, with the extension of stress time, the colonization amount of rhizosphere-dominant bacteria increased significantly, and the metabolites secreted by roots were associated with the formation characteristics of Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and other specific bacteria. Five critical metabolic pathways were identified by metabolome analysis, involving 79 differentially expressed metabolites, which were divided into 15 categories, mainly including lipids, terpenoids, and flavonoids. In conclusion, this study revealed the recruitment and interaction response mechanism between C. indica and rhizosphere bacteria under Cr stress through multi-omics methods, providing the theoretical basis for the remediation of Cr-contaminated soil.

AMF Inoculation Alleviates Molybdenum Toxicity to Maize by Protecting Leaf Performance

The use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is a vital strategy for enhancing the phytoremediation of heavy metals. However, the role of AMF under molybdenum (Mo) stress is elusive. A pot culture experiment was conducted to explore the effects of AMF (Claroideoglomus etunicatum and Rhizophagus intraradices) inoculation on the uptake and transport of Mo and the physiological growth of maize plants under different levels of Mo addition (0, 100, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg). AMF inoculation significantly increased the biomass of maize plants, and the mycorrhizal dependency reached 222% at the Mo addition level of 1000 mg/kg. Additionally, AMF inoculation could induce different growth allocation strategies in response to Mo stress. Inoculation significantly reduced Mo transport, and the active accumulation of Mo in the roots reached 80% after inoculation at the high Mo concentration of 2000 mg/kg. In addition to enhancing the net photosynthetic and pigment content, inoculation also increased the biomass by enhancing the uptake of nutrients, including P, K, Zn, and Cu, to resist Mo stress. In conclusion, C. etunicatum and R. intraradices were tolerant to the Mo stress and could alleviate the Mo-induced phytotoxicity by regulating the allocation of Mo in plants and improving photosynthetic leaf pigment contents and the uptake of nutrition. Compared with C. etunicatum, R. intraradices showed a stronger tolerance to Mo, which was manifested by a stronger inhibition of Mo transport and a higher uptake of nutrient elements. Accordingly, AMF show potential for the bioremediation of Mo-polluted soil.