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Ma T, Cheng H, Kong L, Shen C, Jin H, Li H, Pan C, Liang J. Combined exposure of PS-MPs with NaF induces Sertoli cell death and dysfunction via ferroptosis and apoptosis. Toxicology 2024:153849. [PMID: 38821197 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
The individual toxicity of sodium fluoride (NaF) and microplastics (MPs) has been extensively documented. Owing to their high specific surface area, widespread presence and durability, MPs can adsorb a broad spectrum of environmental contaminants into the organism. However, the combined toxicity of NaF and MPs has not been investigated. This study aimed to assess the effects of combined exposure to NaF and MPs on the function of testicular Sertoli cells (SCs) in male mice, and to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms. The study revealed that combined exposure to NaF and MPs resulted in a decrease in the negative surface charge of MPs, along with an increase in the number of MPs entering the SCs. Through in vivo observation of the testicular pathological structure, spermatogenesis, and cell apoptosis in 180-day-old male mice, we discovered that combined exposure to NaF (80mg/L) and MPs (10mg/L) heightened reproductive toxicity compared to the individual exposure groups. This was evidenced by testicular structural defects, impaired spermatogenesis, and increased testicular cell apoptosis. Our in vitro studies showed that NaF (21μg/mL) and MPs (100μg/mL) synergistically induced SCs apoptosis and ferroptosis, leading to a reduction in SCs number and dysfunction. This ultimately resulted in structural and functional damage to the testes. Our findings demonstrate, for the first time, the synergistic effects of NaF and MPs on reproductive toxicity in mammals. These insights may provide valuable contributions to co-toxicity studies involving MPs and other environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan Ma
- Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, Jiangsu, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Disease, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huixian Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, No. 2 Zheshan Road, Wuhu 241001, Anhui, China
| | - Liang Kong
- Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, Jiangsu, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Disease, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chenghao Shen
- Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, Jiangsu, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Disease, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haibo Jin
- School of Public Health, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, Jiangsu, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Disease, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chun Pan
- Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, Jiangsu, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Disease, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jingyan Liang
- Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, Jiangsu, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Disease, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, Jiangsu, China.
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2
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Zink L, Wood CM. The effects of microplastics on ionoregulatory processes in the gills of freshwater fish and invertebrates: A prospective review. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2024; 295:111669. [PMID: 38806110 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
From review of the very few topical studies to date, we conclude that while effects are variable, microplastics can induce direct ionoregulatory disturbances in freshwater fish and invertebrates. However, the intensity depends on microplastic type, size, concentration, and exposure regime. More numerous are studies where indirect inferences about possible ionoregulatory effects can be drawn; these indicate increased mucus production, altered breathing, histopathological effects on gill structure, oxidative stress, and alterations in molecular pathways. All of these could have negative effects on ionoregulatory homeostasis. However, previous research has suffered from a lack of standardized reporting of microplastic characteristics and exposure conditions. Often overlooked is the fact that microplastics are dynamic contaminants, changing over time through degradation and fragmentation and subsequently exhibiting altered surface chemistry, notably an increased presence and diversity of functional groups. The same functional groups characterized on microplastics are also present in dissolved organic matter, often termed dissolved organic carbon (DOC), a class of substances for which we have a far greater understanding of their ionoregulatory actions. We highlight instances in which the effects of microplastic exposure resemble those of DOC exposure. We propose that in future microplastic investigations, in vivo techniques that have proven useful in understanding the ionoregulatory effects of DOC should be used including measurements of transepithelial potential, net and unidirectional radio-isotopic ion flux rates, and concentration kinetic analyses of uptake transport. More sophisticated in vitro approaches using cultured gill epithelia, Ussing chamber experiments on gill surrogate membranes, and scanning ion selective electrode techniques (SIET) may also prove useful. Finally, in future studies we advocate for minimum reporting requirements of microplastic properties and experimental conditions to help advance this important emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Zink
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Chris M Wood
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
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3
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Gao J, Zhang Y, Bi Y, Du K, Su J, Zhang S. A strong hydrogen bond bridging interface based on tannic acid for improving the performance of high-filled bamboo fibers/poly (butylene succinate-co-butylene adipate) (PBSA)biocomposites. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 267:131611. [PMID: 38641288 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Natural plant fiber-reinforced bio-based polymer composites are widely attracting attention because of their economical, readily available, low carbon, and biodegradable, and showing promise in gradually replacing petroleum-based composites. Nevertheless, the fragile interfacial bonding between fiber and substrate hinders the progression of low-cost and abundant sustainable high-performance biocomposites. In this paper, a novel high-performance sustainable biocomposite was built by introducing a high density strong hydrogen-bonded bridging interface based on tannic acid (TA) between bamboo fibers (BFs) and PBSA. Through comprehensive analysis, this strategy endowed the biocomposites with better mechanical properties, thermal stability, dynamic thermo-mechanical properties and water resistance. The optimum performance of the composites was achieved when the TA concentration was 2 g/L. Tensile strength as well as modulus, flexural strength as well as modulus, and impact strength improved by 22 %, 10 %, 15 %, 35 %, and 25 % respectively. Additionally, the initial degradation temperature(Tonset) and maximum degradation temperature(Tmax) increased by 12.07 °C and 14.8 °C respectively. The maximum storage modulus(E'), room temperature E', and loss modulus(E")elevated by 199 %, 75 %, and 181 % respectively. Moreover, the water absorption rate decreased by 59 %. The strong hydrogen-bonded bridging interface serves as a novel model and theory for biocomposite interface engineering. At the same time, it offers a promising future for the development of high performance sustainable biocomposites with low cost and abundant biomass resources and contributes to their wide application in aerospace, automotive, biomedical and other field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Gao
- Key Laboratory of Wood Material Science and Application (Beijing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Wood Material Science and Application (Beijing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yanbin Bi
- Key Laboratory of Wood Material Science and Application (Beijing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Keke Du
- Key Laboratory of Wood Material Science and Application (Beijing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jixing Su
- Key Laboratory of Wood Material Science and Application (Beijing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shuangbao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Wood Material Science and Application (Beijing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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4
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Shukla S, Pei Y, Li WG, Pei DS. Toxicological Research on Nano and Microplastics in Environmental Pollution: Current Advances and Future Directions. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 270:106894. [PMID: 38492287 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2024.106894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
This review explains the sources of nanoplastics (NPs) and microplastics (MPs), their release, fate, and associated health risks in the aquatic environment. In the 21st century, scientists are grappling with a major challenge posed by MPs and NPs. The global production of plastic has skyrocketed from 1.5 million tons in the 1950s to an astonishing 390.7 million tons in 2021. This pervasive presence of these materials in our environment has spurred scientific inquiry into their potentially harmful effects on living organisms. Studies have revealed that while MPs, with their larger surface area, are capable of absorbing contaminants and pathogens from the surroundings, NPs can easily be transferred through the food chain. As a result, living organisms may ingest them and accumulate them within their bodies. Due to their minuscule size, NPs are particularly difficult to isolate and quantify. Furthermore, exposure to both NPs and MPs has been linked to various adverse health effects in aquatic species, including neurological impairments, disruption of lipid and energy metabolism, and increased susceptibility to cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. It is alarming to note that MPs have even been detected in commercial fish, highlighting the severity of this issue. There are also challenges associated with elucidating the toxicological effects of NPs and MPs, which are discussed in detail in this review. In conclusion, plastic pollution is a pressing issue that governments should tackle by ensuring proper implementation of rules and regulations at national and provincial levels to reduce its health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Shukla
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, China.; Department of Forensic Science, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, India
| | - Yang Pei
- Chongqing No.11 Middle School, Chongqing 400061, China
| | - Wei-Guo Li
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, China
| | - De-Sheng Pei
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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Çağlayan U, Gündoğdu S, Ramos TM, Syberg K. Intravenous hypertonic fluids as a source of human microplastic exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 107:104411. [PMID: 38452961 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the presence of microplastics (MPs) in hypertonic fluid solutions, a widely used medical treatment packaged predominantly in plastic. For this purpose, in this study, 13 hypertonic fluid samples from different brands and two different types of packaging (polypropylene and polyvinyl chloride) were analyzed using visual particle counting, µ-Raman microscopy and ATR-FTIR. The results reveal the pervasive presence of MPs in all samples, with an estimated average concentration of 62.82 ± 72.38 MPs/1000 mL. There was no statistically significant difference in MP concentration between PP and PVC packaging. The particles predominantly consisted of fragments (74.1%) and fibers (25.9%), ranging in size from 0.04 to 2.37 mm. µ-Raman analysis identified 12 synthetic polymers as well as cellulose, with polyethylene and cellulose being the most prevalent. In conclusion, this study underscores the alarming presence of MPs in hypertonic fluid solutions, raising concerns about potential health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uğur Çağlayan
- Central Research Laboratory, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkiye
| | - Sedat Gündoğdu
- Faculty of Fisheries, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkiye.
| | - Tiffany M Ramos
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Denmark
| | - Kristian Syberg
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Denmark
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6
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Li P, Liu J. Micro(nano)plastics in the Human Body: Sources, Occurrences, Fates, and Health Risks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38315819 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
The increasing global attention on micro(nano)plastics (MNPs) is a result of their ubiquity in the water, air, soil, and biosphere, exposing humans to MNPs on a daily basis and threatening human health. However, crucial data on MNPs in the human body, including the sources, occurrences, behaviors, and health risks, are limited, which greatly impedes any systematic assessment of their impact on the human body. To further understand the effects of MNPs on the human body, we must identify existing knowledge gaps that need to be immediately addressed and provide potential solutions to these issues. Herein, we examined the current literature on the sources, occurrences, and behaviors of MNPs in the human body as well as their potential health risks. Furthermore, we identified key knowledge gaps that must be resolved to comprehensively assess the effects of MNPs on human health. Additionally, we addressed that the complexity of MNPs and the lack of efficient analytical methods are the main barriers impeding current investigations on MNPs in the human body, necessitating the development of a standard and unified analytical method. Finally, we highlighted the need for interdisciplinary studies from environmental, biological, medical, chemical, computer, and material scientists to fill these knowledge gaps and drive further research. Considering the inevitability and daily occurrence of human exposure to MNPs, more studies are urgently required to enhance our understanding of their potential negative effects on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jingfu Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
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7
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Lan Y, Hu L, Feng X, Wang M, Yuan H, Xu H. Synergistic effect of PS-MPs and Cd on male reproductive toxicity: Ferroptosis via Keap1-Nrf2 pathway. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 461:132584. [PMID: 37748303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
It has been wildly reported that microplastics (MPs) can adsorb heavy metals and act as carriers for their transport into organisms. However, the combined toxicity of MPs and heavy metals remains poorly studied. In this study, we established single or co-exposure (i.e. complex/combined exposure) mice models to investigate the combined toxicity of MPs and cadmium (Cd) on male reproduction. The complexation of MPs and Cd enhanced the bioavailability of Cd, while the combination of MPs and Cd exerted synergistic effect. Ultimately, the co-exposure was reported to enhance the reproduction toxicity by single exposure, which reflected in testicular structure, spermatogenesis and sex hormone synthesis. More in-depth mechanistic investigation suggested that MPs and Cd synergistically inhibited the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway and its downstream genes, induced lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis, ultimately caused damage to reproductive structures and functions. Our results highlighted the synergistic effect of MPs and Cd on the reproductive toxicity in male mammals for the first time, which also provided valuable insights into the combined toxicity mechanisms of MPs and other pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhi Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China
| | - Liehai Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China
| | - Mengqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China
| | - Hongbin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China
| | - Hengyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China.
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8
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Bortoluzzi MG, Neckel A, Bodah BW, Cardoso GT, Oliveira MLS, Toscan PC, Maculan LS, Lozano LP, Bodah ET, Silva LFO. Detection of atmospheric aerosols and terrestrial nanoparticles collected in a populous city in southern Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:3526-3544. [PMID: 38085483 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31414-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The main objective of this study is to analyze hazardous elements in nanoparticles (NPs) (smaller than 100 nm) and ultrafine particles (smaller than 1 µm) in Porto Alegre City, southern Brazil using a self-made passive sampler and Sentinel-3B SYN satellite images in 32 collection points. The Aerosol Optical Thickness proportion (T550) identification was conducted using images of the Sentinel-3B SYN satellite at 634 points sampled in 2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022. Focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy analyses were performed to identify chemical elements present in NPs and ultrafine particles, followed by single-stage cascade impactor to be processed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. This process was coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and later analysis via secondary ion mass spectrometry. Data was acquired from Sentinel-3B SYN images, normalized to a standard mean of 0.83 µg/mg, at moderate spatial resolution (260 m), and modeled in the Sentinel Application Platform (SNAP) software v.8.0. Statistical matrix data was generated in the JASP software (Jeffreys's Amazing Statistics Program) v.0.14.1.0 followed by a K-means cluster analysis. The results demonstrate the presence of between 1 and 100 nm particles of the following chemical elements: Si, Al, K, Mg, P, and Ti. Many people go through these areas daily and may inhale or absorb these elements that can harm human health. In the Sentinel-3B SYN satellite images, the sum of squares in cluster 6 is 168,265 and in cluster 7 a total of 21,583. The use of images from the Sentinel-3B SYN satellite to obtain T550 levels is of great importance as it reveals that atmospheric pollution can move through air currents contaminating large areas on a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alcindo Neckel
- Atitus Educação, 304 - Villa Rodrigues, Passo Fundo, RS, 99070-220, Brazil.
- University of Minho, UMINHO, 4710-057, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Brian William Bodah
- Thaines and Bodah Center for Education and Development, 840 South Meadowlark Lane, Othello, WA, 99344, USA
- Workforce Education & Applied Baccalaureate Programs, Yakima Valley College, South 16th Avenue & Nob Hill Boulevard, Yakima, WA, 98902, USA
| | | | - Marcos L S Oliveira
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad de La Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
- Santa Catarina Research and Innovation Support Foundation (Fapesc), Florianópolis, SC, 88030-902, Brazil
| | | | | | - Liliana P Lozano
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad de La Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
- Postgraduate Doctoral Program in Society, Nature and Development, Universidade Federal Do Oeste Do Pará, UFOPA, Paraná, 68040-255, Brazil
| | - Eliane Thaines Bodah
- Thaines and Bodah Center for Education and Development, 840 South Meadowlark Lane, Othello, WA, 99344, USA
- State University of New York, Onondaga Community College, 4585West Seneca Turnpike, Syracuse, NY, 13215, USA
| | - Luis F O Silva
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad de La Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
- Postgraduate Doctoral Program in Society, Nature and Development, Universidade Federal Do Oeste Do Pará, UFOPA, Paraná, 68040-255, Brazil
- CDLAC - Data Collection Laboratory and Scientific Analysis LTDA, Nova Santa Rita, 92480-000, Brazil
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9
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Wang T, Liu L, Zhao Q, Meng Z, Li W. The aging of polyethylene mulch films in the presence of cadmium. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 266:115569. [PMID: 37832487 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
To determine the fates of the persistent pollutants cadmium (Cd) and micro-plastics in agricultural soils, an in-depth understanding of the interactions between Cd and mulching film is required. In the present work, pot experiments are conducted under natural conditions to study the influence of various Cd concentrations on the aging process of polyethylene mulching film in soil collected from Changzhi, Shanxi Province. The results indicate that during 150 days, the aging degree of the mulch film increases gradually as the increased Cd concentration in the soil. Further, the results of attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) demonstrate that the average vinyl index (VI) of the aging mulch film increases from 1.29 to 1.82, while the oxygen-to-carbon (O/C) ratio of the mulch film decreases significantly from 0.344 to 0.045, as the Cd concentration is increased from 0 to 10 mg kg-1. When the aging time exceeds 90 days, the oxygen-containing functional groups (C-O and CO) generated consumed by the adsorbed Cd. In addition, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements indicate that Cd both enhances the formation of hydroxyl radical (·OH) on the surface of the mulch film and prevents the combination of ·OH and electrons, thereby accelerating the aging of the mulch. Hence, the present study indicates that the presence of Cd will hasten the decomposition of mulch, which will inevitably result in the faster release of micro-plastics from the mulch into the soil environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Wang
- Department of Life Science, Changzhi University, Changzhi, Shanxi 046011, PR China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Life Science, Changzhi University, Changzhi, Shanxi 046011, PR China; Shanxi Agricultural University, Eco-Environment Industrial Technology Research Institute, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, PR China.
| | - Qingsong Zhao
- Department of Life Science, Changzhi University, Changzhi, Shanxi 046011, PR China
| | - Zhaofu Meng
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shannxi 712100, PR China; Key Lab of Nutrition and Agro-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shannxi 712100, PR China
| | - Wenbin Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan 637009, PR China
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