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Liu S, Zhang T, Li Z, Wang Y, Liu L, Song Z. Antibacterial mechanism of areca nut essential oils against Streptococcus mutans by targeting the biofilm and the cell membrane. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1140689. [PMID: 37701779 PMCID: PMC10494717 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1140689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Dental caries is one of the most common and costly biofilm-dependent oral diseases in the world. Streptococcus mutans is the major cariogenic pathogen of dental caries. S. mutans synthesizes extracellular polysaccharides by autologous glucosyltransferases, which then promotes bacterial adhesion and cariogenic biofilm formation. The S. mutans biofilm is the principal target for caries treatment. This study was designed to explore the antibacterial activity and mechanisms of areca nut essential oil (ANEO) against S. mutans. Methods The ANEOs were separated by negative pressure hydro-distillation. The Kirby-Bauer method and broth microdilution method were carried out to evaluate the antibacterial activity of different ANEOs. The antibacterial mechanism was revealed by crystal violet staining, XTT reduction, microbial adhesion to hydrocarbon test, extracellular polysaccharide production assay, glucosyltransferase activity assay, lactate dehydrogenase leaking, propidium iodide staining and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The cytotoxicity of ANEOs was determine by MTT assay. Results The ANEOs separated at different temperatures exhibited different levels of antibacterial activity against S. mutans, and the ANEO separated at 70°C showed the most prominent bacteriostatic activity. Anti-biofilm experiments showed that the ANEOs attenuated the adhesion ability of S. mutans by decreasing the surface hydrophobicity of the bacteria, prevented S. mutans biofilm formation by inhibiting glucosyltransferase activity, reducing extracellular polysaccharide synthesis, and reducing the total biofilm biomass and activity. SEM further demonstrated the destructive effects of the ANEOs on the S. mutans biofilm. Cell membrane-related experiments indicated that the ANEOs destroyed the integrity of the cell membrane, resulting in the leakage of lactic dehydrogenase and nucleic acids. SEM imaging of S. mutans cell showed the disruption of the cellular morphology by the ANEOs. The cytotoxicity assay suggested that ANEO was non-toxic towards normal oral epithelial cells. Discussion This study displayed that ANEOs exerted antibacterial activity against S. mutans primarily by affecting the biofilm and disrupting the integrity of the cell membrane. ANEOs has the potential to be developed as an antibacterial agent for preventing dental caries. Additionally, a new method for the separation of essential oil components is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwei Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya, China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya, China
| | - Zhijin Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Research and Development, Xiamen Health and Medical Big Data Center (Xiamen Medicine Research Institute), Xiamen, China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya, China
| | - Lei Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Cell and Gene Therapy Medicine Products, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhenbo Song
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Cell and Gene Therapy Medicine Products, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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Liang T, Huo G, Chen L, Ding L, Wu J, Zhang J, Wang R. Antibacterial activity and metabolomic analysis of linalool against bovine mastitis pathogen Streptococcus agalactiae. Life Sci 2023; 313:121299. [PMID: 36535400 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae is among the major causative pathogens of bovine mastitis, as well as crucial pathogen leading to human morbidity and mortality. Being a promising natural antibacterial agent, linalool has been broadly applied in medicine and food processing. However, its antibacterial effect against S. agalactiae has barely been elucidated. This study is the first to investigate the antibacterial activity and action mechanism of linalool against S. agalactiae causing bovine mastitis. Linalool exhibited significant antibacterial activity against S. agalactiae, with an inhibition zone diameter of 23 mm and a minimum inhibitory concentration of 1.875 μL/mL. In addition, linalool damaged cell structural integrity of S. agalactiae, leading to the leakage of intracellular components (alkaline phosphatase, nucleic acids and protein). Linalool also exhibited a scavenging effect on biofilm. Moreover, untargeted metabolomics analysis revealed that linalool stress substantially disrupted intracellular metabolism of S. agalactiae. Linalool caused energy metabolism disorder, and obstructed nucleic acid synthesis in S. agalactiae. Furthermore, downregulation of amino acids (e.g., proline, alanine) and upregulation of saturated fatty acids provide strong evidence for linalool induced cell wall and membrane damage. Overall, linalool exhibited strong antibacterial activity against S. agalactiae by destroying the cell structure and disrupting intracellular metabolism. This study provides a new insight and theoretical foundation for linalool application in preventing S. agalactiae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyu Liang
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China; New Rural Development Research Institute of Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Guiguo Huo
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Lele Chen
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Ling Ding
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Jianping Wu
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China; New Rural Development Research Institute of Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China.
| | - Ji Zhang
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China; New Rural Development Research Institute of Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China.
| | - Rongmin Wang
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China; New Rural Development Research Institute of Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China.
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Impact of N-Acetylcysteine and Antibiotics Against Single and Dual Species Biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Achromobacter xylosoxidans. Curr Microbiol 2022; 80:5. [PMID: 36434296 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-03122-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Lungs of cystic fibrosis patients are often colonized or infected with organisms, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other emerging pathogenic bacteria such as Achromobacter xylosoxidans. Further, it is well established that infections of the cystic fibrosis lung airways are caused by polymicrobial infections, although its composition and diversity may change throughout the patient's life. In the present study, we investigated the effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and amikacin, aztreonam, ciprofloxacin, and tobramycin alone and in combination against single- and dual-species biofilms of P. aeruginosa and A. xylosoxidans, in vitro and in the Caenorhabditis elegans infection model. Results showed that tobramycin and ciprofloxacin were the most effective antibiotics, while aztreonam was the least effective antibiotic against both single- and dual-species biofilms of P. aeruginosa and A. xylosoxidans. However, NAC showed little effect on both single- and dual-species, even with a combination of antibiotics. Increased survival was observed in C. elegans when treated with NAC in combination with tobramycin or ciprofloxacin, compared to no treatment or NAC alone. Tobramycin and ciprofloxacin were found effective in biofilms, but more research is needed to better understand the effects of NAC and antibiotics against single- and dual-species biofilms.
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Population Pharmacokinetics of Doxycycline, Administered Alone or with N-Acetylcysteine, in Chickens with Experimental Mycoplasma gallisepticum Infection. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112440. [PMID: 36432632 PMCID: PMC9693581 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmosis is a bacterial infection that significantly affects poultry production, and it is often controlled with antibiotics, including doxycycline. The conducted study aimed to determine population pharmacokinetic (PopPk) parameters of doxycycline in healthy (n = 12) and in Mycoplasma gallisepticum-challenged (n = 20) chickens after its oral administration via drinking water at the registered dose rate of 20 mg/kg b.w./24 h for five days, without or with co-administration of N-acetylcysteine (NAC, a dose of 100 mg/kg b.w./24 h) via the feed. Doxycycline concentrations in plasma were analyzed with the LC-MS/MS method. The values of tvV/F and tvke were 4.73 L × kg−1 and 0.154 h−1, respectively, and they showed low BSV. A high BSV of 93.17% was calculated for the value of tlag of 0.8 h, which reflects the inter-individual differences in the water consumption. PTA was computed after Monte Carlo simulation with the registered dose for doxycycline. The target of %fT > MIC ≥ 80% and 100% can be achieved in 90% of the broiler population, after a correction for protein binding, for bacteria with MIC ≤ 0.5 mg × L−1 and 0.25 mg × L−1, respectively. The applied PopPk model did not reveal significant effect of M. gallisepticum infection and co-administration of NAC on pharmacokinetic parameters of doxycycline.
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Piktel E, Wnorowska U, Depciuch J, Łysik D, Cieśluk M, Fiedoruk K, Mystkowska J, Parlińska-Wojtan M, Janmey PA, Bucki R. N-Acetyl-Cysteine Increases Activity of Peanut-Shaped Gold Nanoparticles Against Biofilms Formed by Clinical Strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Sputum of Cystic Fibrosis Patients. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:851-871. [PMID: 35281576 PMCID: PMC8906902 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s348357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by bacteria, as they form a biofilm, determine the stability and viscoelastic properties of biofilms and prevent antibiotics from penetrating this multicellular structure. To date, studies demonstrated that an appropriate optimization of the chemistry and morphology of nanotherapeutics might provide a favorable approach to control their interaction with EPS and/or diffusion within the biofilm matrix. Targeting the biofilms’ EPS, which in certain conditions can adopt liquid crystal structure, was demonstrated to improve the anti-biofilm activity of antibiotics and nanoparticles. A similar effect is achievable by interfering EPS’ production by mucoactive agents, such as N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC). In our previous study, we demonstrated the nanogram efficiency of non-spherical gold nanoparticles, which due to their physicochemical features, particularly morphology, were noted to be superior in antimicrobial activity compared to their spherical-shaped counterparts. Methods To explore the importance of EPS matrix modulation in achieving a suitable efficiency of peanut-shaped gold nanoparticles (AuP NPs) against biofilms produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from cystic fibrosis patients, fluorescence microscopy, as well as resazurin staining were employed. Rheological parameters of AuP NPs-treated biofilms were investigated by rotational and creep-recovery tests using a rheometer in a plate-plate arrangement. Results We demonstrated that tested nanoparticles significantly inhibit the growth of mono- and mixed-species biofilms, particularly when combined with NAC. Notably, gold nanopeanuts were shown to decrease the viscosity and increase the creep compliance of Pseudomonas biofilm, similarly to EPS-targeting NAC. Synergistic activity of AuP NPs with tobramycin was also observed, and the AuP NPs were able to eradicate bacteria within biofilms formed by tobramycin-resistant isolates. Conclusion We propose that peanut-shaped gold nanoparticles should be considered as a potent therapeutic agent against Pseudomonas biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Piktel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, 15-222, Poland
| | - Urszula Wnorowska
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, 15-222, Poland
| | - Joanna Depciuch
- Institute of Nuclear Physic, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, PL-31342, Poland
| | - Dawid Łysik
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, Bialystok, 15-351, Poland
| | - Mateusz Cieśluk
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, 15-222, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Fiedoruk
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, 15-222, Poland
| | - Joanna Mystkowska
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, Bialystok, 15-351, Poland
| | | | - Paul A Janmey
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Robert Bucki
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, 15-222, Poland
- Correspondence: Robert Bucki, Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C, Bialystok, 15-222, Poland, Tel + 48 85 748 5793, Email
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Petkova T, Milanova A. Absorption of N-acetylcysteine in Healthy and Mycoplasma gallisepticum-Infected Chickens. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8110244. [PMID: 34822616 PMCID: PMC8621408 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8110244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is widely used as a mucolytic agent in cases with inflammation of the lungs. NAC is applied in poultry with aflatoxin B1 intoxication as an antioxidant, but its pharmacokinetics are not known. The present study was conducted to characterize the population pharmacokinetics of orally administered NAC in broilers. It included 32 chickens, divided into four groups, treated with NAC at a dose rate of 100 mg/kg/day mixed with the feed: healthy broilers (n = 6); chickens infected with Mycoplasma gallisepticum (n = 10); healthy broilers (n = 6); and diseased chickens (n = 10) treated with NAC and doxycycline (via drinking water, 20 mg/kg body weight (b.w.)). Plasma concentrations were analyzed by Liquid Chromatography –Mass Spectrometry (MS)/MS. NAC was absorbed after oral administration in all four groups of chickens. In healthy chickens treated solely with NAC, maximum plasma concentrations of 2.26 ± 0.91 µg mL−1 were achieved at 2.47 ± 0.45 h after dosing. The value of absorption half-life was 1.04 ± 0.53 h. The population pharmacokinetic analysis showed that dose adjustment of NAC is not required in M. gallisepticum-infected broilers or when it is combined with doxycycline.
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Pinto RM, Monteiro C, Costa Lima SA, Casal S, Van Dijck P, Martins MCL, Nunes C, Reis S. N-Acetyl-l-cysteine-Loaded Nanosystems as a Promising Therapeutic Approach Toward the Eradication of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:42329-42343. [PMID: 34464076 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are a major health concern, mainly due to their contribution to increased bacterial resistance to well-known antibiotics. The conventional treatment of biofilms represents a challenge, and frequently, eradication is not achieved with long-lasting administration of antibiotics. In this context, the present work proposes an innovative therapeutic approach that is focused on the encapsulation of N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) into lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) functionalized with d-amino acids to target and disrupt bacterial biofilms. The optimized formulations presented a mean hydrodynamic diameter around 200 nm, a low polydispersity index, and a high loading capacity. These formulations were stable under storage conditions up to 6 months. In vitro biocompatibility studies showed a low cytotoxicity effect in fibroblasts and a low hemolytic activity in human red blood cells. Nevertheless, unloaded LNPs showed a higher hemolytic potential than NAC-loaded LNPs, which suggests a safer profile of the latter. The in vitro antibiofilm efficacy of the developed formulations was tested against Staphylococcus epidermidis (Gram-positive) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-negative) mature biofilms. The results showed that the NAC-loaded LNPs were ineffective against S. epidermidis biofilms, while a significant reduction of biofilm biomass and bacterial viability in P. aeruginosa biofilms were observed. In a more complex therapeutic approach, the LNPs were further combined with moxifloxacin, revealing a beneficial effect between the LNPs and the antibiotic against P. aeruginosa biofilms. Both alone and in combination with moxifloxacin, unloaded and NAC-loaded LNPs functionalized with d-amino acids showed a great potential to reduce bacterial viability, with no significant differences in the presence or absence of NAC. However, the presence of NAC in NAC-loaded functionalized LNPs shows a safer profile than the unloaded LNPs, which is beneficial for an in vivo application. Overall, the developed formulations present a potential therapeutic approach against P. aeruginosa biofilms, alone or in combination with antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita M Pinto
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
- VIB KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Claudia Monteiro
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde INEB, Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
| | - Sofia A Costa Lima
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Susana Casal
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Patrick Van Dijck
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
- VIB KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - M Cristina L Martins
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde INEB, Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Nunes
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Salette Reis
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
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Simultaneous improvement of ketoconazole solubility, antifungal and antibiofilm activity by multicomponent complexation. Ther Deliv 2020; 11:701-712. [PMID: 32967581 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2020-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: A novel multicomponent complex (MC) of ketoconazole (KET) with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) was developed with the purpose of improving the solubility as well as the antifungal and antibiofilm activity of KET against Candida albicans. Results & methodology: The interactions among the components were studied using nuclear magnetic resonance, thermal analysis, powder x-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Phase-solubility studies demonstrated a considerable increase in the solubility of the MC. An enhancement in antibiofilm and antifungal activity of MC was determined against C. albicans by XTT assay and microbiological studies. Conclusion: This MC, with improvements in the drug pharmaceutical performance, might have an important potential in the development of new pharmaceutical formulations of KET.
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Pinto RM, Soares FA, Reis S, Nunes C, Van Dijck P. Innovative Strategies Toward the Disassembly of the EPS Matrix in Bacterial Biofilms. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:952. [PMID: 32528433 PMCID: PMC7264105 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms represent a major concern at a worldwide level due to the high demand for implantable medical devices and the rising numbers of bacterial resistance. The complex structure of the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) matrix plays a major role in this phenomenon, since it protects bacteria from antibiotics, avoiding drug penetration at bactericidal concentrations. Besides, this structure promotes bacterial cells to adopt a dormant lifestyle, becoming less susceptible to antibacterial agents. Currently, the available treatment for biofilm-related infections consists in the administration of conventional antibiotics at high doses for a long-term period. However, this treatment lacks efficiency against mature biofilms and for implant-associated biofilms it may be necessary to remove the medical device. Thus, biofilm-related infections represent an economical burden for the healthcare systems. New strategies focusing on the matrix are being highlighted as alternative therapies to eradicate biofilms. Here, we outline reported matrix disruptive agents, nanocarriers, and technologies, such as application of magnetic fields, photodynamic therapy, and ultrasounds, that have been under investigation to disrupt the EPS matrix of clinically relevant bacterial biofilms. In an ideal therapy, a synergistic effect between antibiotics and the explored innovated strategies is aimed to completely eradicate biofilms and avoid antimicrobial resistance phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita M Pinto
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Microbiology, VIB-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Filipa A Soares
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Salette Reis
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Nunes
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrick Van Dijck
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Microbiology, VIB-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the diagnosis of chronic wound biofilms and discuss current treatment approaches. DATA SOURCES Articles included in this review were obtained from the following databases: Wanfang, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, PubMed, and the Web of Science. We focused on research published before August 2019 with keywords including chronic wound, biofilm, bacterial biofilms, and chronic wound infection. STUDY SELECTION Relevant articles were selected by carefully reading the titles and abstracts. Further, different diagnosis and clinical treatment methods for chronic wound biofilm were compared and summarized from the selected published articles. RESULTS Recent guidelines on medical biofilms stated that approaches such as the use of scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy are the most reliable types of diagnostic techniques. Further, therapeutic strategies include debridement, negative pressure wound therapy, ultrasound, antibiotic, silver-containing dressing, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, and others. CONCLUSION This review provides the identification and management of biofilms, and it can be used as a tool by clinicians for a better understanding of biofilms and translating research to develop best clinical practices.
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Phumat P, Khongkhunthian S, Wanachantararak P, Okonogi S. Comparative inhibitory effects of 4-allylpyrocatechol isolated from Piper betle on Streptococcus intermedius, Streptococcus mutans, and Candida albicans. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 113:104690. [PMID: 32155466 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus intermedius, Streptococcus mutans, and Candida albicans are harmful oral pathogens and prone to resist chemical antimicrobial agents. Active ingredients from plants are of increasing interest as an alternative. This study aims to compare antimicrobial effects of 4-allylpyrocatechol (APC) extracted from Piper betle on these oral pathogens. Minimum concentration of APC against the tested pathogens was determined using a broth microdilution assay. Killing kinetic study of APC was carried out within 24 h. Morphology of the pathogenic cells was assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Anti-biofilm was investigated using crystal violet assay and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The results showed that the mechanism of inhibition of APC was bactericidal and fungicidal effects. APC at minimum concentration of 400 μg/mL could completely kill Streptococcus and Candida spp., however, the killing rate on S. intermedius and C. albicans was significantly faster than on S. mutans. APC inhibited biofilm formation of C. albicans more efficiently than that of the bacterial cells. Cell morphology from SEM indicated that APC caused bacterial cell membrane destruction and inhibited fungal budding or tubing formation. CLSM images confirmed the killing potential of APC and suggested that bacterial dead cells could be easier washed out than the fungal dead cells. It is concluded that APC potentially inhibits growth and biofilms of oral Streptococcus and Candida spp. in different mechanism of action and killing rate. APC can be considered as a promising agent for preventing and treating dental disorders caused by S. intermedius, S. mutans, and C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pimpak Phumat
- Interdisciplinary Program in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Sakornrat Khongkhunthian
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Research Center of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Siriporn Okonogi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Research Center of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
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Chronic wound biofilms. Chin Med J (Engl) 2019. [DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000000523 and 21=21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2022] Open
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Santos SS, Augusto DG, Alves PAC, Pereira JS, Duarte LMB, Melo PC, Gross E, Kaneto CM, Silva A, Santos JL. Trichoderma asperelloides ethanolic extracts efficiently inhibit Staphylococcus growth and biofilm formation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202828. [PMID: 30142222 PMCID: PMC6108504 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi from the widely distributed genus Trichoderma are of great biotechnological interest, being currently used in a vast range of applications. Here, we report that high-molecular weight fraction (HWF) derived from Trichoderma asperelloides ethanolic extract exhibits antibiotic activity against staphylococcal biofilms. The antibacterial and anti-biofilm properties of T. asperelloides extracts were evaluated by well-established assays in Staphylococcus aureus ATCC strains (29213 and 6538) and in one clinical isolate from bovine mastitis. The HWF from T. asperelloides eradicated S. aureus by causing substantial matrix de-structuring and biomass reduction (p < 10-5) at concentrations as low as 2.3 μg mL-1. Additionally, we present ultra-structure analysis by the use of scanning electron microscopy as well as transmission microscopy, which showed that T. asperelloides killed cells through cell wall and membrane disturbance. Remarkably, the HWF from T. asperelloides killed S. aureus and eradicated its biofilms in a greater performance than gentamicin (p < 10-5), a known potent antibiotic against S. aureus. Our results indicate that extract from T. asperelloides may represent a promising candidate for the development of new antibiotics against gram-positive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone S. Santos
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Danillo G. Augusto
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular Humana, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Patrícia A. Casaes Alves
- Centro de Microscopia Eletrônica, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Julia S. Pereira
- Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Engenharia de Materiais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Larissa M. B. Duarte
- Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Engenharia de Materiais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Poliana C. Melo
- Hospital Veterinário Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Gross
- Centro de Microscopia Eletrônica, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Carla M. Kaneto
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Aline Silva
- Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Jane L. Santos
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
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Sukur E, Akar A, Topcu HN, Cicekli O, Kochai A, Turker M. The effect of N-acetylcysteine on mechanical fatigue resistance of antibiotic-loaded bone cement. J Orthop Surg Res 2018; 13:132. [PMID: 29855332 PMCID: PMC5984381 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-018-0843-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This biomechanical study evaluates the effect of N-acetylcysteine alone and in combination with the most commonly used antibiotic-loaded bone cement mixtures. METHODS We mixed eight bone cement mixture groups including combinations of N-acetylcysteine, gentamicin, teicoplanin, and vancomycin and applied a four-point bending test individually to each sample on days 1 and 15 using an MTS Acumen test device. RESULTS The result was less than 50 MPa-the limit declared by the ISO (International Standards Organization)-in only the "gentamicin + bone cement + N-acetylcysteine" group. Mechanical fatigue resistance of the bone cement decreased significantly with the addition of N-acetylcysteine both on day 1 and day 15 (p < 0.001). With the addition of N-acetylcysteine into the "gentamicin + bone cement" and "vancomycin + bone cement" mixtures, a significant decrease in mechanical fatigue resistance was observed both on day 1 and day 15 (p < 0.001). In contrast, with the addition of N-acetylcysteine into the "teicoplanin + bone cement" mixture, no significant difference in mechanical fatigue resistance was observed on days 1 and 15 (p = 0.093, p = 0.356). CONCLUSION Preliminary results indicate that adding N-acetylcysteine to teicoplanin-loaded bone cement does not significantly affect the cement's mechanical resistance, potentially leading to a new avenue for preventing and treating peri-prosthetic joint infection. N-acetylcysteine may, therefore, be considered as an alternative agent to be added to antibiotic-loaded bone cement mixtures used in the prevention of peri-prosthetic joint infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhan Sukur
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Sakarya University Research and Training Hospital, 54050, Sakarya, Turkey.
| | - Abdulhalim Akar
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Sakarya University Research and Training Hospital, 54050, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Nevzat Topcu
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Kocaeli Medical Park Hospital, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Cicekli
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Sakarya University Research and Training Hospital, 54050, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Alauddin Kochai
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Sakarya University Research and Training Hospital, 54050, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Turker
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Sakarya University Research and Training Hospital, 54050, Sakarya, Turkey
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15
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Biological Activities and Potential Oral Applications of N-Acetylcysteine: Progress and Prospects. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:2835787. [PMID: 29849877 PMCID: PMC5937417 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2835787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
N-Acetylcysteine (NAC), a cysteine prodrug and glutathione (GSH) precursor, has been used for several decades in clinical therapeutic practices as a mucolytic agent and for the treatment of disorders associated with GSH deficiency. Other therapeutic activities of NAC include inhibition of inflammation/NF-κB signaling and expression of proinflammatory cytokines. N-Acetylcysteine is also a nonantibiotic compound possessing antimicrobial property and exerts anticarcinogenic and antimutagenic effects against certain types of cancer. Recently, studies describing potentially important biological and pharmacological activities of NAC have stimulated interests in using NAC-based therapeutics for oral health care. The present review focused on the biological activities of NAC and its potential oral applications. The potential side effects of NAC and formulations for drug delivery were also discussed, with the intent of advancing NAC-associated treatment modalities in oral medicine.
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Feng J, Liu B, Xu J, Wang Q, Huang L, Ou W, Gu J, Wu J, Li S, Zhuo C, Zhou Y. In vitro effects of N-acetylcysteine alone and combined with tigecycline on planktonic cells and biofilms of Acinetobacter baumannii. J Thorac Dis 2018; 10:212-218. [PMID: 29600051 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2017.11.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii), as a common opportunistic pathogen, has strong ability to form biofilms, which has led to drug resistance and chronic infections. The combination of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and tigecycline (TGC) was demonstrated to synergistically inhibit biofilm-associated bacterial infections, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of NAC and TGC on planktonic cells and biofilms of A. baumannii. Methods Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of NAC were determined by broth microdilution method. Biofilm susceptibility was assessed by crystal violet stain. Interactive effects of NAC and TGC on planktonic cells were determined by checkerboard MIC assay. Viable cell count was used to evaluate the combined effect of NAC and TGC on biofilm-embedded bacteria. Results MICs of NAC against 25 A. baumannii isolates ranged from 16 to 128 mg/mL. NAC alone (0.5-128 mg/mL) significantly inhibited biofilm formation and disrupted preformed biofilms. The combination of NAC and TGC induced a partial synergistic effect (60%) and additive effect (28%) on planktonic bacteria. For biofilm-embedded bacteria, treatment with 16 mg/mL NAC alone or 2 µg/mL TGC alone resulted in significant bactericidal effects (P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively); synergistic bactericidal effect was found at 4 mg/mL NAC combined with 0.5 µg/mL TGC (P<0.01). Conclusions NAC alone significantly inhibited biofilm formation of A. baumannii. The combination of NAC and TGC induced partial synergistic effect against planktonic cells and synergistic effect against biofilm-embedded A. baumannii, which might be a therapeutic option for biofilm-related infections of A. baumannii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlun Feng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Baomo Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Junwen Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qinqin Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Lixia Huang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Weijun Ou
- Center of Organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jincui Gu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shaoli Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Chao Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Yanbin Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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17
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Costa F, Sousa DM, Parreira P, Lamghari M, Gomes P, Martins MCL. N-acetylcysteine-functionalized coating avoids bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17374. [PMID: 29234086 PMCID: PMC5727138 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17310-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) is an FDA-approved drug clinically applied on a broad range of pathologies. Further research has been conducted with this drug to benefit from its antimicrobial activity potential. However, NAC has a very short half-life and therefore strategies that accomplish high local concentrations would be beneficial. In this study, covalent immobilization of NAC was performed, in order to obtain long-lasting high local concentration of the drug onto a chitosan(Ch)-derived implant-related coating. For the development of NAC-functionalized Ch films, water-based carbodiimide chemistry was applied to avoid the use of toxic organic solvents. Here we report the optimization steps performed to immobilize NAC onto the surface of pre-prepared Ch coatings, to ensure full exposure of NAC. Surface characterization using ellipsometry, water contact angle measurements and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), demonstrated the success of NAC immobilization at 4 mg/mL. Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) demonstrated that surface immobilized NAC decreases protein adsorption to Ch coatings. Biological studies confirmed that immobilized NAC4 avoids methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus adhesion to Ch coating, impairing biofilm formation, without inducing cytotoxic effects. This is particularly interesting towards further developments as a prevention coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabíola Costa
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua, Portugal
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniela M Sousa
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua, Portugal
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Parreira
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua, Portugal
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Meriem Lamghari
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua, Portugal
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Gomes
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - M Cristina L Martins
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua, Portugal.
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- Universidade do Porto, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Porto, Portugal.
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18
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Aiassa V, Zoppi A, Becerra MC, Albesa I, Longhi MR. Enhanced inhibition of bacterial biofilm formation and reduced leukocyte toxicity by chloramphenicol:β-cyclodextrin:N-acetylcysteine complex. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 152:672-678. [PMID: 27516318 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to improve the physicochemical and biological properties of chloramphenicol (CP) by multicomponent complexation with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC). The present work describes the ability of solid multicomponent complex (MC) to decrease biomass and cellular activity of Staphylococcus by crystal violet and XTT assay, and leukocyte toxicity, measuring the increase of reactive oxygen species by chemiluminescence, and using 123-dihydrorhodamine. In addition, MC was prepared by the freeze-drying or physical mixture methods, and then characterized by scanning electron microscopy and powder X-ray diffraction. Nuclear magnetic resonance and phase solubility studies provided information at the molecular level on the structure of the MC and its association binding constants, respectively. The results obtained allowed us to conclude that MC formation is an effective pharmaceutical strategy that can reduce CP toxicity against leukocytes, while enhancing its solubility and antibiofilm activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Aiassa
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina; Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Ariana Zoppi
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina; Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - M Cecilia Becerra
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Inés Albesa
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Marcela R Longhi
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina; Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
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The effect of N-acetylcysteine on biofilms: Implications for the treatment of respiratory tract infections. Respir Med 2016; 117:190-7. [PMID: 27492531 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2016.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In airway infections, biofilm formation has been demonstrated to be responsible for both acute and chronic events, and constitutes a genuine challenge in clinical practice. Difficulty in eradicating biofilms with systemic antibiotics has led clinicians to consider the possible role of non-antibiotic therapy. The aim of this review is to examine current evidence for the use of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in the treatment of biofilm-related respiratory infections. METHODS Electronic searches of PUBMED up to September 2015 were conducted, searching for 'biofilm', 'respiratory tract infection', 'N-acetylcysteine', 'cystic fibrosis', 'COPD', 'bronchiectasis', 'otitis', and 'bronchitis' in titles and abstracts. Studies included for review were primarily in English, but a few in Italian were also selected. RESULTS Biofilm formation may be involved in many infections, including ventilator-associated pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis, bronchitis, and upper respiratory airway infections. Many in vitro studies have demonstrated that NAC is effective in inhibiting biofilm formation, disrupting preformed biofilms (both initial and mature), and reducing bacterial viability in biofilms. There are fewer clinical studies on the use of NAC in disruption of biofilm formation, although there is some evidence that NAC alone or in combination with antibiotics can decrease the risk of exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and rhinosinusitis. However, the usefulness of NAC in the treatment of cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis is still matter of debate. Most of the studies published to date have used oral or intramuscular NAC formulations. CONCLUSIONS Evidence from in vitro studies indicates that NAC has good antibacterial properties and the ability to interfere with biofilm formation and disrupt biofilms. Results from clinical studies have provided some encouraging findings that need to be confirmed and expanded using other routes of administration of NAC such as inhalation.
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Molina-Manso D, Del-Prado G, Gómez-Barrena E, Cordero-Ampuero J, Fernandez-Roblas R, Esteban J. Effect of different agents with potential antibiofilm activity on antimicrobial susceptibility of biofilms formed by Staphylococcus spp. isolated from implant-related infections. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2016; 69:686-8. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2016.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Martínez SR, Rocca DM, Aiassa V, Becerra MC. Linezolid as an eradication agent against assembled methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra19670e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) biofilms eradicated by linezolid.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. R. Martínez
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV)
- CONICET
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
- Córdoba
- Argentina
| | - D. M. Rocca
- Departamento de Farmacia
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
- Córdoba
- Argentina
| | - V. Aiassa
- Departamento de Farmacia
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
- Córdoba
- Argentina
| | - M. C. Becerra
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV)
- CONICET
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
- Córdoba
- Argentina
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22
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Kleinschmidt S, Huygens F, Faoagali J, Rathnayake IU, Hafner LM. Staphylococcus epidermidis as a cause of bacteremia. Future Microbiol 2015; 10:1859-79. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis is a biofilm-producing commensal organism found ubiquitously on human skin and mucous membranes, as well as on animals and in the environment. Biofilm formation enables this organism to evade the host immune system. Colonization of percutaneous devices or implanted medical devices allows bacteria access to the bloodstream. Isolation of this organism from blood cultures may represent either contamination during the blood collection procedure or true bacteremia. S. epidermidis bloodstream infections may be indolent compared with other bacteria. Isolation of S. epidermidis from a blood culture may present a management quandary for clinicians. Over-treatment may lead to patient harm and increases in healthcare costs. There are numerous reports indicating the difficulty of predicting clinical infection in patients with positive blood cultures with this organism. No reliable phenotypic or genotypic algorithms currently exist to predict the pathogenicity of a S. epidermidis bloodstream infection. This review will discuss the latest advances in identification methods, global population structure, pathogenicity, biofilm formation, antimicrobial resistance and clinical significance of the detection of S. epidermidis in blood cultures. Previous studies that have attempted to discriminate between invasive and contaminating strains of S. epidermidis in blood cultures will be analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Kleinschmidt
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Microbiology Department, Pathology Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Flavia Huygens
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Joan Faoagali
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Irani U Rathnayake
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Louise M Hafner
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Vassallo M, Dunais B, Roger PM. Antimicrobial lock therapy in central-line associated bloodstream infections: a systematic review. Infection 2015; 43:389-98. [PMID: 25657033 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-015-0738-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Antimicrobial lock therapy (ALT) seems a promising approach for treatment of central line associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI). The recent introduction of molecules such as daptomycin and tigecycline, alone or in combination with other molecules, improved chances of efficacy of ALT, due to their activity on the bacterial biofilm. Our aim was to review the literature concerning ALT for CLABSI, including data concerning novel molecules. METHODS We included case-control studies evaluating two or more molecules as ALT in central venous catheter infections extracted from the Medline database. Among 221 available articles in Pubmed, 54 were selected for their particular interest concerning ALT. RESULTS Incidence of CLABSI is high worldwide. Mechanisms of catheter infection include contamination by skin bacteria, hand contamination and hematogenous diffusion. Catheter-infection is associated with biofilm formation, which reduces the efficacy of ALT. The most promising situation for ALT to succeed in salvaging a catheter appears to be coagulase-negative Staphylococcus infection, which is the main causative agent of CLABSI. Daptomycin, Tigecycline, Ethanol and Taurolidine appear as the best options for treating CLABSI; data are mostly available for Daptomycin, which showed, alone or associated with Rifampin, good in vitro potency on biofilm, but few in vivo data exist on efficacy. CONCLUSIONS The introduction of novel molecules has increased chances of catheter salvage with ALT in case of CLABSI, but further in vivo studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Vassallo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Cannes General Hospital, Cannes, France,
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Vassena C, Fenu S, Giuliani F, Fantetti L, Roncucci G, Simonutti G, Romanò CL, De Francesco R, Drago L. Photodynamic antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of RLP068/Cl against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa forming biofilms on prosthetic material. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2014; 44:47-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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Are antibiotics and surgery sufficient to treat biofilm-associated infections? Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2013; 31:641-2. [PMID: 24200034 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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