Overcoming the immortality of tumour cells by telomere and telomerase based cancer therapeutics – current status and future prospects

Imetelstat in myeloid malignancies: current data and future directions

INTRODUCTION

Telomerase reactivation allows cancer cells to maintain telomere length and evade senescence, making it an appealing therapeutic target. Imetelstat, an antisense oligonucleotide, is the first clinically effective telomerase inhibitor approved by the FDA and the European Commission for treating anemia in transfusion-dependent low-risk myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS).

AREAS COVERED

Sources for this review were identified through searches of PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, and conference abstracts. This review highlights the pharmacology, efficacy, and ongoing trials of imetelstat in treating MDS, myelofibrosis, essential thrombocythemia, and other malignancies. In the IMerge trial, imetelstat induced durable transfusion independence in heavily transfused LR-MDS patients. Pilot trials in myelofibrosis suggest imetelstat's potential disease-modifying properties and survival benefit, warranting further studies of imetelstat as a monotherapy or in combination therapies. Imetelstat can cause thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, elevated liver enzymes, and infusion reactions, which are mostly reversible but may rarely lead to fatal events.

EXPERT OPINION

Future clinical trials in LR-MDS should focus on optimal sequencing and combination strategies for imetelstat with other agents, and identifying biomarkers that can predict response. Monitoring real-world outcomes will offer valuable insights into imetelstat's safety and efficacy in patient populations underrepresented in clinical trials. Imetelstat's role in other malignancies, especially myelofibrosis, is being explored.

Immortalization of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Lines from Sheep Umbilical Cord Tissue

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess significant differentiation potential, making them highly promising in medicine and immunotherapy due to their regenerative capabilities and exosome secretion. However, challenges such as limited cell divisions and complex testing hinder large-scale MSC production. In this study, we successfully established an immortalized MSC line by transfecting the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene into MSCs isolated from pregnant sheep umbilical cords. This approach effectively inhibits cell senescence and promotes cell proliferation, enabling the generation of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UCMSCs) on a larger scale. Our findings demonstrate that these transfected TERT-UCMSCs exhibit enhanced proliferative capacity and a reduced aging rate compared to regular UCMSCs while maintaining their stemness without tumorigenicity concerns. Consequently, they hold great potential for medical applications requiring large quantities of functional MSCs.

Synthesis and Molecular Dynamic Simulation of Novel Cationic and Non-cationic Pyrimidine Derivatives as Potential G-quadruplex-ligands

BACKGROUND

Drug resistance has been a problem in cancer chemotherapy, which often causes shortterm effectiveness. Further, the literature indicates that telomere G-quadruplex could be a promising anti-cancer target.

OBJECTIVE

We synthesized and characterized two new pyrimidine derivatives as ligands for G-quadruplex DNA.

METHODS

The interaction of novel non-cationic and cationic pyrimidine derivatives (3a, b) with G-quadruplex DNA (1k8p and 3qsc) was explored by circular dichroism (CD) and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) methods. The antiproliferative activity of desired compounds was evaluated by the MTT assay. Apoptosis induction was assessed by Propidium iodide (P.I.) staining and flow cytometry. Computational molecular modeling (CMM) and molecular dynamics simulation (MD) were studied on the complexes of 1k8p and 3qsc with the compounds. The van der Waals, electrostatic, polar solvation, solventaccessible surface area (SASA), and binding energies were calculated and analyzed.

RESULTS

The experimental results confirmed that both compounds 3a and 3b interacted with 1k8p and 3qsc and exerted cytotoxic and proapoptotic effects on cancer cells. The number of hydrogen bonds and the RMSD values increased in the presence of the ligands, indicating stronger binding and suggesting increased structural dynamics. The electrostatic contribution to binding energy was higher for the cationic pyrimidine 3b, indicating more negative binding energies.

CONCLUSION

Both experimental and MD results confirmed that 3b was more prone to form a complex with DNA G-quadruplex (1k8p and 3qsc), inhibit cell growth, and induce apoptosis, compared to the non-cationic pyrimidine 3a.

Endometrial telomerase activity in women with either endometrial cancer or hyperplasia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

AIM

We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess whether endometrial telomerase activity is associated with endometrial cancer or hyperplasia.

METHODS

PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Scielo, LILAC, and CNKI databases were searched to obtain relevant literature for articles published through June 2022, following PRISMA guidelines and a registered PROSPERO protocol. We included observational studies reporting endometrial telomerase activity in patients with either endometrial cancer or hyperplasia compared with benign endometrial tissue (control women). The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to evaluate the quality of studies. Data were expressed as the odds ratios (OR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI). Random effects and inverse variance methods were used to meta-analyze associations. The I² test was used to assess heterogeneity.

RESULTS

There were significant associations between endometrial telomerase activity and either endometrial cancer (20 studies, OR = 10.65, 95 % CI 6.39, 17.75, p = 0.00001, I² = 21 %) or endometrial hyperplasia (nine studies, OR = 3.62, 95 % CI 1.61, 8.13, p = 0.002, I² = 36 %) compared to women without endometrial cancer and hyperplasia. There was not a significant difference in telomerase activity in women with endometrial cancer compared to those with endometrial hyperplasia (seven studies, OR = 1.03; 95 % CI 0.31, 3.37, p = 0.96, I² = 49 %). In subgroup analyses, there were no significant differences in telomerase activity in patients with endometrial cancer by type of observational studies and by countries of the studies.

CONCLUSION

Endometrial telomerase activity is higher in women with either endometrial cancer or endometrial hyperplasia compared to control women without those lesions.

Establishing an hTERT-driven immortalized umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cell line and its therapeutic application in mice with liver failure

Acute liver failure (ALF) is characterized by rapid liver cell destruction. It is a multi-etiological and fulminant complication with a clinical mortality of over 80%. Therapy using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) or MSCs-derived exosomes can alleviate acute liver injury, which has been demonstrated in animal experiments and clinical application. However, similar to other stem cells, different cell sources, poor stability, cell senescence and other factors limit the clinical application of MSCs. To achieve mass production and quality control on stem cells and their exosomes, transfecting umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell (UCMSC) with lentivirus overexpressing human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene, the hTERT-UCMSC was constructed as an immortalized MSC cell line. Compared with the primary UCMSC (P3) and immortalized cell line hTERT-UCMSC at early passage (P10), the hTERT-UCMSC retained the key morphological and physiological characteristics of UCMSC at the 35th passage (P35), and showed no signs of carcinogenicity and toxic effect in mice. There was no difference in either exosome production or characteristics of exosomes among cultures from P3 primary cells, P10 and P35 immortalized hTERT-UCMSCs. Inoculation of either hTERT-UCMSC (P35) or its exosomes improved the survival rate and liver function of ALF mice induced by thioacetamide (TAA). Our findings suggest that this immortalized cell line can maintain its characteristics in long-term culture. Inoculation of hTERT-UCMSC and its exosomes could potentially be used in clinics for the treatment of liver failure in the future.

Design of New Improved Curcumin Derivatives to Multi-targets of Cancer and Inflammation

BACKGROUND

Curcumin is a major active principle of Curcuma longa. There are more than 1700 citations in the Medline, reflecting various biological effects of curcumin. Most of these biological activities are associated with the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antitumor activity of the molecule. Several reports suggest various targets of natural curcumin that include growth factors, growth factor receptor, cytokines, enzymes and gene regulators of apoptosis. This review focuses on the improved curcumin derivatives that target the cancer and inflammation.

METHODOLOGY

In this present review, we explored the anticancer drugs with curcumin-based drugs under pre-clinical and clinical studies with critical examination. Based on the strong scientific reports of patentable and non-patented literature survey, we have investigated the mode of the interactions of curcumin-based molecules with the target molecules.

RESULTS

Advanced studies have added new dimensions of the molecular response of cancer cells to curcumin at the genomic level. However, poor bioavailability of the molecule seems to be the major limitation of the curcumin. Several researchers have been involved to improve the curcumin derivatives to overcome this limitation. Sufficient data of clinical trials to various cancers that include multiple myeloma, pancreatic cancer and colon cancer, have also been discussed.

CONCLUSION

The detailed analysis of the structure-activity relationship (SAR) and common synthesis of curcumin-based derivatives have been discussed in the review. Utilising the predictions of in silico coupled with validation reports of in vitro and in vivo studies have concluded many targets for curcumin. Among them, cancer-related inflammation genes regulating curcumin-based molecules are a very promising target to overcome hurdles in the multimodality therapy of cancer.

DNA Binding and DNA Cleavage Activities of Newly Synthesized CoII and CuII Complexes of a β-Cyclodextrin Based Azo-Functionalized Schiff Base

Two water soluble complexes with CoII and CuII ions were synthesized using a novel β-cyclodextrin based azo-functionalized Schiff base as a ligand. The Schiff base and its metal complexes were characterized by different physico-chemical and spectroscopic methods. From the analyses of the experimental data, distorted octahedral geometry has been assigned for both the metal complexes. The binding interactions between the metal complexes and DNA were investigated by means of a thermal denaturation study and viscosity measurements as well as by electronic absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. The DNA cleavage efficacy of the metal complexes was also studied by agarose gel electrophoresis using pBR DNA. These studies revealed that both the metal complexes followed an intercalative mode of binding to calf thymus (CT)-DNA and also effectively cleaved the supercoiled pBR DNA. The CoII complex, however, more efficiently cleaved CT-DNA than the CuII complex as much as the experimental results are concerned.

Duplex-tetraplex equilibria in guanine- and cytosine-rich DNA

Noncanonical four-stranded DNA structures, including G-quadruplexes and i-motifs, have been discovered in the cell and are implicated in a variety of genomic regulatory functions. The tendency of a specific guanine- and cytosine-rich region of genomic DNA to adopt a four-stranded conformation depends on its ability to overcome the constraints of duplex base-pairing by undergoing consecutive duplex-to-coil and coil-to-tetraplex transitions. The latter ability is determined by the balance between the free energies of participating ordered and disordered structures. In this review, we present an overview of the literature on the stability of G-quadruplex and i-motif structures and discuss the extent of duplex-tetraplex competition as a function of the sequence context of the DNA and environmental conditions including temperature, pH, salt, molecular crowding, and the presence of G-quadruplex-binding ligands. We outline how the results of in vitro studies can be expanded to understanding duplex-tetraplex equilibria in vivo.

Binuclear and tetranuclear Zn(ii) complexes with thiosemicarbazones: synthesis, X-ray crystal structures, ATP-sensing, DNA-binding, phosphatase activity and theoretical calculations

Two Zinc(ii) complexes [Zn₄(L¹)₄]·2H₂O (1) and [Zn₂(L²)₂]·2H₂O (2) of pyruvaldehydethiosemicarbazone ligands are reported. The complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, NMR, UV-vis spectroscopy and by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. X-ray crystal structure determinations of the complexes show that though Zn : ligand stoichiometry is 1 : 1 in both the complexes, the molecular unit is tetranuclear for 1 and binuclear for 2. Both the complexes show selective sensing of ATP at pH 7.4 (0.01 M HEPES) in CH₃CN–H₂O (9 : 1) medium in the presence of other anions like AcO⁻, NO₃⁻, F⁻, Cl⁻, H₂PO₄⁻, HPO₄²⁻ and P₂O₇²⁻. The UV-titration experiments of complexes 1 and 2 with ATP results in binding constants of 2.0(±0.07) × 10⁴ M⁻¹ and 7.1(±0.05) × 10³ M⁻¹ respectively. The calculated detection limits of 6.7 μM and 1.7 μM for 1 and 2 respectively suggest that the complexes are sensitive detectors of ATP. High selectivity of the complexes is confirmed by the addition of ATP in presence of an excess of other anions. DFT studies confirm that the ATP complexes are more favorable than those with the other inorganic phosphate anions, in agreement with the experimental results. Phosphatase like activity of both complexes is investigated spectrophotometrically using 4-nitrophenylphosphate (NPP) as a substrate, indicating the complexes possess significant phosphate ester hydrolytic efficiency. The kinetics for the hydrolysis of the substrate NPP was studied by the initial rate method at 25 °C. Michaelis–Menten derived kinetic parameters indicate that rate of hydrolysis of the P–O bond by complex 1 is much greater than that of complex 2, the k_cat values being 212(±5) and 38(±2) h⁻¹ respectively. The DNA binding studies of the complexes were investigated using electronic absorption spectroscopy and fluorescence quenching. The absorption spectral titrations of the complexes with DNA indicate that the CT-DNA binding affinity (K_b) of complex 1 (2.10(±0.07) × 10⁶ M⁻¹) is slightly greater than that of 2 (1.11(±0.04) × 10⁶ M⁻¹). From fluorescence spectra the apparent binding constant (K_app) values were calculated and they are found to be 5.41(±0.01) × 10⁵ M⁻¹ for 1 and 3.93(±0.02) × 10⁵ M⁻¹ for 2. The molecular dynamics simulation demonstrates that the Zn(ii) complex 1 is a good intercalator of DNA.

A binuclear and a tetranuclear zinc(ii) of pyruvaldehyde thiosemicarbazone show selective sensing of ATP at pH 7.4 (0.01 M HEPES) in CH₃CN–H₂O (9 : 1) medium. The DNA binding and phosphatase activities of the complexes are also reported.

DNA Cleavage Properties, Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activity and 4D-QSAR Analysis of Some Pyrazole Derivatives

Background:

An extensive study of 19 pyrazole derivatives were carried out based on the evaluation of DNA cleavage properties, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities and 4D-QSAR analysis including pharmacophore modelling and bioactivity prediction by the Electron Conformational-Genetic Algorithm (EC-GA) method.

Methods:

The pyrazole derivatives were tested for their antimicrobial activity against certain human pathogenic organisms using the agar diffusion procedure. Binding of compounds with DNA was studied by gel electrophoresis using plasmid pBR322 DNA. The compounds were investigated for their properties as cytotoxic agents by brine shrimp lethality bioassay. To identify the pharmacophoric elements and find out the most important molecular properties which govern cytotoxic activity, multiple conformations of the compounds were used.

Results:

The urea derivatives of pyrazole had higher antibacterial activities against Gram-negative bacteria than against Gram-positive bacteria. Many of the compounds were found to cleave plasmid pBR322 DNA from the supercoiled form to the nicked circular. The cytotoxicity values of the compounds ranged from 13.87 to 84.1 µg/mL. The generated QSAR model was evaluated through the use of the Leave-One-Out Cross Validation (LOO-CV) method. A statistically significant and considerably predictive QSAR model was obtained with 4- descriptors resulting in R2 training =0.8223, R2 test =0.9346, q2=0.6201, q2 ext1=0.8672, q2 ext2= 0.8662 and q2 ext3=0.9511.

Discussion:

The generated model demonstrates that geometrical parameters are more correlated with cytotoxic activity. The resulting EC-GA model would provide benefits to design novel bioactive pyrazole derivatives which are more potent and have less side effects.

Conclusion:

It is believed that the generated QSAR model gives insight into developing new more potent pyrazole derivative drugs.

G-Quadruplex DNA and RNA

G-quadruplexes (G4s) have become one of the most exciting nucleic acid secondary structures. A noncanonical, four-stranded structure formed in guanine-rich DNA and RNA sequences, G-quadruplexes can readily form under physiologically relevant conditions and are globularly folded structures. DNA is widely recognized as a double-helical structure essential in genetic information storage. However, only ~3% of the human genome is expressed in protein; RNA and DNA may form noncanonical secondary structures that are functionally important. G-quadruplexes are one such example which have gained considerable attention for their formation and regulatory roles in biologically significant regions, such as human telomeres, oncogene-promoter regions, replication initiation sites, and 5'- and 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of mRNA. They are shown to be a regulatory motif in a number of critical cellular processes including gene transcription, translation, replication, and genomic stability. G-quadruplexes are also found in nonhuman genomes, particularly those of human pathogens. Therefore, G-quadruplexes have emerged as a new class of molecular targets for drug development. In addition, there is considerable interest in the use of G-quadruplexes for biomaterials, biosensors, and biocatalysts. The First International Meeting on Quadruplex DNA was held in 2007, and the G-quadruplex field has been growing dramatically over the last decade. The methods used to study G-quadruplexes have been essential to the rapid progress in our understanding of this exciting nucleic acid secondary structure.

Self-assembled uracil complexes containing tautomeric uracils: an IRMPD spectroscopic and computation study of the structures of gaseous uracilnCa2+ (n = 4, 5, or 6) complexes

The structures of doubly-charged uracil (U) complexes with Ca²⁺, U_nCa²⁺ (n = 4, 5, 6), were studied by infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy and computational methods.

Effect of structure variations on the quadruplex DNA binding ability of nickel Schiff base complexes

The synthesis of two new series of nickel complexes is described, along with their ability to bind to duplex and quadruplex DNA structures.

Intercalation of a Zn(II) complex containing ciprofloxacin drug between DNA base pairs

In this study, an attempt has been made to study the interaction of a Zn(II) complex containing an antibiotic drug, ciprofloxacin, with calf thymus DNA using spectroscopic methods. It was found that Zn(II) complex could bind with DNA via intercalation mode as evidenced by: hyperchromism in UV-Vis spectrum; these spectral characteristics suggest that the Zn(II) complex interacts with DNA most likely through a mode that involves a stacking interaction between the aromatic chromophore and the base pairs of DNA. DNA binding constant (K_b = 1.4 × 10⁴ M^-1) from spectrophotometric studies of the interaction of Zn(II) complex with DNA is comparable to those of some DNA intercalative polypyridyl Ru(II) complexes 1.0 -4.8 × 10⁴ M^-1. CD study showed stabilization of the right-handed B form of DNA in the presence of Zn(II) complex as observed for the classical intercalator methylene blue. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔH < 0 and ΔS < 0) indicated that hydrogen bond and Van der Waals play main roles in this binding prose. Competitive fluorimetric studies with methylene blue (MB) dye have shown that Zn(II) complex exhibits the ability of this complex to displace with DNA-MB, indicating that it binds to DNA in strong competition with MB for the intercalation.

Novel production method of innovative antiangiogenic and antitumor small peptides in Escherichia coli

BACKGROUND

Developing innovative drugs with potent efficacy, specificity, and high safety remains an ongoing task in antitumor therapy development. In the last few years, peptide drugs have become attractive agents in cancer therapy. HM-3, mainly with antiangiogenic effect, and AP25, with an additional antiproliferative effect, are two peptides designed in our laboratory targeting αvβ3 and α5β1 integrins, respectively. The low molecular weight of the two peptides renders their recombinant expression very difficult, and the complicated structure of AP25 makes its chemical synthesis restricted, which presents a big challenge for its development.

METHODS

Bifunctional peptides designed by the ligation of HM-3 and AP25, using linkers with different flexibility, were prepared using recombinant DNA technology in Escherichia coli. The fusion peptides were expressed in a modified auto-induction medium based on a mixture of glucose, glycerol, and lactose as carbon substrates and NH4+ as nitrogen source without any amino acid or other elements. Subsequently, the antiangiogenic, antiproliferative, and cell adhesion assays were conducted to evaluate the bioactivity of the two fusion peptides.

RESULTS

The peptides were successfully expressed in a soluble form without any induction, which allows the culture to reach higher cell density before protein expression occurs. Human umbilical vein endothelial cell migration assay and chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane assay showed, at low doses, a significantly increased antiangiogenic effect (>75%) of the purified products compared with the single molecules. Meanwhile, MTT assay confirmed their enhanced antitumor activity against gastric cancer cell line MGC-803; however, no significant effect was observed on hepatoma HepG2 cells and no cytotoxicity on normal human lens epithelial cell SRA01/04 and human epithelial esophageal cells.

CONCLUSION

Bifunctional molecules with antiangiogenic and antiproliferative effects were obtained by using this technique, which presents an alternative for small peptide production, instead of the conventional chemical method. The increased molecular weight facilitates the peptide expression with a simultaneous improvement in their stability and biological activity.

PinX1 Is a Potential Prognostic Factor for Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer and Inhibits Cell Proliferation and Migration

PinX1 has been identified as a suppressor of telomerase enzymatic activity. However, the tumour-suppressive roles of PinX1 in different types of human cancers are unclear. PinX1 expression status and its correlation with clinicopathological features in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have not been investigated. Accordingly, in this study, we aimed to evaluate the roles of PinX1 in NSCLC. PinX1 expression status was examined by immunohistochemistry using tissue microarray from a total of 158 patients. Correlations among PinX1 expression, clinicopathological variables, and patient survival were analysed. Furthermore, we overexpressed PinX1 in NSCLC cells and tested telomerase activity using real-time quantitative telomeric repeat amplification protocol (qTRAP) assays. Proliferation and migration of NSCLC cells were examined using the MTS method, wound healing assays, and transwell assays, respectively. Our results showed that negative PinX1 expression was associated with a poor prognosis in NSCLC. Sex, smoking status, lymph gland status, subcarinal lymph node status, pathological stage, and PinX1 expression were related to survival. PinX1 was not an independent prognostic factor in NSCLC. PinX1 overexpression inhibited proliferation and migration in NSCLC cells by suppressing telomerase activity. Our findings suggested that PinX1 could be a potential tumour suppressor in NSCLC and that loss of PinX1 promoted NSCLC progression.

Targeting telomerase and telomeres to enhance ionizing radiation effects in in vitro and in vivo cancer models

One of the hallmarks of cancer consists in the ability of tumor cells to divide indefinitely, and to maintain stable telomere lengths throughout the activation of specific telomere maintenance mechanisms (TMM). Therefore in the last fifteen years, researchers proposed to target telomerase or telomeric structure in order to block limitless replicative potential of cancer cells providing a fascinating strategy for a broad-spectrum cancer therapy. In the present review, we report in vitro and in vivo evidence regarding the use of chemical agents targeting both telomerase or telomere structure and showing promising antitumor effects when used in combination with ionizing radiation (IR). RNA interference, antisense oligonucleotides (e.g., GRN163L), non-nucleoside inhibitors (e.g., BIBR1532) and nucleoside analogs (e.g., AZT) represent some of the most potent strategies to inhibit telomerase activity used in combination with IR. Furthermore, radiosensitizing effects were demonstrated also for agents acting directly on the telomeric structure such as G4-ligands (e.g., RHPS4 and Telomestatin) or telomeric-oligos (T-oligos). To date, some of these compounds are under clinical evaluation (e.g., GRN163L and KML001). Advantages of Telomere/Telomerase Targeting Compounds (T/TTCs) coupled with radiotherapy may be relevant in the treatment of radioresistant tumors and in the development of new optimized treatment plans with reduced dose adsorbed by patients and consequent attenuation of short- end long-term side effects. Pros and cons of possible future applications in cancer therapy based on the combination of T/TCCs and radiation treatment are discussed.

A systematic approach to cancer: evolution beyond selection

Cancer is typically scrutinized as a pathological process characterized by chromosomal aberrations and clonal expansion subject to stochastic Darwinian selection within adaptive cellular ecosystems. Cognition based evolution is suggested as an alternative approach to cancer development and progression in which neoplastic cells of differing karyotypes and cellular lineages are assessed as self-referential agencies with purposive participation within tissue microenvironments. As distinct self-aware entities, neoplastic cells occupy unique participant/observer status within tissue ecologies. In consequence, neoplastic proliferation by clonal lineages is enhanced by the advantaged utilization of ecological resources through flexible re-connection with progenitor evolutionary stages.

PinX1 suppresses tumorigenesis by negatively regulating telomerase/telomeres in colorectal carcinoma cells and is a promising molecular marker for patient prognosis

PinX1 plays positive and negative roles in the maintenance of telomerase and telomeres, as well as in tumorigenesis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression and clinical significance of PinX1 in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) and to determine the effect of PinX1 on CRC cell proliferation and apoptosis. A total of 86 CRC patients treated with radical resection and 5-fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy were enrolled in this study. The expression dynamics of PinX1 was detected by immunohistochemistry in the CRC patients and 25 normal colonic mucosa controls. PinX1 expression was significantly reduced in tumor tissues as compared to normal tissues, and the rate of PinX1 protein low/negative expression in CRC and normal tissues was 60% (52/86) and 24% (6/25), respectively (P=0.037). In addition, PinX1 downregulation was significantly associated with short overall survival (P=0.016) and disease-free survival (P=0.042) in CRC patients. Cox proportional hazards model further revealed that PinX1 expression was an independent factor in predicting overall survival and disease-free survival for CRC patients. Furthermore, we demonstrated that ectopic overexpression of PinX1 in CRC cells inhibited their proliferation, promoted apoptosis, repressed telomerase activity, and induced telomere shortening. These findings suggest that PinX1 may be a prognostic biomarker for CRC patients’ survival and that it inhibits cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis by repressing telomerase activity and inducing telomere shortening. Targeting PinX1 may therefore provide a novel therapeutic strategy for CRC patients.

Synthesis, spectral, thermal, crystal structure, Hirschfeld analysis of [bis(triamine)Cadimium(II)][Cadimum(IV)tetra-bromide] complexes and their thermolysis to CdO nanoparticles

Background

The coordination chemistry of cadmium(II) with diamine ligands is of particular interest. The most common structure around cadmium(II) center in their complexes is tetrahedral, that is due the octet rule obeyed. Nevertheless, five and six-coordinated complexes are also well known. Now a day, many cadmium(II) complexes with chelate ligands were synthesized for their structural or applications properties. Antibacterial activities and DNA binding affinity of this class of cadmium complexes have attracted considerable interest.

Results

Cadmium(II) complexes in dicationic form with general formula [Cd(dien)₂]CdBr₄ complex 1 (dien = diethylenetriamine) and [Cd(dipn)₂]CdBr₄ complex 2 (dipn = diproylenetriamine) were prepared and elucidated there chemical structures by elemental analysis, UV–Vis, IR, TG and NMR, additionally complex 1 structure was solved by X-ray diffraction study. The Cd(II) cation is located in a slightly distorted octahedral geometry while Cd(IV) anion is in tetrahedral geometry. High stability of the synthesized complexes confirmed by TG. Thermolysis of complex 1 revealed the formation of pure cubic nanoparticles CdO which was deduced by spectral analysis. The average size of CdO nanoparticles was found to be ~60 nm.

Conclusions

Two new Cd(II) complexes of general formula [Cd(N₃)₂]CdBr₄ were made available. The structure of [Cd(dien)₂]CdBr₄ was confirmed by X-ray diffraction. Thermal, electro and spectral analysis were also investigated in this study. The direct thermolysis of such complexes formed a cubic CdO regular spherical nanoparticle with the ~60 nm average particle size.Graphical abstract

ct-DNA Binding and Antibacterial Activity of Octahedral Titanium (IV) Heteroleptic (Benzoylacetone and Hydroxamic Acids) Complexes

Five structurally related titanium (IV) heteroleptic complexes, [TiCl₂(bzac)(L^1–4)] and [TiCl₃(bzac)(HL⁵)]; bzac = benzoylacetonate; L^1–5 = benzohydroximate (L¹), salicylhydroximate (L²), acetohydroximate (L³), hydroxyurea (L⁴), and N-benzoyl-N-phenyl hydroxylamine (L⁵), were used for the assessment of their antibacterial activities against ten pathogenic bacterial strains. The titanium (IV) complexes (1–5) demonstrated significant level of antibacterial properties as measured using agar well diffusion method. UV-Vis absorption spectroscopic technique was applied, to get a better insight into the nature of binding between titanium (IV) complexes with calf thymus DNA (ct-DNA). On the basis of the results of UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, the interaction between ct-DNA and the titanium (IV) complexes is likely to occur through the same mode. Results indicated that titanium (IV) complex can bind to calf thymus DNA (ct-DNA) via an intercalative mode. The intrinsic binding constant (K_b) was calculated by absorption spectra by using Benesi-Hildebrand equation. Further, Gibbs free energy was also calculated for all the complexes.

Potassium increases the antitumor effects of ascorbic acid in breast cancer cell lines in vitro

Ascorbic acid (A) has been demonstrated to exhibit anti-cancer activity in association with chemotherapeutic agents. Potassium (K) is a regulator of cellular proliferation. In the present study, the biological effects of A and K bicarbonate, alone or in combination (A+K), on breast cancer cell lines were evaluated. The survival of cancer cells was determined by sulforhodamine B cell proliferation assay, while analysis of the cell cycle distribution was conducted via fluorescence-activated cell sorting. In addition, the expression of signaling proteins was analyzed upon treatment. The results indicated that there was a heterogeneous response of the different cell lines to A and K, and the best effects were achieved by A+K and A treatment. The interaction between A+K indicated an additive or synergistic effect. In addition, A+K increased the percentage of cells in the sub-G1 phase of the cell cycle, and was the most effective treatment in activating the degradation of poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase-1. In the breast cancer cell line MCF-7, A+K induced the appearance of the 18 kDa isoform of B-cell lymphoma-2-associated X protein (Bax), which is a more potent inducer of apoptosis than the full-length Bax-p21. The effects of A and K on the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1 and ERK2 were heterogeneous. In addition, treatment with K, A and A+K inhibited the expression of nuclear factor-κB. Overall, the results of the present study indicated that K potentiated the anti-tumoral effects of A in breast cancer cells in vitro.

A novel method for banking stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth: lentiviral TERT immortalization and phenotypical analysis

Background

Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) have recently attracted attention as novel multipotential stem cell sources. However, their application is limited due to in vitro replicative senescence. Ectopic expression of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is a promising strategy for overcoming this replicative senescence. Nevertheless, its potential application and the phenotype as well as tumorigenicity have never been assessed in SHED.

Methods

TERT expression was stably restored in SHED (TERT-SHED) isolated from healthy children aged 6–8 years using lentiviral transduction with a puromycin selection marker. The expression of TERT was detected using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, Western blot and immunofluorescence. Surface markers of SHED were detected by flow cytometry. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to assess senescence-associated β-galactosidase, while CCK-8 methods were used to examine the proliferation capacity of SHED and TERT-SHED at different passages. Moreover, multilineage differentiation, karyotype, colony formation in soft agar, and tumor formation in nude mice of SHED and TERT-SHED were also examined.

Results

Lentiviral transduction induced stable TERT expression even in SHED at the 40th passage. TERT-SHED showed robust proliferation capacity and low concentration of β-galactosidase. Although they had some different biomarkers than early passage SHED, TERT-SHED at late passage showed similar mutilineage differentiation as TERT at early passage. Moreover, TERT-SHED at late passage showed normal karyotype, no soft agar colony formation, and no tumor formation in nude mice.

Conclusions

TERT-immortalized SHED may be a promising resource for stem-cell therapy, although attention should be paid to the biological behavior of the cells.

G-Quadruplex DNA-binding quaternary alkaloids from Tylophora atrofolliculata

Quaternary alkaloids from T. atrofolliculata with human telomeric DNA G-quadruplex binding capacity.

Myricetin arrests human telomeric G-quadruplex structure: a new mechanistic approach as an anticancer agent

The use of small molecules to arrest G-quadruplex structure has become a potential strategy for the development and design of a new class of anticancer therapeutics.

Molecular diversity in several pyridyl based Cu(ii) complexes: biophysical interaction and redox triggered fluorescence switch

A novel approach for detection of intra-cellular Cu⁺inE. coliand human blood cells is reported. Studies on several pyridyl based Cu(ii) complexes and interaction of ct DNA with one of them are carried out for plausible application in biology concerning disruption of normal DNA activity.

AMF/PGI-mediated tumorigenesis through MAPK-ERK signaling in endometrial carcinoma

Autocrine motility factor (AMF), which is also known as phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI), enhances tumor cell growth and motility. In this study, we found that AMF and its receptor were both highly expressed in Endometrial Carcinoma (EC) tissues compared to normal tissues. Levels of AMF were increased in serum of endometrial cancer patients. Downregulation of AMF by shRNA inhibited invasion, migration and proliferation as well as growth in a three-dimensional culture. AMF cytokine function, but not enzymatic activity of PGI, regulated tumorigenic activities of AMF. The MAPK-ERK1/2 pathway contributed to AMF-induced effects in EC cells. In agreement, Mek inhibitor decreased AMF-induced invasion, migration and proliferation of EC cells. In addition, in two mouse tumor metastasis models (EC cells delivered through left ventricle or intraperitoneally) AMF-silenced EC cells showed decreased tumor proliferative and metastatic capacities. We suggest that AMF/PGI is a potential therapeutic target in endometrial carcinoma.

Synthesis, DNA binding and complex formation reactions of 3-amino-5,6-dimethyl-1,2,4-triazine with Pd(II) and some selected biorelevant ligands

With the purpose of studying the binding behavior of Pd(II) complexes with DNA as the main biological target, and their ability to penetrate reasonably into tumour cells and destroy their replication ability, Pd(ADT)Cl2 complex was synthesized and characterized, where ADT is 3-amino-5,6-dimethyl-1,2,4-triazine. Stoichiometry and stability constants of the complexes formed between various biologically relevant ligands (amino acids, amides, DNA constituents, and dicarboxylic acids) and [Pd(ADT)(H2O)2](2+) were investigated at 25°C and at constant 0.1moldm(-3) ionic strength. The concentration distribution diagrams of the various species formed are evaluated. Further investigation of the binding properties of the diaqua complex [Pd(ADT)(H2O)2](2+) with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) was investigated by UV-vis spectroscopy. The intrinsic binding constants (Kb) calculated from UV-vis absorption studies was calculated to be 2.00×10(3)moldm(-3). The calculated (Kb) value was found to be of lower magnitude than that of the classical intercalator EB (Ethidium bromide) (Kb=1.23(±0.07)×10(5)moldm(-3)) suggesting an electrostatic and/or groove binding mode for the interaction with CT-DNA. Thermal denaturation has been systematically studied by spectrophotometric method and the calculated ΔTm was nearly 5°C, supporting the electrostatic and/or groove binding mode for the interaction between the complex and CT-DNA.

Stabilization of G-quadruplex DNA, inhibition of telomerase activity, and tumor cell apoptosis by organoplatinum(II) complexes with oxoisoaporphine

Two G-quadruplex ligands [Pt(L(a))(DMSO)Cl] (Pt1) and [Pt(L(b))(DMSO)Cl] (Pt2) have been synthesized and fully characterized. The two complexes are more selective for SK-OV-3/DDP tumor cells versus normal cells (HL-7702). It was found that both Pt1 and Pt2 could be a telomerase inhibitor targeting G-quadruplex DNA. This is the first report demonstrating that telomeric, c-myc, and bcl-2 G-quadruplexes and caspase-3/9 preferred to bind with Pt2 rather than Pt1, which also can induce senescence and apoptosis. The different biological behavior of Pt1 and Pt2 may correlate with the presence of a 6-hydroxyl group in L(b). Importantly, Pt1 and Pt2 exhibited higher safety in vivo and more effective inhibitory effects on tumor growth in the HCT-8 and NCI-H460 xenograft mouse model, compared with cisplatin. Taken together, these mechanistic insights indicate that both Pt1 and Pt2 display low toxicity and could be novel anticancer drug candidates.

New water-soluble copper (II) complexes including 4,7-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline and L-tyrosine: synthesis, characterization, DNA interactions and cytotoxicities

Two new water-soluble copper(II) complexes, [Cu(dmphen)2(NO3)]NO3 (1), [Cu(dmphen)(tyr)(H2O)]NO3·H2O (2) and the diquarternary salt of dmphen (dmphen = 4,7-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline and tyr = L-tyrosine), have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR and IR spectroscopy, thermal analysis and single crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. The CT-DNA binding properties of these compounds have been investigated by absorption, emission spectroscopy and thermal denaturation measurements. The supercoiled pBR322 plasmid DNA cleavage activity of these compounds has been explored by agarose gel electrophoresis. The cytotoxicity of these compounds against MCF-7, Caco-2, A549 cancer cells and BEAS-2B healthy cells was also studied by the XTT method. Complexes 1 and 2 exhibit significant cytotoxicity, with lower IC50 values than those of cisplatin.

Versatile G-quadruplex-mediated strategies in label-free biosensors and logic systems

This review addresses how G-quadruplex (G4)-mediated biosensors convert the events of target recognition into a measurable physical signal. The application of label-free G4-strategies in the construction of logic systems is also discussed.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of hybrid acridine-HSP90 ligand conjugates as telomerase inhibitors

The synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of bifunctional acridine-HSP90 inhibitor ligands as telomerase inhibitors is herein described.

Recognition of chelerythrine to human telomeric DNA and RNA G-quadruplexes

A study on binding of antitumor chelerythrine to human telomeric DNA/RNA G-quadruplexes was performed by using DNA polymerase stop assay, UV-melting, ESI-TOF-MS, UV-Vis absorption spectrophotometry and fluorescent triazole orange displacement assay. Chelerythrine selectively binds to and stabilizes the K(+)-form hybrid-type human telomeric DNA G-quadruplex of biological significance, compared with the Na(+)-form antiparallel-type DNA G-quadruplex. ESI-TOF-MS study showed that chelerythrine possesses a binding strength for DNA G-quadruplex comparable to that of TMPyP4 tetrachloride. Both 1:1 and 2:1 stoichiometries were observed for chelerythrine's binding with DNA and RNA G-quadruplexes. The binding strength of chelerythrine with RNA G-quadruplex is stronger than that with DNA G-quadruplex. Fluorescent triazole orange displacement assay revealed that chelerythrine interacts with human telomeric RNA/DNA G-quadruplexes by the mode of end- stacking. The relative binding strength of chelerythrine for human telomeric RNA and DNA G-quadruplexes obtained from ESI-TOF-MS experiments are respectively 6.0- and 2.5-fold tighter than that with human telomeric double-stranded hairpin DNA. The binding selectivity of chelerythrine for the biologically significant K(+)-form human telomeric DNA G-quadruplex over the Na(+)-form analogue, and binding specificity for human telomeric RNA G-quadruplex established it as a promising candidate in the structure-based design and development of G-quadruplex specific ligands.

Curcuminoid derivatives enhance telomerase activity in an in vitro TRAP assay

The length of telomeres controls the life span of eukaryotic cells. Telomerase maintains the length of telomeres in certain eukaryotic cells, such as germline cells and stem cells, and allows these cells to evade replicative senescence. Here, we report for the first time a number of curcuminoid derivatives that enhance telomerase activity in an in vitro TRAP assay. A preliminary analysis of structure-activity relationships found that the minimal requirement for this enhanced telomerase activity is a curcuminoid core with at least one n-pentylpyridine side chain, while curcuminoids with two such side chains exhibit even greater activity. The finding here might lead to a new class of telomerase activators that act directly or indirectly on telomerase, rather than through the reactivation of the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene associated with other telomerase activators found in the literature.