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Jin HS, Song K, Baek JH, Lee JE, Kim DJ, Nam GW, Kang NJ, Lee DW. Identification of Matrix Metalloproteinase-1-Suppressive Peptides in Feather Keratin Hydrolysate. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:12719-12729. [PMID: 30395462 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which degrade collagen and elastin in the dermis of normal skin, is a key strategy for anti-skin aging. In this study, we identified five low-molecular-weight (LMW, <1 kDa) MMP-1-suppressive peptides in feather keratin hydrolysate (FKH) obtained by anaerobic digestion with an extremophilic bacterium. FKH was first subjected to ultrafiltration, followed by size-exclusion chromatography and liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Chemically synthesized peptides identical to the sequences identified suppressed MMP expression in human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). To investigate the impact of the MMP-1-suppressive peptides on the signaling pathway, we performed antibody array phosphorylation profiling of HDFs. The results suggested that the peptide GGFDL regulates ultraviolet-B-induced MMP-1 expression by inhibiting mitogen-activated protein kinases and nuclear factor κB signaling pathways as well as histone modification. Thus, LMW feather keratin peptides could serve as novel bioactive compounds to protect the skin against intrinsic and extrinsic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Su Jin
- Department of Biotechnology , Yonsei University , Seoul 03722 , South Korea
| | - Kyeongseop Song
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology , Kyungpook National University , Daegu 41566 , South Korea
| | - Je-Hyun Baek
- Center of Biomedical Mass Spectrometry (CBMS) , DiatechKorea Company, Limited , Seoul 05808 , South Korea
| | - Jae-Eun Lee
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology , Kyungpook National University , Daegu 41566 , South Korea
| | - Da Jeong Kim
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology , Kyungpook National University , Daegu 41566 , South Korea
| | - Gae-Won Nam
- School of Cosmetics , Seowon University , Cheongju 28674 , South Korea
| | - Nam Joo Kang
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology , Kyungpook National University , Daegu 41566 , South Korea
| | - Dong-Woo Lee
- Department of Biotechnology , Yonsei University , Seoul 03722 , South Korea
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2
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De Colli M, Tortorella P, Agamennone M, Campestre C, Loiodice F, Cataldi A, Zara S. Bisphosfonate matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors for the treatment of periodontitis: An in vitro study. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:651-657. [PMID: 29717767 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease caused by anaerobic bacteria, including Porphyromonas gingivalis. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‑stimulated persistent inflammation is responsible for an increase in matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression, resulting in periodontal tissue destruction. The aim of the present study was to investigate synthesized bisphosphonic MMP inhibitors, in an in vitro model consisting of human gingival fibroblasts exposed to LPS, and to compare the biological responses to those induced by zoledronate (ZA), a commercial bisphosphonate. MTT and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays were used to measure cell viability and cytotoxicity, respectively. ELISA was performed to evaluate prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interleukin (IL)6 and collagen secretion, while western blotting was used to analyze MMP expression. No effect on viability and low cytotoxicity were observed following treatment with bisphosphonate compounds. In the present study, treatment with compound 1 did not increase the release of PGE2 and IL6. Increased levels of collagen I secretion were reported when compound 3 and ZA were administered. An increase of MMP8 was observed following ZA treatment, while a decrease of MMP9 and MMP14 following treatment with compounds 1, 2 and ZA were reported. The performance of compound 1 was optimal in terms of cell viability. Compound 1 also did not induce inflammation, and had the ability to counteract LPS‑induced increases in MMP expression. These data suggested that compound 1 was the most suitable treatment to progress to an in vivo animal study, with the aim to confirm its use for the treatment of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna De Colli
- Department of Pharmacy, University 'G. d'Annunzio' Chieti‑Pescara, I‑66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Paolo Tortorella
- Department of Pharmacy‑Pharmaceutical Science, University 'A. Moro' Bari, I‑70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Mariangela Agamennone
- Department of Pharmacy, University 'G. d'Annunzio' Chieti‑Pescara, I‑66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Cristina Campestre
- Department of Pharmacy, University 'G. d'Annunzio' Chieti‑Pescara, I‑66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Fulvio Loiodice
- Department of Pharmacy‑Pharmaceutical Science, University 'A. Moro' Bari, I‑70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Amelia Cataldi
- Department of Pharmacy, University 'G. d'Annunzio' Chieti‑Pescara, I‑66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Susi Zara
- Department of Pharmacy, University 'G. d'Annunzio' Chieti‑Pescara, I‑66100 Chieti, Italy
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Konnert L, Lamaty F, Martinez J, Colacino E. Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Hydantoins: The State of the Art of a Valuable Scaffold. Chem Rev 2017. [PMID: 28644621 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The review highlights the hydantoin syntheses presented from the point of view of the preparation methods. Novel synthetic routes to various hydantoin structures, the advances brought to the classical methods in the aim of producing more sustainable and environmentally friendly procedures for the preparation of these biomolecules, and a critical comparison of the different synthetic approaches developed in the last twelve years are also described. The review is composed of 95 schemes, 8 figures and 528 references for the last 12 years and includes the description of the hydantoin-based marketed drugs and clinical candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Konnert
- Université de Montpellier, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron UMR 5247 CNRS - Universités Montpellier - ENSCM , Place E. Bataillon, Campus Triolet, cc 1703, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Frédéric Lamaty
- Université de Montpellier, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron UMR 5247 CNRS - Universités Montpellier - ENSCM , Place E. Bataillon, Campus Triolet, cc 1703, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Jean Martinez
- Université de Montpellier, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron UMR 5247 CNRS - Universités Montpellier - ENSCM , Place E. Bataillon, Campus Triolet, cc 1703, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Evelina Colacino
- Université de Montpellier, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron UMR 5247 CNRS - Universités Montpellier - ENSCM , Place E. Bataillon, Campus Triolet, cc 1703, 34095 Montpellier, France
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4
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Ammazzalorso A, De Filippis B, Campestre C, Laghezza A, Marrone A, Amoroso R, Tortorella P, Agamennone M. Seeking for Non-Zinc-Binding MMP-2 Inhibitors: Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and Molecular Modelling Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17101768. [PMID: 27782083 PMCID: PMC5085792 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are an important family of zinc-containing enzymes with a central role in many physiological and pathological processes. Although several MMP inhibitors have been synthesized over the years, none reached the market because of off-target effects, due to the presence of a zinc binding group in the inhibitor structure. To overcome this problem non-zinc-binding inhibitors (NZIs) have been recently designed. In a previous article, a virtual screening campaign identified some hydroxynaphtyridine and hydroxyquinoline as MMP-2 non-zinc-binding inhibitors. In the present work, simplified analogues of previously-identified hits have been synthesized and tested in enzyme inhibition assays. Docking and molecular dynamics studies were carried out to rationalize the activity data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Ammazzalorso
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Barbara De Filippis
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Cristina Campestre
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Antonio Laghezza
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università "A. Moro" Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Marrone
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Rosa Amoroso
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Paolo Tortorella
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università "A. Moro" Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Mariangela Agamennone
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
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5
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Agamennone M, Belov DS, Laghezza A, Ivanov VN, Novoselov AM, Andreev IA, Ratmanova NK, Altieri A, Tortorella P, Kurkin AV. Fragment-Based Discovery of 5-Arylisatin-Based Inhibitors of Matrix Metalloproteinases 2 and 13. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:1892-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Agamennone
- Dipartimento di Farmacia; Università “G. d'Annunzio”; Chieti Via dei Vestini 31 66013 Chieti Italy
| | - Dmitry S. Belov
- EDASA Scientific srls; Via Stingi 37 66050 San Salvo Italy
- Chemistry Department; Lomonosov Moscow State University; 119991, GSP-2 Leninskie gory, 1/3 Moscow Russia
| | - Antonio Laghezza
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi “Aldo Moro” di Bari; Via Orabona 4 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Vladimir N. Ivanov
- Chemistry Department; Lomonosov Moscow State University; 119991, GSP-2 Leninskie gory, 1/3 Moscow Russia
| | - Anton M. Novoselov
- Chemistry Department; Lomonosov Moscow State University; 119991, GSP-2 Leninskie gory, 1/3 Moscow Russia
| | - Ivan A. Andreev
- EDASA Scientific srls; Via Stingi 37 66050 San Salvo Italy
- Chemistry Department; Lomonosov Moscow State University; 119991, GSP-2 Leninskie gory, 1/3 Moscow Russia
| | - Nina K. Ratmanova
- Chemistry Department; Lomonosov Moscow State University; 119991, GSP-2 Leninskie gory, 1/3 Moscow Russia
| | - Andrea Altieri
- EDASA Scientific srls; Via Stingi 37 66050 San Salvo Italy
| | - Paolo Tortorella
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi “Aldo Moro” di Bari; Via Orabona 4 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Alexander V. Kurkin
- Chemistry Department; Lomonosov Moscow State University; 119991, GSP-2 Leninskie gory, 1/3 Moscow Russia
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6
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Rani R, Granchi C. Bioactive heterocycles containing endocyclic N-hydroxy groups. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 97:505-24. [PMID: 25466924 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Drug-likeness rules consider N-O single bonds as "structural alerts" which should not be present in a perspective drug candidate. In most cases this concern is correct, since it is known that N-hydroxy metabolites of branded drugs produce reactive species that cause serious side effects. However, this dangerous reactivity of the N-OH species generally takes place when the nitrogen atom is not comprised in a cyclic moiety. In fact, the same type of metabolic behavior should not be expected when the nitrogen atom is included in the ring of an aromatic heterocyclic scaffold. Nevertheless, heterocycles bearing endocyclic N-hydroxy portions have so far been poorly studied as chemical classes that may provide new therapeutic agents. This review provides an overview of N-OH-containing heterocycles with reported bioactivities that may be considered as therapeutically relevant and, therefore, may extend the chemical space available for the future development of novel pharmaceuticals. A systematic treatment of the various chemical classes belonging to this particular family of molecules is described along with a discussion of the biological activities associated to the most important examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshma Rani
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Carlotta Granchi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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7
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Kalva S, Vinod D, Saleena LM. Combined structure- and ligand-based pharmacophore modeling and molecular dynamics simulation studies to identify selective inhibitors of MMP-8. J Mol Model 2014; 20:2191. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-014-2191-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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8
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Tauro M, Loiodice F, Ceruso M, Supuran CT, Tortorella P. Arylamino bisphosphonates: Potent and selective inhibitors of the tumor-associated carbonic anhydrase XII. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:1941-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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9
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Synthesis of lipoic acid–peptide conjugates and their effect on collagen and melanogenesis. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 69:449-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10
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Di Pizio A, Laghezza A, Tortorella P, Agamennone M. Probing the S1' site for the identification of non-zinc-binding MMP-2 inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:1475-82, 1421. [PMID: 23873724 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are zinc-dependent enzymes involved in several pathological states. Among them, MMP-2 is a relevant therapeutic target because of its role in cancer development and progression. Many MMP inhibitors (MMPIs) have been discovered over the last 30 years, and the majority of them contain a functional group that binds the zinc ion (zinc-binding group; ZBG). Unfortunately, no MMPIs have reached the market yet, owing to toxic effects due to unselective interactions of the ZBG. The new generation of MMPIs that do not bind the zinc ion could overcome problems of selectivity and toxicity, but have so far been developed only for MMP-8, -12, and -13. In this work, a virtual screening protocol was established by combining ligand- and structure-based methods to identify non-zinc-binding MMP-2 inhibitors using a new-generation MMP-8 inhibitor as a probe to find unexplored interactions in the MMP-2 S1' site. The screening allowed the identification of micromolar MMP-2 inhibitors that putatively avoid binding the zinc ion, as demonstrated by docking calculations. The LIA model, built to correlate predicted and experimental binding energies of the identified non-zinc-binding MMP-2 hits, underpins the reliability of the predicted docking poses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Di Pizio
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti, Via dei Vestini 31, 66013 Chieti, Italy
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11
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Hydroxamic Acids as Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors. MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE INHIBITORS 2012; 103:137-76. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-0364-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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12
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Rubino MT, Maggi D, Laghezza A, Loiodice F, Tortorella P. Identification of novel matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors by screening of phenol fragments library. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2011; 344:557-63. [PMID: 21695711 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201000350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In the last 20 years, a great variety of synthetic, low molecular weight MMP inhibitors (MMPIs) have been synthesized and tested, although none has reached clinical utility. Exploration of novel ZBGs and development of non-hydroxamate MMPI has become a focus in current research. It's well-known that polyphenols can produce beneficial effects on human health by their antioxidant properties as well as they have the ability to block gelatinase activity. In this work we tested a series of selected phenols as MMP inhibitors. The most interesting hit (B6) shows sub-micromolar activity against MMP-2 (IC(50) 0.59 ± 0.05 µM, LE = 1.07) and a fairly good selectivity spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Rubino
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
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13
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Rubino MT, Agamennone M, Campestre C, Campiglia P, Cremasco V, Faccio R, Laghezza A, Loiodice F, Maggi D, Panza E, Rossello A, Tortorella P. Biphenyl sulfonylamino methyl bisphosphonic acids as inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases and bone resorption. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:1258-68. [PMID: 21714093 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A number of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), proteins important in the balance of bone remodeling, play a critical role both in cancer metastasis and in bone matrix turnover associated with the presence of cancer cells in bone. Here, we report the synthesis and biological evaluation of a new class of MMP inhibitors characterized by a bisphosphonate function as the zinc binding group. Since the bisphosphonate group is also implicated in osteoclast inhibition and provides a preferential affinity to biological apatite, the new molecules can be regarded as bone-seeking medicinal agents. Docking experiments were performed to clarify the mode of binding of bisphosphonate inhibitors in the active site of MMP-2. The most promising of the studied bisphosphonates showed nanomolar inhibition against MMP-2 and resulted in potent inhibition of osteoclastic bone resorption in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Rubino
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Università degli Studi Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
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14
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Paz J, Pérez-Balado C, Iglesias B, Muñoz L. Different Reactivity of Hydroxylamine with Carbamoyl Azides and Carbamoyl Cyanides: Synthesis of Hydroxyureas and Carbamoyl Amidoximes. J Org Chem 2010; 75:8039-47. [DOI: 10.1021/jo1014855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jairo Paz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Universitario, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Carlos Pérez-Balado
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Universitario, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Beatriz Iglesias
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Universitario, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Luis Muñoz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Universitario, 36310 Vigo, Spain
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15
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Marques SM, Nuti E, Rossello A, Supuran CT, Tuccinardi T, Martinelli A, Santos MA. Dual inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases and carbonic anhydrases: iminodiacetyl-based hydroxamate-benzenesulfonamide conjugates. J Med Chem 2008; 51:7968-79. [PMID: 19053764 DOI: 10.1021/jm800964f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are two classes of zinc enzymes with different roles and catalytic targets, such as the degradation of most of the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and the regulation of the CO(2)/HCO(3)(-) equilibrium in the cells, respectively. Both families have isoforms which were proved to be involved in several stages of carcinogenic processes, and so the selective inhibition of these enzymes might be of interest in cancer therapy. We report herein the design, synthesis, and in vitro evaluation of a series of compounds possessing the iminodiacetic acid as the main backbone and two functional groups attached, namely, the hydroxamic acid and the arylsulfonamide (ArSO(2)NH(2)) moieties, to enable the inhibition of MMPs and CAs, respectively. These compounds were demonstrated to strongly inhibit both MMPs and CAs, some of them from the nanomolar to subnanomolar range. Furthermore, a docking study for MMPs was reported for the most promising compound in order to investigate its binding interactions with the different MMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio M Marques
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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