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Singh A, Singh K, Kaur J, Kaur R, Sharma A, Kaur J, Kaur U, Chadha R, Bedi PMS. Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease and Diversity of 1,2,3-Triazole Scaffold in Drug Development: Design Strategies, Structural Insights, and Therapeutic Potential. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:3291-3317. [PMID: 37683129 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a most prevalent form of dementia all around the globe and currently poses a significant challenge to the healthcare system. Currently available drugs only slow the progression of this disease rather than provide proper containment. Identification of multiple targets responsible for this disease in the last three decades established it as a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder that needs novel multifunctional agents for its management and the possible reason for the failure of currently available single target clinical drugs. 1,2,3-Triazole is a miraculous nucleus in medicinal chemistry and the first choice for development of multifunctional hybrid molecules. Apart from that, it is an integral component of various drugs in clinical trials as well as in clinical practice. This review is focused on the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and 1,2,3-triazole containing derivatives developed in recent decades as potential anti-Alzheimer's agents. The review will provide (A) precise insight of various established targets of Alzheimer's disease including cholinergic, amyloid, tau, monoamine oxidases, glutamate, calcium, and reactive oxygen species hypothesis and (B) design hypothesis, structure-activity relationships, and pharmacological outcomes of 1,2,3-triazole containing multifunctional anti-Alzheimer's agents. This review will provide a baseline for various research groups working on Alzheimer's drug development in designing potent, safer, and effective multifunctional anti-Alzheimer's candidates of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atamjit Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Karanvir Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Jashandeep Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Ramanpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Aman Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Jasleen Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Uttam Kaur
- University School of Business, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab 140413, India
| | - Renu Chadha
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Preet Mohinder Singh Bedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
- Drug and Pollution Testing Laboratory, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
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2
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Zebbiche Z, Şekerci G, Boulebd H, Küçükbay F, Tekin S, Tekin Z, Küçükbay H, Sandal S, Boumoud B. Preparation, DFT calculations, docking studies, antioxidant, and anticancer properties of new pyrazole and pyridine derivatives. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2022; 36:e23135. [PMID: 35670538 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Seven novel pyrazole derivatives (4a-g) and four novel starting compounds incorporating substituted pyridine moieties were synthesized successfully. Cell viability assay for the tested compounds was performed, and the inhibitory concentrationlogarithmic 50 (LogIC50 ) values of the compounds were calculated after a 24-h treatment. Four of the examined compounds (3d, 3g, 4f, and 4g) showed comparable cytotoxic activity against CaCo-2 compared to the standard drug docetaxel at 0.1 and 1 μM concentrations. Although the LogIC50 of docetaxel was -0.678 μM for CaCo-2 cells at 24 h, the LogIC50 values of compounds were -0.794, -0.567, -0.657, and -0.498 μM, respectively. Five of the compounds (2d, 2g, 3d, 3g, and 4e) showed comparable cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 at 0.1 μM concentration compared to docetaxel (p < 0.05). Docking studies revealed the compounds have a good affinity to the active site of the human topoisomerase II β enzyme. The antioxidant capacities of all compounds were determined using both 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and metal chelation methods. Although the compounds did not show significant antioxidant activity, relatively effective are compounds 3c, 3d, and 3g, which are hydrazine derivatives with approximately 50% antioxidant activity of standard antioxidants at concentrations of 62.5 and 125 μg/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zineddine Zebbiche
- Laboratory of Synthesis of Molecules With Biological Interest, Mentouri Constantine University, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Güldeniz Şekerci
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, İnönü University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Houssem Boulebd
- Laboratory of Synthesis of Molecules With Biological Interest, Mentouri Constantine University, Constantine, Algeria
| | | | - Suat Tekin
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, İnönü University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Zehra Tekin
- Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Adiyaman University
| | - Hasan Küçükbay
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, İnönü University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Süleyman Sandal
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, İnönü University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Boudjemaa Boumoud
- Laboratory of Synthesis of Molecules With Biological Interest, Mentouri Constantine University, Constantine, Algeria
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Ramadan M, Aly AA, El-Haleem LEA, Alshammari MB, Bräse S. Substituted Pyrazoles and Their Heteroannulated Analogs-Recent Syntheses and Biological Activities. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26164995. [PMID: 34443583 PMCID: PMC8401439 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrazoles are considered privileged scaffolds in medicinal chemistry. Previous reviews have discussed the importance of pyrazoles and their biological activities; however, few have dealt with the chemistry and the biology of heteroannulated derivatives. Therefore, we focused our attention on recent topics, up until 2020, for the synthesis of pyrazoles, their heteroannulated derivatives, and their applications as biologically active moieties. Moreover, we focused on traditional procedures used in the synthesis of pyrazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ramadan
- Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assuit 71524, Egypt;
| | - Ashraf A. Aly
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, El-Minia 61519, Egypt;
- Correspondence: (A.A.A.); (S.B.)
| | | | - Mohammed B. Alshammari
- Chemistry Department, College of Sciences and Humanities, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 83, Al-Kharij 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.A.A.); (S.B.)
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4
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Ghasempour L, Asghari S, Tajbakhsh M, Mohseni M. Preparation of New Spiropyrazole, Pyrazole and Hydantoin Derivatives and Investigation of Their Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2100197. [PMID: 34272925 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the synthesis of new spiropyrazoles, pyrazole and hydantoin heterocycles is reported by three component reactions of parabanic acids, hydrazine derivatives, and phenacyl bromides in the presence of triphenylphosphine as a nucleophile and triethylamine as a base in good to high yields (69-91 %). Evaluation of the synthesized compounds revealed a good to excellent antioxidant activities (37.6-96.2 %) using DPPH inhibitory potency. Among these compounds, hydantoin derivatives displayed higher antioxidant activities (93.7-96.2 %) comparing with spiropyrazoles and pyrazoles. The obtained results showed that Cl and Br substituents on the phenyl ring increased antioxidant activities of the related heterocycles. The antibacterial activities of the synthesized compounds were examined against two Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and two Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) bacteria. Among the synthesized heterocycles, 2-[1,3-dimethyl-2,5-dioxo-4-(2-oxo-2-phenylethyl)imidazolidin-4-yl]hydrazine-1-carbothioamide exhibited the excellent antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Ghasempour
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, 47416-95447, Iran
| | - Sakineh Asghari
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, 47416-95447, Iran
- Nano and Biotechnology Research Group, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, 47416-95447, Iran
| | - Mahmood Tajbakhsh
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, 47416-95447, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Mohseni
- Nano and Biotechnology Research Group, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, 47416-95447, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, 47416-95447, Iran
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Azimi F, Azizian H, Najafi M, Hassanzadeh F, Sadeghi-Aliabadi H, Ghasemi JB, Ali Faramarzi M, Mojtabavi S, Larijani B, Saghaei L, Mahdavi M. Design and synthesis of novel quinazolinone-pyrazole derivatives as potential α-glucosidase inhibitors: Structure-activity relationship, molecular modeling and kinetic study. Bioorg Chem 2021; 114:105127. [PMID: 34246971 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a new series of quinazolinone-pyrazole hybrids were designed, synthesized and screened for their α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The results of the in vitro screening indicated that all the molecular hybrids exhibited more inhibitory activity (IC50 values ranging from 60.5 ± 0.3 µM-186.6 ± 20 μM) in comparison to standard acarbose (IC50 = 750.0 ± 10.0 µM). Limited structure-activity relationship suggested that the variation in the inhibitory activities of the compounds affected by different substitutions on phenyl rings of diphenyl pyrazole moiety. The enzyme kinetic studies of the most potent compound 9i revealed that it inhibited α-glucosidase in a competitive mode with a Ki of 56 μM. Molecular docking study was performed to predict the putative binding interaction. As expected, all pharmacophoric moieties used in the initial structure design playing a pivotal role in the interaction with the binding site of the enzyme. In addition, by performing molecular dynamic investigation and MM-GBSA calculation, we investigated the difference in structural perturbation and dynamic behavior that is observed over α-glycosidase in complex with the most active compound and acarbose relative to unbound α-glycosidase enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Azimi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Hezar Jerib, 817416-73461 Isfahan, Iran
| | - Homa Azizian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy-International Campus, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Najafi
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Farshid Hassanzadeh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Hezar Jerib, 817416-73461 Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hojjat Sadeghi-Aliabadi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Hezar Jerib, 817416-73461 Isfahan, Iran
| | - Jahan B Ghasemi
- School of Chemistry, University College of Science, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 14155-6455, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Faramarzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6451, Tehran 1417614411, Iran
| | - Somayeh Mojtabavi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6451, Tehran 1417614411, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Lotfollah Saghaei
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Hezar Jerib, 817416-73461 Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Mahdavi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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6
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Sadeghian B, Sakhteman A, Faghih Z, Nadri H, Edraki N, Iraji A, Sadeghian I, Rezaei Z. Design, synthesis and biological activity evaluation of novel carbazole-benzylpiperidine hybrids as potential anti Alzheimer agents. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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7
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Popova EA, Trifonov RE, Ostrovskii VA. Tetrazoles for biomedicine. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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8
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Hu H, Chen Z, Xu X, Xu Y. Structure-Based Survey of the Binding Modes of BACE1 Inhibitors. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:880-889. [PMID: 30540177 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACE1 is a key aspartic protease that cleaves the amyloid precursor protein to generate of the amyloid peptide that is believed to be responsible for the Alzheimer's disease amyloid cascade. It is thus recognized as a promising therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease treatment, and large efforts have been made in the discovery of novel BACE1 inhibitors. This Review presents a systematic mining of BACE1 inhibitors based on 354 crystal structures of the BACE1 catalytic domain in complex with ligands in the Protein Data Bank. A thorough exploration on the frequency as well as the patterns of residue-ligand interactions enables us to subdivide the ligand binding pocket into 10 subsites and then identify favorable substructures of ligands for each subsite. In addition, it is found that the assembly of subsites with an 8-like shape is responsible to bind all inhibitors and four major ligand binding modes are revealed. Thus, such a systematic survey deepens our understanding of the structural requirements for establishment of BACE1-ligand interactions that determine the affinity of a ligand to BACE1, which is pivotal for structure-based lead optimization and design of novel inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangchen Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhaoqiang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiang Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yechun Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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9
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Gutiérrez M, Vallejos GA, Cortés MP, Bustos C. Bennett acceptance ratio method to calculate the binding free energy of BACE1 inhibitors: Theoretical model and design of new ligands of the enzyme. Chem Biol Drug Des 2019; 93:1117-1128. [PMID: 30693676 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the design, development, and evaluation of several inhibitors of the BACE1 enzyme, as part of Alzheimer's treatment, have gathered the scientific community's interest. Here, a linear regression model was built using binding free energy calculations through the Bennett acceptance ratio method for 20 known inhibitors of the BACE1 enzyme, with a Pearson coefficient of R = 0.88 and R2 = 0.78. The validation of this model was verified employing eight additional random inhibitors, which also gave a linear correlation with R = 0.97 and R2 = 0.93. Furthermore, this linear regression model was also used for proposing the structure of four potential BACE1 inhibitors, and the most active of them gave a theoretical Kd = 10 nM. However, these molecules have not been synthesized yet. Our team used a total time of more than 800 ns for the Molecular Dynamics to carry out this study, and all the software used were freely available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Gutiérrez
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica y Actividades Biológicas (LSO-Act-Bio), Instituto de Química de los Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Gabriel A Vallejos
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Magdalena P Cortés
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Carlos Bustos
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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Islam MA, Pillay TS. β-secretase inhibitors for Alzheimer’s disease: identification using pharmacoinformatics. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2018; 37:503-522. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1430619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Md Ataul Islam
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Pretoria and National Health Laboratory Service Tshwane Academic Division, Pretoria, South Africa
- School of Health Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Tahir S. Pillay
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Pretoria and National Health Laboratory Service Tshwane Academic Division, Pretoria, South Africa
- Division of Chemical Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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11
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Karrouchi K, Radi S, Ramli Y, Taoufik J, Mabkhot YN, Al-Aizari FA, Ansar M. Synthesis and Pharmacological Activities of Pyrazole Derivatives: A Review. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23010134. [PMID: 29329257 PMCID: PMC6017056 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 438] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrazole and its derivatives are considered a pharmacologically important active scaffold that possesses almost all types of pharmacological activities. The presence of this nucleus in pharmacological agents of diverse therapeutic categories such as celecoxib, a potent anti-inflammatory, the antipsychotic CDPPB, the anti-obesity drug rimonabant, difenamizole, an analgesic, betazole, a H2-receptor agonist and the antidepressant agent fezolamide have proved the pharmacological potential of the pyrazole moiety. Owing to this diversity in the biological field, this nucleus has attracted the attention of many researchers to study its skeleton chemically and biologically. This review highlights the different synthesis methods and the pharmacological properties of pyrazole derivatives. Studies on the synthesis and biological activity of pyrazole derivatives developed by many scientists around the globe are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Karrouchi
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, 10100 Rabat, Morocco.
- LCAE, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohamed I, 60000 Oujda, Morocco.
- Physicochemical service, Drugs Quality Control Laboratory, Division of Drugs and Pharmacy, Ministry of Health, 10100 Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Smaail Radi
- LCAE, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohamed I, 60000 Oujda, Morocco.
| | - Youssef Ramli
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, 10100 Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Jamal Taoufik
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, 10100 Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Yahia N Mabkhot
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Faiz A Al-Aizari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - M'hammed Ansar
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, 10100 Rabat, Morocco.
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12
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Karrouchi K, Radi S, Ramli Y, Taoufik J, Mabkhot YN, Al-Aizari FA, Ansar M. Synthesis and Pharmacological Activities of Pyrazole Derivatives: A Review. Molecules 2018. [PMID: 29329257 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010134k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrazole and its derivatives are considered a pharmacologically important active scaffold that possesses almost all types of pharmacological activities. The presence of this nucleus in pharmacological agents of diverse therapeutic categories such as celecoxib, a potent anti-inflammatory, the antipsychotic CDPPB, the anti-obesity drug rimonabant, difenamizole, an analgesic, betazole, a H2-receptor agonist and the antidepressant agent fezolamide have proved the pharmacological potential of the pyrazole moiety. Owing to this diversity in the biological field, this nucleus has attracted the attention of many researchers to study its skeleton chemically and biologically. This review highlights the different synthesis methods and the pharmacological properties of pyrazole derivatives. Studies on the synthesis and biological activity of pyrazole derivatives developed by many scientists around the globe are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Karrouchi
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, 10100 Rabat, Morocco.
- LCAE, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohamed I, 60000 Oujda, Morocco.
- Physicochemical service, Drugs Quality Control Laboratory, Division of Drugs and Pharmacy, Ministry of Health, 10100 Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Smaail Radi
- LCAE, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohamed I, 60000 Oujda, Morocco.
| | - Youssef Ramli
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, 10100 Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Jamal Taoufik
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, 10100 Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Yahia N Mabkhot
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Faiz A Al-Aizari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - M'hammed Ansar
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, 10100 Rabat, Morocco.
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Ismaili L, Refouvelet B, Benchekroun M, Brogi S, Brindisi M, Gemma S, Campiani G, Filipic S, Agbaba D, Esteban G, Unzeta M, Nikolic K, Butini S, Marco-Contelles J. Multitarget compounds bearing tacrine- and donepezil-like structural and functional motifs for the potential treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 151:4-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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14
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Development and Structural Modification of BACE1 Inhibitors. Molecules 2016; 22:molecules22010004. [PMID: 28025519 PMCID: PMC6155942 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder which usually occurs in the elderly. The accumulation of β-amyloid and the formation of neurofibrillary tangles are considered as the main pathogenies of AD. Research suggests that β-secretase 1 (BACE1) plays an important role in the formation of β-amyloid. Discovery of new BACE1 inhibitors has become a significant method to slow down the progression of AD or even cure this kind of disease. This review summarizes the different types and the structural modification of these new BACE1 inhibitors.
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The therapeutic voyage of pyrazole and its analogs: A review. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 120:170-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.04.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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16
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Discovery of bioactive molecules from CuAAC click-chemistry-based combinatorial libraries. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:118-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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17
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Ghosh AK, Osswald HL. BACE1 (β-secretase) inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 43:6765-813. [PMID: 24691405 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60460h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACE1 (β-secretase, memapsin 2, Asp2) has emerged as a promising target for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. BACE1 is an aspartic protease which functions in the first step of the pathway leading to the production and deposition of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ). Its gene deletion showed only mild phenotypes. BACE1 inhibition has direct implications in the Alzheimer's disease pathology without largely affecting viability. However, inhibiting BACE1 selectively in vivo has presented many challenges to medicinal chemists. Since its identification in 2000, inhibitors covering many different structural classes have been designed and developed. These inhibitors can be largely classified as either peptidomimetic or non-peptidic inhibitors. Progress in these fields resulted in inhibitors that contain many targeted drug-like characteristics. In this review, we describe structure-based design strategies and evolution of a wide range of BACE1 inhibitors including compounds that have been shown to reduce brain Aβ, rescue the cognitive decline in transgenic AD mice and inhibitor drug candidates that are currently in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of tasiamide B derivatives as BACE1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:1963-74. [PMID: 25842365 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Nineteen new derivatives based on the structure of marine natural product tasiamide B were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their inhibitory activity against BACE1, a potential therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease. The hydrophobic substituents Val at P₃ position, Leu at P₁' position, Ala at P₂' position, and Phe at P₃' position were found to significantly affect the inhibition. Free carboxylic acid at C-terminus was also found to be important to the activity. In addition, the structure-activity relationships (SARs) were supported by molecular docking simulation.
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Huang HJ, Lee CC, Chen CYC. In silico design of BACE1 inhibitor for Alzheimer's disease by traditional Chinese medicine. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:741703. [PMID: 24900984 PMCID: PMC4034430 DOI: 10.1155/2014/741703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is an important target for causing Alzheimer's disease (AD), due to the brain deposition peptide amyloid beta (Aβ) require cleavages of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by BACE1 and γ-secretase, but treatments of AD still have side effect in recent therapy. This study utilizes the world largest traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) database and database screening to provide potential BACE1 inhibited compound. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was carried out to observe the dynamics structure after ligand binding. We found that Triptofordin B1 has less toxicity than pyrimidine analogue, which has more potent binding affinity with BACE1. For trajectory analysis, all conformations are tending to be stable during 5000 ps simulation time. In dynamic protein validation, the residues of binding region are still stable after MD simulation. For snapshot comparison, we found that Triptofordin B1 could reduce the binding cavity; the results reveal that Triptofordin B1 could bind to BACE1 and better than control, which could be used as potential lead drug to design novel BACE1 inhibitor for AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Jin Huang
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chun Lee
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Calvin Yu-Chian Chen
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
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