Synthesis, hypoglycemic activity and molecular modeling studies of pyrazole-3-carbohydrazides designed by a CoMFA model

Review of the recent advances of pyrazole derivatives as selective COX-2 inhibitors for treating inflammation

Pyrazole heterocycle is regarded as an extremely significant agent for the therapy of inflammation. Celecoxib, lonazolac, deracoxib, and phenylbutazone are examples of commercially approved pyrazole drugs with COX-2 inhibitory potential for curing inflammation. There have been recently many reviews for the biological significance of pyrazole derivatives. This review talks about pyrazole derivatives with anti-inflammatory activity and also sheds the light on the recent updates on pyrazole research with an emphasis on some synthetic pathways utilized to construct this privileged scaffold and structure activity relationship that accounts for the anti-inflammatory activity in an attempt to pave the opportunity for medicinal chemists to develop novel anti-inflammatory agents with better COX-2 selectivity.

Rational design, synthesis, in vitro, and in-silico studies of pyrazole‑phthalazine hybrids as new α‑glucosidase inhibitors

This paper describes the design, development, synthesis, in silico, and in vitro evaluation of fourteen novel heterocycle hybrids as inhibitors of the α-glucosidase enzyme. The primary aim of this study was to explore the potential of novel pyrazole-phthalazine hybrids as selective inhibitors of α-glucosidase, an enzyme involved in carbohydrate metabolism, which plays a key role in the management of type 2 diabetes. The rationale for this study stems from the need for new, more effective inhibitors of α-glucosidase with improved efficacy and safety profiles compared to currently available therapies like Acarbose. The synthesized compounds were tested against the yeast α-glucosidase enzyme and showed significantly higher activity than the standard drug Acarbose. The IC50 values ranged from 13.66 ± 0.009 to 494 ± 0.006 μM, compared to the standard drug Acarbose (IC50 = 720.18 ± 0.008). The most effective α-glucosidase inhibitor, 2-acetyl-1-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-3-methyl-1H-pyrazolo[1,2-b]phthalazine-5,10-dione (8l), was identified through a kinetic binding study that yielded an inhibition constant, Ki, of 34.75 µM. All of the pharmacophoric features used in the hybrid design were found to be involved in the interaction with the enzyme's active site, as expected. Moreover, molecular dynamic simulation and the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) have been performed.

Design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular modeling studies of pyrazole-benzofuran hybrids as new α-glucosidase inhibitor

In this work, new derivatives of biphenyl pyrazole-benzofuran hybrids were designed, synthesized and evaluated in vitro through enzymatic assay for inhibitory effect against α-glucosidase activity. Newly identified inhibitors were found to be four to eighteen folds more active with IC₅₀ values in the range of 40.6 ± 0.2-164.3 ± 1.8 µM, as compared to the standard drug acarbose (IC₅₀ = 750.0 ± 10.0 μM). Limited Structure-activity relationship was established. A kinetic binding study indicated that most active compound 8e acted as the competitive inhibitors of α-glucosidase with K_i = 38 μM. Molecular docking has also been performed to find the interaction modes responsible for the desired inhibitory activity. As expected, all pharmacophoric features, used in the design of the hybrid, are involved in the interaction with the active site of the enzyme. In addition, molecular dynamic simulations showed compound 8e oriented vertically into the active site from mouth to the bottom and stabilized the enzyme domains by interacting with the interface of domain A and domain B and the back side of the active site while acarbose formed non-binding interaction with the residue belong to the domain A of the enzyme.

Substituted Pyrazoles and Their Heteroannulated Analogs-Recent Syntheses and Biological Activities

Pyrazoles are considered privileged scaffolds in medicinal chemistry. Previous reviews have discussed the importance of pyrazoles and their biological activities; however, few have dealt with the chemistry and the biology of heteroannulated derivatives. Therefore, we focused our attention on recent topics, up until 2020, for the synthesis of pyrazoles, their heteroannulated derivatives, and their applications as biologically active moieties. Moreover, we focused on traditional procedures used in the synthesis of pyrazoles.

Design and synthesis of novel pyrazole-phenyl semicarbazone derivatives as potential α-glucosidase inhibitor: Kinetics and molecular dynamics simulation study

A series of novel pyrazole-phenyl semicarbazone derivatives were designed, synthesized, and screened for in vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Given the importance of hydrogen bonding in promoting the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, pharmacophore modification was established. The docking results rationalized the idea of the design. All newly synthesized compounds exhibited excellent in vitro yeast α-glucosidase inhibition (IC₅₀ values in the range of 65.1-695.0 μM) even much more potent than standard drug acarbose (IC₅₀ = 750.0 μM). Among them, compounds 8o displayed the most potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC₅₀ = 65.1 ± 0.3 μM). Kinetic study of compound 8o revealed that it inhibited α-glucosidase in a competitive mode (Ki = 87.0 μM). Limited SAR suggested that electronic properties of substitutions have little effect on inhibitory potential of compounds. Cytotoxic studies demonstrated that the active compounds (8o, 8k, 8p, 8l, 8i, and 8a) compounds are also non-cytotoxic. The binding modes of the most potent compounds 8o, 8k, 8p, 8l and 8i was studied through in silico docking studies. Molecular dynamic simulations have been performed in order to explain the dynamic behavior and structural changes of the systems by the calculation of the root mean square deviation (RMSD) and root mean square fluctuation (RMSF).

Neuroprotective effect of novel celecoxib derivatives against spinal cord injury via attenuation of COX-2, oxidative stress, apoptosisand inflammation

A novel series of celecoxib derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for cyclooxygenase (COX-1/COX-2) inhibitory activities for benefit in spinal cord injury (SCI). The title compounds were synthesized by conventional methods in good yields and subsequently tested for inhibitory activity against COX-1/COX-2. The most potent COX-2 inhibitor among the tested derivatives was further assayed for protective effect against experimental SCI of Sprague-Dawley rats. The designed compounds showed considerable inhibition of COX-2 as compared to COX-1 revealing compound 7m as most potent inhibitor of COX-2 isoenzyme (IC₅₀ = 0.04 µM). The expression of mitochondrial apoptotic genes (Bcl-2 and Bax) together with COX-2 and iNOS was restored near to normal as evidenced by western blot analysis in SCI rats. Taken altogether, compound 7m was identified as most potent inhibitor of COX-2. It also showed protective action against SCI via attenuation of COX-2, oxidative stress and apoptosis and inflammation in Male Sprague-Dawley rats.

Emerging targets and potential therapeutic agents in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease treatment

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease in the world, which is characterized by liver fat accumulation unrelated to excessive drinking. Indeed, it attracts growing attention and becomes a global health problem. Due to the complexity of the NAFLD pathogenic mechanism, no related drugs were approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) till now. However, it is encouraging that a series of candidate drugs have entered the clinical trial stage with expectation to treat NAFLD. In this review, we summarized the main pathways and pathogenic mechanisms of NAFLD, as well as introduced the main potential therapeutic targets and the corresponding compounds involved in metabolism, inflammation and fibrosis. Furthermore, we also discuss the progress of these compounds, such as drug design and optimization, the choice of pharmacological properties and druglikeness, and the analysis of structure-activity relationship. This review offers a medium on future drug design and development, to be beneficial to relevant studies.

Acute and subacute antidiabetic studies of ENP-9, a new 1,5-diarylpyrazole derivative

OBJECTIVES

To explore the antihyperglycaemic and antidiabetic effects and to determine the acute toxicity of 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichloro-phenyl)-4-methyl-N-(piperidin-1-yl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide (ENP-9).

METHODS

The antihyperglycaemic effect of ENP-9 (50 mg/kg) was determined by oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Also, the acute (16, 50 and 160 mg/kg) and subacute (50 mg/kg/day for 10 days) antidiabetic effects of ENP-9 were determined. After subacute treatment, blood samples were analysed to determine glucose and lipid profiles. Also, an acute toxicity determination of ENP-9 was conducted followed the OECD recommendation. Molecular docking was performed using AutoDock 4.2.6 at human cannabinoid receptor 1 (PDB code 5TGZ).

KEY FINDINGS

Acute Administration of ENP-9 showed significant antidiabetic effect and decreased the maximum OGTT peak, compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Moreover, the 10 days treatment induced a decrease in plasma glucose levels, being significant at the end of the experiments (P < 0.05); however, triacylglycerols and cholesterol were not modified. Finally, LD₅₀ of ENP-9 was estimated to be greater than 2000 mg/kg. Molecular docking suggests that ENP-9 may act as rimonabant does.

CONCLUSIONS

ENP-9 showed significant antihyperglycaemic and antidiabetic properties and also was demonstrated to be safety in the studied doses, which might allow future studies for its potential development as antidiabetic agent.

Synthesis and Pharmacological Activities of Pyrazole Derivatives: A Review

Pyrazole and its derivatives are considered a pharmacologically important active scaffold that possesses almost all types of pharmacological activities. The presence of this nucleus in pharmacological agents of diverse therapeutic categories such as celecoxib, a potent anti-inflammatory, the antipsychotic CDPPB, the anti-obesity drug rimonabant, difenamizole, an analgesic, betazole, a H2-receptor agonist and the antidepressant agent fezolamide have proved the pharmacological potential of the pyrazole moiety. Owing to this diversity in the biological field, this nucleus has attracted the attention of many researchers to study its skeleton chemically and biologically. This review highlights the different synthesis methods and the pharmacological properties of pyrazole derivatives. Studies on the synthesis and biological activity of pyrazole derivatives developed by many scientists around the globe are reported.

Synthesis and Pharmacological Activities of Pyrazole Derivatives: A Review

Pyrazole and its derivatives are considered a pharmacologically important active scaffold that possesses almost all types of pharmacological activities. The presence of this nucleus in pharmacological agents of diverse therapeutic categories such as celecoxib, a potent anti-inflammatory, the antipsychotic CDPPB, the anti-obesity drug rimonabant, difenamizole, an analgesic, betazole, a H2-receptor agonist and the antidepressant agent fezolamide have proved the pharmacological potential of the pyrazole moiety. Owing to this diversity in the biological field, this nucleus has attracted the attention of many researchers to study its skeleton chemically and biologically. This review highlights the different synthesis methods and the pharmacological properties of pyrazole derivatives. Studies on the synthesis and biological activity of pyrazole derivatives developed by many scientists around the globe are reported.

Organocatalyzed asymmetric tandem Michael-cyclization reaction of 4-benzylidene-3-methylpyrazol-5-ones and malononitrile: stereocontrolled construction of pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole scaffold

Stereocontrolled construction of pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole scaffold has been realized via chiral squaramide catalyzed asymmetric tandem Michael addition/cyclization reaction of 4-benzylidenepyrazol-5(4H)-ones and malononitrile.

Synthesis and antihyperglycemic evaluation of new 2-hydrazolyl-4-thiazolidinone-5-carboxylic acids having pyrazolyl pharmacophores

In the search of new antihyperglycemic agents and following rational approach of drug designing here new 2-hydrazolyl-4-thiazolidinone-5-carboxylic acids (4a-g) with pyrazolyl pharmacophore have been synthesized via thia Michael addition reaction of 1-((3-(4-substituted phenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methylene)thiosemicarbazides (3a-g) with maleic anhydride. The required precursors, (3a-g) were obtained by condensing known 3-(4-substituted phenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehydes (1a-g) with thiosemicarbazide in ethanol. The newly synthesized compounds (4a-g) have been evaluated for the antihyperglycemic activity in sucrose loaded rat model and among these compounds 4d, 4f and 4g have displayed significant antihyperglycemic activity.