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Dhameliya TM, Vekariya DD, Bhatt PR, Kachroo T, Virani KD, Patel KR, Bhatt S, Dholakia SP. Synthetic account on indoles and their analogues as potential anti-plasmodial agents. Mol Divers 2024:10.1007/s11030-024-10842-8. [PMID: 38709459 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-024-10842-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Malaria caused by P. falciparum, has been recognized as one of the major infectious diseases causing the death of several patients as per the reports from the World Health Organization. In search of effective therapeutic agents against malaria, several research groups have started working on the design and development of novel heterocycles as anti-malarial agents. Heterocycles have been recognized as the pharmacophoric features for the different types of medicinally important activities. Among all these heterocycles, nitrogen containing aza-heterocycles should not be underestimated owing to their wide therapeutic window. Amongst the aza-heterocycles, indoles and fused indoles such as marinoquinolines, isocryptolepines and their regioisomers, manzamines, neocryptolenines, and indolones have been recognized as anti-malarial agents active against P. falciparum. The present work unleashes the synthetic attempts of anti-malarial indoles and fused indoles through cyclocondensation, Fischer-indole synthesis, etc. along with the brief discussions on structure-activity relationships, in vitro or in vivo studies for the broader interest of these medicinal chemists, working on their design and development as potential anti-malarial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejas M Dhameliya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380 009, Gujarat, India.
- Present Address: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, 382481, Gujarat, India.
| | - Drashtiben D Vekariya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380 009, Gujarat, India
| | - Pooja R Bhatt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380 009, Gujarat, India
| | - Tarun Kachroo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380 009, Gujarat, India
| | - Kumkum D Virani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380 009, Gujarat, India
| | - Khushi R Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380 009, Gujarat, India
| | - Shelly Bhatt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380 009, Gujarat, India
| | - Sandip P Dholakia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380 009, Gujarat, India
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2
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Aboshouk DR, Youssef MA, Bekheit MS, Hamed AR, Girgis AS. Antineoplastic indole-containing compounds with potential VEGFR inhibitory properties. RSC Adv 2024; 14:5690-5728. [PMID: 38362086 PMCID: PMC10866129 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08962b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most significant health challenges worldwide. Various techniques, tools and therapeutics/materials have been developed in the last few decades for the treatment of cancer, together with great interest, funding and efforts from the scientific society. However, all the reported studies and efforts seem insufficient to combat the various types of cancer, especially the advanced ones. The overexpression of tyrosine kinases is associated with cancer proliferation and/or metastasis. VEGF, an important category of tyrosine kinases, and its receptors (VEGFR) are hyper-activated in different cancers. Accordingly, they are known as important factors in the angiogenesis of different tumors and are considered in the development of effective therapeutic approaches for controlling many types of cancer. In this case, targeted therapeutic approaches are preferable to the traditional non-selective approaches to minimize the side effects and drawbacks associated with treatment. Several indole-containing compounds have been identified as effective agents against VEGFR. Herein, we present a summary of the recent indolyl analogs reported within the last decade (2012-2023) with potential antineoplastic and VEGFR inhibitory properties. The most important drugs, natural products, synthesized potent compounds and promising hits/leads are highlighted. Indoles functionalized and conjugated with various heterocycles beside spiroindoles are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia R Aboshouk
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry, National Research Centre Dokki Giza 12622 Egypt
| | - M Adel Youssef
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Helwan University Helwan Egypt
| | - Mohamed S Bekheit
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry, National Research Centre Dokki Giza 12622 Egypt
| | - Ahmed R Hamed
- Chemistry of Medicinal Plants Department, National Research Centre Dokki Giza 12622 Egypt
| | - Adel S Girgis
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry, National Research Centre Dokki Giza 12622 Egypt
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3
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Helal MH, Owda ME, Mogharbel AT, Hamzah Alessa A, Omer N, Abdelaziz MA, Ibrahim I, Eliwa EM. C 3-Spirooxindoles: Divergent chemical synthesis and bioactivities (2018-2023). Bioorg Chem 2024; 143:107091. [PMID: 38183683 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.107091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
This scientific review documents the recent progress of C3-spirooxindoles chemistry (synthesis and reaction mechanism) and their bioactivities, focusing on the promising results as well as highlighting the biological mechanism via the reported molecular docking findings of the most bioactive derivatives. C3-Spirooxindoles are attractive bioactive agents and have been found in a variety of natural compounds, including alkaloids. They are widely investigated in the field of medicinal chemistry and play a key role in medication development, such as antivirals, anticancer agents, antimicrobials, etc. Regarding organic synthesis, several traditional and advanced strategies have been reported, particularly those that started with isatin derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H Helal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Northern Border University, Rafha, 91911, PO 840, Saudi Arabia
| | - Medhat E Owda
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amal T Mogharbel
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Hamzah Alessa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Noha Omer
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud A Abdelaziz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Islam Ibrahim
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Essam M Eliwa
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Cairo, Egypt; Institute of Chemistry of Strasbourg, UMR 7177-LCSOM, CNRS, Strasbourg University, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
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4
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Bora K, Newar UD, Maurya RA. One-Pot, Five-Component Condensation Reaction of Isatin, Secondary Amines, Malononitrile, Alcohols, and Molecular Oxygen to Access 3-Functionalized 2-Oxindoles. J Org Chem 2023; 88:14216-14221. [PMID: 37675843 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
An efficient five-component condensation reaction of isatin, malononitrile, secondary amines, alcohols, and molecular oxygen was discovered. The reaction was performed in a one-pot fashion, and it does not require any metal catalyst. It gives straightforward access to structurally diverse 2-oxo-3-aminoindoline-3-carboxylates in moderate yields (70-88%). The scope of the reaction was successfully demonstrated by synthesizing a series of 3-functionalized 2-oxindoles by varying the isatin, amine, and alcohol components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Bora
- Applied Organic Chemistry Group, Chemical Sciences & Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology (NEIST), Jorhat 785006, Assam, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Uma Devi Newar
- Applied Organic Chemistry Group, Chemical Sciences & Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology (NEIST), Jorhat 785006, Assam, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Ram Awatar Maurya
- Applied Organic Chemistry Group, Chemical Sciences & Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology (NEIST), Jorhat 785006, Assam, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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5
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da Silva G, Luz AFS, Duarte D, Fontinha D, Silva VLM, Almeida Paz FA, Madureira AM, Simões S, Prudêncio M, Nogueira F, Silva AMS, Moreira R. Facile Access to Structurally Diverse Antimalarial Indoles Using a One-Pot A 3 Coupling and Domino Cyclization Approach. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202300264. [PMID: 37392377 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
A multistep and diversity-oriented synthetic route aiming at the A3 coupling/domino cyclization of o-ethynyl anilines, aldehydes and s-amines is described. The preparation of the corresponding precursors included a series of transformations, such as haloperoxidation and Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions, amine protection, desilylation and amine reduction. Some products of the multicomponent reaction underwent further detosylation and Suzuki coupling. The resulting library of structurally diverse compounds was evaluated against blood and liver stage malaria parasites, which revealed a promising lead with sub-micromolar activity against intra-erythrocytic forms of Plasmodium falciparum. The results from this hit-to-lead optimization are hereby reported for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo da Silva
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - André F S Luz
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Denise Duarte
- GHTM - Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira n° 100, 1349-008, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Diana Fontinha
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Vera L M Silva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Filipe A Almeida Paz
- Department of Chemistry & CICECO -, Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana M Madureira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sandra Simões
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel Prudêncio
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fátima Nogueira
- GHTM - Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira n° 100, 1349-008, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Artur M S Silva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rui Moreira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
- GHTM - Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira n° 100, 1349-008, Lisboa, Portugal
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6
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Ahmad I, Khan H, Serdaroğlu G. Physicochemical Properties, Drug Likeness, ADMET, DFT Studies and in vitro antioxidant activity of Oxindole Derivatives. Comput Biol Chem 2023; 104:107861. [PMID: 37060784 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2023.107861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Poor pharmacokinetic and safety profiles create significant hurdles in the drug development process. This work focuses on a detailed understanding of drug discovery interplay among physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, toxicity endpoints, and antioxidant properties of oxindole derivatives. DFT compıutations were also performed at B3LYP/6-311G** level to evaluate the physicochemical properties, global reactivity features, and intramolecular interactions. The BOILED-Egg pharmacokinetic model envisaged gastrointestinal absorption, blood-brain barrier penetration, and no interaction with p-glycoprotein for compounds C1 and C2. The physicochemical evaluation revealed that C1 possesses superior drug-like properties fit for oral absorption. Both derivatives were predicted to have high plasma protein binding, efficient distribution, and inhibiting CYP 450 major isoforms but serve as substrates only for a few of them. Both molecules have mild to moderate clearance rates. Out of ten toxicity parameters, only hepatotoxicity was predicted. DFT results implied that the meta position of the -OH group made the possibility of charge transfer greater than -para positioned -OH, due to the ΔNmax (eV) values of molecules C1 and C2 being calculated at 2.596 and 2.477, respectively. Both C1 and C2 exhibited a concentration dependant DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity. The chemical structure-physicochemical-pharmacokinetic relationship identified the meta position as the favorite for the electron-withdrawing hydroxyl group. This provides useful insight to medicinal chemists to design 6-chlorooxindole derivatives with an acceptable drug-like and pharmacokinetic property.
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7
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Wang X, Chen J, Zheng J. The roles of COX-2 in protozoan infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:955616. [PMID: 36875123 PMCID: PMC9978824 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.955616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Protozoan diseases cause great harm in animal husbandry and require human-provided medical treatment. Protozoan infection can induce changes in cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression. The role played by COX-2 in the response to protozoan infection is complex. COX-2 induces and regulates inflammation by promoting the synthesis of different prostaglandins (PGs), which exhibit a variety of biological activities and participate in pathophysiological processes in the body in a variety of ways. This review explains the roles played by COX-2 in protozoan infection and analyzes the effects of COX-2-related drugs in protozoan diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jingtong Zheng
- Department of Pathogenobiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Panda SS, Girgis AS, Aziz MN, Bekheit MS. Spirooxindole: A Versatile Biologically Active Heterocyclic Scaffold. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020618. [PMID: 36677676 PMCID: PMC9861573 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Spirooxindoles occupy an important place in heterocyclic chemistry. Many natural spirooxindole-containing compounds have been identified as bio-promising agents. Synthetic analogs have also been synthesized utilizing different pathways. The present article summarizes the recent development of both natural and synthetic spirooxindole-containing compounds prepared from isatin or its derivatives reported in the last five years. The spirooxindoles are categorized based on their mentioned biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva S. Panda
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Correspondence: or
| | - Adel S. Girgis
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Marian N. Aziz
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S. Bekheit
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
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9
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Gazzeh H, Rouatbi F, Chniti S, Askri M, Knorr M, Strohmann C, Golz C, Lamsabhi AM. Chemoselective and diastereodivergent synthesis of new spirooxindolo-pyrrolizidines and pyrrolidines stemming from unsymmetrical 1,3-bis(arylidene)tetral-2-ones: a combined experimental and theoretical study. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj03887k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An experimental and theoretical study of an efficient one-pot three-components cycloaddition reaction leading to pentacyclic dispiropyrrolizidin/pyrrolidinoxindoles endowed by four contiguous stereogenic centres with moderate to good yields was reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houda Gazzeh
- Laboratory of Heterocyclic Chemistry Natural Product and Reactivity/CHPNR, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science of Monastir, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Fadwa Rouatbi
- Laboratory of Heterocyclic Chemistry Natural Product and Reactivity/CHPNR, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science of Monastir, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Sami Chniti
- Laboratory of Heterocyclic Chemistry Natural Product and Reactivity/CHPNR, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science of Monastir, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Moheddine Askri
- Laboratory of Heterocyclic Chemistry Natural Product and Reactivity/CHPNR, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science of Monastir, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Michael Knorr
- Institute UTINAM-UMR CNRS 6213, Université de Franche-Comté, 16 Route de Gray, 25030 Besançon, France
| | - Carsten Strohmann
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Anorganische Chemie Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christopher Golz
- Georg-August-University Göttingen, Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Tammann-Straße 2, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Al Mokhtar Lamsabhi
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madri, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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