1
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Sisoudiya SD, Mishra P, Li H, Schraw JM, Scheurer ME, Salvi S, Doddapaneni H, Muzny D, Mitchell D, Taylor O, Sabo A, Lupo PJ, Plon SE. Identification of USP9X as a leukemia susceptibility gene. Blood Adv 2023; 7:4563-4575. [PMID: 37289514 PMCID: PMC10425687 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2023009814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that children with multiple birth defects have a significantly higher risk of childhood cancer. We performed whole-genome sequencing on a cohort of probands from this study with birth defects and cancer and their parents. Structural variant analysis identified a novel 5 kb de novo heterozygous inframe deletion overlapping the catalytic domain of USP9X in a female proband with multiple birth defects, developmental delay, and B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). Her phenotype was consistent with female-restricted X-linked syndromic intellectual developmental disorder-99 (MRXS99F). Genotype-phenotype analysis including previously reported female probands (n = 42) demonstrated that MRXS99F probands with B-ALL (n = 3) clustered with subjects with loss-of-function (LoF) USP9X variants and multiple anomalies. The cumulative incidence of B-ALL among these female probands (7.1%) was significantly higher than an age- and sex-matched cohort (0.003%) from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (P < .0001, log-rank test). There are no reports of LoF variants in males. Males with hypomorphic missense variants have neurodevelopmental disorders without birth defects or leukemia risk. In contrast, in sporadic B-ALL, somatic LoF USP9X mutations occur in both males and females, and expression levels are comparable in leukemia samples from both sexes (P = .54), with the highest expressors being female patients with extra copies of the X-chromosome. Overall, we describe USP9X as a novel female-specific leukemia predisposition gene associated with multiple congenital, neurodevelopmental anomalies, and B-ALL risk. In contrast, USP9X serves as a tumor suppressor in sporadic pediatric B-ALL in both sexes, with low expression associated with poorer survival in patients with high-risk B-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Dushyant Sisoudiya
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Pamela Mishra
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - He Li
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Jeremy M. Schraw
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Michael E. Scheurer
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Sejal Salvi
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | | | - Donna Muzny
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Danielle Mitchell
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Olga Taylor
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Aniko Sabo
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Philip J. Lupo
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Sharon E. Plon
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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2
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A patient with mosaic USP9X gene variant. Eur J Med Genet 2022; 65:104638. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2022.104638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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3
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Li D, March ME, Wang T, Merengwa V, Sertori Finoti L, Schrier Vergano SA, Hakonarson H, Bhoj EJ. Exome and RNA-Seq analyses of an incomplete penetrance variant in USP9X in female-specific syndromic intellectual disability. Am J Med Genet A 2022; 188:1808-1814. [PMID: 35253988 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic variants in USP9X, on X chromosome, have been implicated in syndromic intellectual disability (ID) in both males and females with distinct craniofacial features. We report a truncating variant, c.885_889delAAAAG, p.(Lys296Serfs*4), in the USP9X gene with incomplete penetrance in two nontwin female siblings with phenotypic resemblance to female-specific syndromic ID (MIM 300969, also known as MRX99F). To investigate the possible genetic etiology of the reduced penetrance, X-inactivation, RNA-Seq, and full quad exome analyses were attempted, but failed to identify a promising candidate modifier. While the penetrance of pathogenic variants in USP9X in female appears to be high (95%) and the variants frequently occur de novo, incomplete penetrance should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael E March
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tiancheng Wang
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Victoria Merengwa
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Livia Sertori Finoti
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Samantha A Schrier Vergano
- Division of Medical Genetics and Metabolism, Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters, Norfolk, Virginia, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Bhoj
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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4
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Catino G, Genovese S, Di Tommaso S, Orlando V, Petti MT, De Bernardi ML, Dallapiccola B, Novelli A, Ulgheri L, Piscopo C, Alesi V. Reciprocal Xp11.4p11.3 microdeletion/microduplication spanning USP9X, DDX3X, and CASK genes in two patients with syndromic intellectual disability. Am J Med Genet A 2022; 188:1836-1847. [PMID: 35238482 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Only a few patients with deletions or duplications at Xp11.4, bridging USP9X, DDX3X, and CASK genes, have been described so far. Here, we report on a female harboring a de novo Xp11.4p11.3 deletion and a male with an overlapping duplication inherited from an unaffected mother, presenting with syndromic intellectual disability. We discuss the role of USP9X, DDX3X, and CASK genes in human development and describe the effects of Xp11.4 deletion and duplications in female and male patients, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Catino
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Genovese
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Di Tommaso
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Orlando
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Petti
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Bruno Dallapiccola
- Genetics and Rare Disease Research Division, Bambino Gesu Children Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Novelli
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Ulgheri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Clinical Genetics Service, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Sassari, Italy
| | - Carmelo Piscopo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Viola Alesi
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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5
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Meira JGC, Magalhães BS, Ferreira IBB, Tavares DF, Kobayashi GS, Leão EKEA. Novel USP9X variant associated with syndromic intellectual disability in a female: A case study and review. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 185:1569-1574. [PMID: 33638286 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Heterozygous variants in USP9X are associated with female-restricted X-linked mental retardation (MRXS99F), a rare syndrome characterized by neurodevelopmental delay, intellectual disability (ID), and a wide variety of additional congenital anomalies. Here, we report a girl harboring a novel de novo loss-of-function variant in USP9X (c.4091delinsAG, p.Thr1364Lysfs*7), and literature review revealed novel prenatal features associated with MRXS99F, expanding the genotypic and phenotypic landscape of the syndrome. It is important to consider X-linked diseases in girls with ID and perform directed molecular investigation to provide correct diagnosis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Goes Castro Meira
- Department of Life Sciences, Universidade do Estado da Bahia-UNEB, Salvador, Brazil.,Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia-UFBA, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | | | - Dione Fernandes Tavares
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia-UFBA, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Gerson Shigeru Kobayashi
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emília Katiane E A Leão
- Department of Life Sciences, Universidade do Estado da Bahia-UNEB, Salvador, Brazil.,Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia-UFBA, Salvador, Brazil
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6
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Basar MA, Beck DB, Werner A. Deubiquitylases in developmental ubiquitin signaling and congenital diseases. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:538-556. [PMID: 33335288 PMCID: PMC7862630 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-00697-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metazoan development from a one-cell zygote to a fully formed organism requires complex cellular differentiation and communication pathways. To coordinate these processes, embryos frequently encode signaling information with the small protein modifier ubiquitin, which is typically attached to lysine residues within substrates. During ubiquitin signaling, a three-step enzymatic cascade modifies specific substrates with topologically unique ubiquitin modifications, which mediate changes in the substrate's stability, activity, localization, or interacting proteins. Ubiquitin signaling is critically regulated by deubiquitylases (DUBs), a class of ~100 human enzymes that oppose the conjugation of ubiquitin. DUBs control many essential cellular functions and various aspects of human physiology and development. Recent genetic studies have identified mutations in several DUBs that cause developmental disorders. Here we review principles controlling DUB activity and substrate recruitment that allow these enzymes to regulate ubiquitin signaling during development. We summarize key mechanisms of how DUBs control embryonic and postnatal differentiation processes, highlight developmental disorders that are caused by mutations in particular DUB members, and describe our current understanding of how these mutations disrupt development. Finally, we discuss how emerging tools from human disease genetics will enable the identification and study of novel congenital disease-causing DUBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Basar
- Stem Cell Biochemistry Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - David B Beck
- Stem Cell Biochemistry Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Metabolic, Cardiovascular and Inflammatory Disease Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Achim Werner
- Stem Cell Biochemistry Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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7
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Folci A, Mirabella F, Fossati M. Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin-Like Proteins in the Critical Equilibrium between Synapse Physiology and Intellectual Disability. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0137-20.2020. [PMID: 32719102 PMCID: PMC7544190 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0137-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) represent a dynamic regulatory system that precisely modulates the functional organization of synapses. PTMs consist in target modifications by small chemical moieties or conjugation of lipids, sugars or polypeptides. Among them, ubiquitin and a large family of ubiquitin-like proteins (UBLs) share several features such as the structure of the small protein modifiers, the enzymatic cascades mediating the conjugation process, and the targeted aminoacidic residue. In the brain, ubiquitination and two UBLs, namely sumoylation and the recently discovered neddylation orchestrate fundamental processes including synapse formation, maturation and plasticity, and their alteration is thought to contribute to the development of neurological disorders. Remarkably, emerging evidence suggests that these pathways tightly interplay to modulate the function of several proteins that possess pivotal roles for brain homeostasis as well as failure of this crosstalk seems to be implicated in the development of brain pathologies. In this review, we outline the role of ubiquitination, sumoylation, neddylation, and their functional interplay in synapse physiology and discuss their implication in the molecular pathogenesis of intellectual disability (ID), a neurodevelopmental disorder that is frequently comorbid with a wide spectrum of brain pathologies. Finally, we propose a few outlooks that might contribute to better understand the complexity of these regulatory systems in regard to neuronal circuit pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Folci
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano (MI), Italy
| | - Filippo Mirabella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20090 Pieve 9 Emanuele - Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Fossati
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano (MI), Italy
- CNR-Institute of Neuroscience, via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano (MI), Italy
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8
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Tsurusaki Y, Kuroda Y, Yamanouchi Y, Kondo E, Ouchi K, Kimura Y, Enomoto Y, Aida N, Masuno M, Kurosawa K. Novel USP9X variants in two patients with X-linked intellectual disability. Hum Genome Var 2019; 6:49. [PMID: 31666975 PMCID: PMC6804943 DOI: 10.1038/s41439-019-0081-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
USP9X variants have been reported in patients with X-linked intellectual disability. Here, we report two female patients with intellectual disability and pigment abnormalities along Blaschko lines. Targeted resequencing identified two novel heterozygous variants, c.4068_4072del (p. (Leu1357Tyrfs*12)) and c.1201C>T (p. (Arg401*)), in USP9X. Our findings provide further evidence that USP9X variants cause intellectual disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Tsurusaki
- 1Clinical Research Institute, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan.,2Faculty of Nutritional Science, Sagami Women's University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Yukiko Kuroda
- 3Division of Medical Genetics, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yasuko Yamanouchi
- 4Genetic Counseling Program, Graduate School of Health and Welfare, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Eisuke Kondo
- 5Department of Pediatrics, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Ouchi
- 5Department of Pediatrics, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kimura
- 1Clinical Research Institute, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yumi Enomoto
- 1Clinical Research Institute, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Noriko Aida
- 6Department of Radiology, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Masuno
- 4Genetic Counseling Program, Graduate School of Health and Welfare, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Kurashiki, Japan.,5Department of Pediatrics, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Kenji Kurosawa
- 3Division of Medical Genetics, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
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9
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Lenberg JL, Pretorius DH, Rupe ES, Jones MC, Ramos GA, Andreasen TS. Whole-exome sequencing reveals novel USP9X variant in female fetus with isolated agenesis of the corpus callosum. Clin Case Rep 2019; 7:656-660. [PMID: 30997057 PMCID: PMC6452501 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.2051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Whole-exome sequencing in a female fetus detected a USP9X variant. This X-linked gene was recently associated with intellectual disability and distinct pattern of malformation in females. Isolated agenesis of the corpus callosum has not been reported in association with USP9X. Identifying this variant impacted management of the subsequent pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerica L. Lenberg
- Department of Genetic CounselingAugustana UniversitySioux FallsSouth Dakota
| | | | - Eric S. Rupe
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCalifornia
| | - Marilyn C. Jones
- Division of Genetics, Department of PediatricsUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCalifornia
| | - Gladys A. Ramos
- Division of Maternal‐Fetal Medicine, Department of Reproductive MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCalifornia
| | - Tara S. Andreasen
- Division of Genetics, Department of PediatricsUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCalifornia
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10
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Crystal structure and activity-based labeling reveal the mechanisms for linkage-specific substrate recognition by deubiquitinase USP9X. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:7288-7297. [PMID: 30914461 PMCID: PMC6462090 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1815027116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination is an important posttranslational modification that regulates almost every aspect of cellular functions. Ubiquitin can form chains of different topology; each has a distinctive role in dictating the function and fate of the modified proteins. Deubiquitinases (DUBs) reverse ubiquitination. How DUBs recognize ubiquitin chains is a topic of immense interest due to the therapeutic potentials of human DUBs. We obtained the atomic details of the USP9X catalytic core, a DUB involved in cancers and developmental disorders, and revealed its unusual mechanisms of action using a set of activity-based ubiquitin probes. These probes will propel future investigation of how DUBs recognize and process ubiquitin chains and identify potential new sites on DUBs for drug discovery. USP9X is a conserved deubiquitinase (DUB) that regulates multiple cellular processes. Dysregulation of USP9X has been linked to cancers and X-linked intellectual disability. Here, we report the crystal structure of the USP9X catalytic domain at 2.5-Å resolution. The structure reveals a canonical USP-fold comprised of fingers, palm, and thumb subdomains, as well as an unusual β-hairpin insertion. The catalytic triad of USP9X is aligned in an active configuration. USP9X is exclusively active against ubiquitin (Ub) but not Ub-like modifiers. Cleavage assays with di-, tri-, and tetraUb chains show that the USP9X catalytic domain has a clear preference for K11-, followed by K63-, K48-, and K6-linked polyUb chains. Using a set of activity-based diUb and triUb probes (ABPs), we demonstrate that the USP9X catalytic domain has an exo-cleavage preference for K48- and endo-cleavage preference for K11-linked polyUb chains. The structure model and biochemical data suggest that the USP9X catalytic domain harbors three Ub binding sites, and a zinc finger in the fingers subdomain and the β-hairpin insertion both play important roles in polyUb chain processing and linkage specificity. Furthermore, unexpected labeling of a secondary, noncatalytic cysteine located on a blocking loop adjacent to the catalytic site by K11-diUb ABP implicates a previously unreported mechanism of polyUb chain recognition. The structural features of USP9X revealed in our study are critical for understanding its DUB activity. The new Ub-based ABPs form a set of valuable tools to understand polyUb chain processing by the cysteine protease class of DUBs.
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11
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Sinthuwiwat T, Ittiwut C, Porntaveetus T, Shotelersuk V. Female-restricted syndromic intellectual disability in a patient from Thailand. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 179:758-761. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thivaratana Sinthuwiwat
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biomedical Sciences; Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University; Bangkok Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Medical Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine; Chulalongkorn University; Bangkok Thailand
- Excellence Center for Medical Genetics; King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society; Bangkok Thailand
- Cytogenetics Unit, Research and International Relations Division; HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science; Bangkok Thailand
| | - Chupong Ittiwut
- Center of Excellence for Medical Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine; Chulalongkorn University; Bangkok Thailand
- Excellence Center for Medical Genetics; King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society; Bangkok Thailand
| | - Thantrira Porntaveetus
- Genomics and Precision Dentistry Research Unit, Department of Physiology; Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University; Bangkok Thailand
| | - Vorasuk Shotelersuk
- Center of Excellence for Medical Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine; Chulalongkorn University; Bangkok Thailand
- Excellence Center for Medical Genetics; King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society; Bangkok Thailand
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