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Abraham JS, Somasundaram S, Maurya S, Sood U, Lal R, Toteja R, Makhija S. Insights into freshwater ciliate diversity through high throughput DNA metabarcoding. FEMS MICROBES 2024; 5:xtae003. [PMID: 38450097 PMCID: PMC10917447 DOI: 10.1093/femsmc/xtae003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The freshwater bodies of India are highly biodiverse but still understudied, especially concerning ciliates. Ciliates constitute a significant portion of eukaryotic diversity and play crucial roles in microbial loops, nutrient recycling, and ecosystem maintenance. The present study aimed to elucidate ciliate diversity in three freshwater sites in the Delhi region of India: Okhla Bird Sanctuary (OBS), Sanjay Lake (SL), and Raj Ghat pond (RJ). This study represents the first investigation into the taxonomic diversity and richness of freshwater ciliates in India using a high-throughput DNA metabarcoding approach. For the analysis, total environmental DNA was extracted from the three freshwater samples, followed by sequencing of the 18S V4 barcode region and subsequent phylogenetic analyses. Operational taxonomic units (OTU) analyses revealed maximum species diversity in OBS (106), followed by SL (104) and RJ (99) sites. Ciliates from the classes Oligohymenophorea, Prostomatea, and Spirotrichea were dominant in the three sites. The study discusses the ability of the metabarcoding approach to uncover unknown and rare species. The study highlights the need for refined reference databases and cautious interpretation of the high-throughput sequencing-generated data while emphasizing the complementary nature of molecular and morphological approaches in studying ciliate diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeeva Susan Abraham
- Ciliate Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, Govindpuri, Kalkaji, New Delhi 110019, India
| | - Sripoorna Somasundaram
- Ciliate Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, Govindpuri, Kalkaji, New Delhi 110019, India
| | - Swati Maurya
- Ciliate Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, Govindpuri, Kalkaji, New Delhi 110019, India
| | - Utkarsh Sood
- Department of Zoology, Kirori Mal College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Rup Lal
- Ciliate Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, Govindpuri, Kalkaji, New Delhi 110019, India
| | - Ravi Toteja
- Ciliate Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, Govindpuri, Kalkaji, New Delhi 110019, India
| | - Seema Makhija
- Ciliate Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, Govindpuri, Kalkaji, New Delhi 110019, India
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2
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Luo X, Huang J, Ma H, Liu Y, Lu X, Bourland WA. Hypotrichidium tisiae (Gelei, 1929) Gelei, 1954: a unique hypotrichid ciliate having a highly specialized developmental pattern during binary division. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 4:536-550. [PMID: 37078087 PMCID: PMC10077263 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-022-00148-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In sharp contrast to their pelagic relatives, the oligotrichs, the overwhelming majority of hypotrich ciliates inhabit the benthos. Only a few species, including those of the genus Hypotrichidium Ilowaisky, 1921, have adapted to a planktonic lifestyle. The ontogenetic mode of the highly differentiated ciliate, Hypotrichidium tisiae (Gelei, 1929) Gelei, 1954, is unknown. In this study, the interphase morphology and the ontogenetic process of this species are investigated. Accordingly, the previously unidentified ciliary pattern of Hypotrichidium is redefined. The main morphogenetic features are as follows: (1) The parental adoral zone of membranelles is inherited completely by the proter and the oral primordium of the opisthe arises in a deep pouch. (2) Five frontoventral cirral anlagen (FVA) are formed: FVA I contributes to the single frontal cirrus, FVA II-IV generate three frontoventral cirral rows, FVA V migrates and forms postoral ventral cirri. (3) All marginal cirral row anlagen develop de novo: each of the two left anlagen forms a single cirral row, while the single right anlage fragments into anterior and posterior parts. (4) Two dorsal kinety anlagen occur de novo, with the right one fragmenting to form kineties 2 and 3. (5) Two long caudal cirral rows are formed at the ends of dorsal kineties 1 and 3. On the basis of the morphogenetic features and phylogenetic analyses, the assignment of Hypotrichidium to the family Spirofilidae Gelei, 1929 within Postoralida is supported. The establishment of separate families for the slender "tubicolous" spirofilids and the highly helical spirofilids is also validated. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42995-022-00148-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072 China
| | - Jie Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072 China
| | - Honggang Ma
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity & Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Yujie Liu
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity & Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Xiaoteng Lu
- Department of Biology, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, Shenzhen, 518172 China
| | - William A. Bourland
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, 12843 Czech Republic
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da Silva Paiva T. Systematic Redefinition of the Hypotricha (Alveolata, Ciliophora) Based on Combined Analyses of Morphological and Molecular Characters. Protist 2020; 171:125755. [PMID: 32858402 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2020.125755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The systematics of Hypotricha is one of the most puzzling problems in ciliate biology, having spanned numerous conflicting hypotheses with unstable relationships at various levels in molecular trees, for which the constant addition of newly discovered species has only increased the confusion. The hypotrichs comprise a remarkable morphologically diversified group of ciliates, and the phylogenetic potential of morphological traits is generally recognized. However, such characters were rarely used in phylogenetic reconstructions, and congruence with molecular data never assessed from simultaneous analyses. To properly reconciliate morphological and molecular information, maximum-likelihood and parsimony analyses of 79 morphological characters and 18S rDNA sequences were performed for 130 ingroup terminals, broadly sampled to represent the known hypotrich diversity. As result, well-supported and relatively stable clades were recovered, based on which the redefined Hypotricha comprises at least six higher taxa: The "arcuseriids", Holostichida, Parabirojimida, and the "amphisiellids", plus the two large clades Kentrurostylida nov. tax. (Hispidotergida nov. tax. and Simplicitergida nov. tax.) and Diatirostomata nov. tax. ("bistichellids", "kahliellids", Gonostomatida and Dorsomarginalia [Postoralida nov. tax. and Uroleptida]). Each taxon was circumscribed by synapomorphies, of which most were homoplastic, as the natural history of hypotrichs is portrayed by an outstanding quantity of convergences and reversions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago da Silva Paiva
- Laboratório de Protistologia, Dept. de Zoologia, Inst. de Biologia, CCS, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, CEP: 21941-590 Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Gao Y, Gong R, Jiang Y, Pan B, Li Y, Warren A, Jiang J, Gao F. Morphogenetic characters of the model ciliate Euplotes vannus (Ciliophora, Spirotrichea): Notes on cortical pattern formation during conjugational and postconjugational reorganization. Eur J Protistol 2020; 73:125675. [PMID: 32036251 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2020.125675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ciliated protists represent a morphologically and genetically distinct group of single-celled eukaryotes which can reproduce asexually and sexually. Morphogenesis occurs in both asexual and sexual modes of reproduction which is of interest for researchers investigating cell differentiation, regeneration, systematics and evolution. However, studies of morphogenesis have concentrated almost entirely on the asexual mode. Here we use protargol staining to investigate the morphogenetic processes during sexual reproduction in the model species Euplotes vannus (Müller). The major events include: (1) two rounds of morphogenesis occur during sexual reproduction, i.e., conjugational and postconjugational reorganization; (2) in both processes the oral primordium is generated de novo in a pouch beneath the cortex; (3) the frontoventral-transverse cirri anlagen are formed de novo and fragment in a 3:3:3:3:2 pattern; (4) the leftmost cirrus and the paroral membrane do not change during conjugational morphogenesis, but reorganize de novo during postconjugational morphogenesis; (5) marginal cirral anlagen are formed de novo in both morphogenetic processes; (6) two or three caudal cirri are formed at the ends of the rightmost two or three old dorsal kineties; (7) the dorsal kineties are retained entirely. These results can serve as reference to investigate the morphogenetic events in the different stages of sexual reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyi Gao
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Ruitao Gong
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yaohan Jiang
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Bo Pan
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Alan Warren
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - Jiamei Jiang
- Shanghai Universities Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Taxonomy and Evolution, Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Feng Gao
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China.
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Luo X, Huang JA, Li L, Song W, Bourland WA. Phylogeny of the ciliate family Psilotrichidae (Protista, Ciliophora), a curious and poorly-known taxon, with notes on two algae-bearing psilotrichids from Guam, USA. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:125. [PMID: 31215407 PMCID: PMC6582579 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1450-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The classification of the family Psilotrichidae, a curious group of ciliated protists with unique morphological and ontogenetic features, is ambiguous and poorly understood particularly due to the lack of molecular data. Hence, the systematic relationship between this group and other taxa in the subclass Hypotrichia remains unresolved. In this paper the morphology and phylogenetics of species from two genera of Psilotrichida are studied to shed new light on the phylogeny and species diversity of this group of ciliates. Results The 18S rRNA gene sequences of species from two psilotrichid genera were obtained. In the phylogenetic trees, the available psilotrichid sequences are placed in a highly supported clade, justifying the establishment of the family Psilotrichidae. The morphology of two little-known species, packed with green algae, including a new species, Hemiholosticha kahli nov. spec., and Psilotrichides hawaiiensis Heber et al., 2018, is studied based on live observation, protargol impregnation, and scanning electron microscopy. Both species are easily recognized by their green coloration due to the intracellular algae, and a comprehensive discussion as to the possible roles of the intracellular algae is provided. Conclusions The 18S rRNA gene phylogeny supports the morphological argument that Hemiholosticha, Psilotrichides and Urospinula belong to the same family, Psilotrichidae. However, the single-gene analysis, not surprisingly, does not resolve the deeper relationships of Psilotrichidae within the subclass Hypotrichia. Two little-known psilotrichid genera with green algae were collected from the same puddle on the island of Guam, indicating a high species diversity and broader geographic distribution of this group of ciliates than previously supposed. Phylogenetic inferences from transcriptomic and/or genomic data will likely be necessary to better define the systematic position and evolution of the family Psilotrichidae. Further studies are also needed to clarify the role of the intracellular eyespot-bearing algae in these ciliates. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-019-1450-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.,Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, 83725, USA
| | - Jie A Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Lifang Li
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, China
| | - Weibo Song
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - William A Bourland
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, 83725, USA.
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Abraham JS, Sripoorna S, Maurya S, Makhija S, Gupta R, Toteja R. Techniques and tools for species identification in ciliates: a review. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2019; 69:877-894. [DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciliates are highly divergent unicellular eukaryotic organisms with nuclear dualism and a highly specialized ciliary pattern. They inhabit all biotopes and play crucial roles in regulating microbial food webs as they prey on bacteria, protists and even on microscopic animals. Nevertheless, subtle morphological differences and tiny sizes hinder proper species identification for many ciliates. In the present review, an attempt has been made to elaborate the various approaches used by modern day ciliate taxonomists for species identification. The different approaches involved in taxonomic characterization of ciliates such as classical (using live-cell observations, staining techniques, etc.), molecular (involving various marker genes) and statistical (delimitation of cryptic species) methods have been reviewed. Ecological and behavioural aspects in species identification have also been discussed. In present-day taxonomy, it is important to use a ‘total evidence’ approach in identifying ciliates, relying on both classical and molecular information whenever possible. This integrative approach will help in the mergence of classical methods with modern-day tools for comprehensive species description in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeeva Susan Abraham
- Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, Govindpuri, Kalkaji, New Delhi 110019, India
| | - S. Sripoorna
- Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, Govindpuri, Kalkaji, New Delhi 110019, India
| | - Swati Maurya
- Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, Govindpuri, Kalkaji, New Delhi 110019, India
| | - Seema Makhija
- Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, Govindpuri, Kalkaji, New Delhi 110019, India
| | - Renu Gupta
- Maitreyi College, University of Delhi, Bapu dham, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Ravi Toteja
- Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, Govindpuri, Kalkaji, New Delhi 110019, India
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Zhu E, Ba S, Lyu Z, Li J, Shao C. Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny of the Soil Ciliate
Holostichides chardezi
(Ciliophora, Hypotrichia, Bakuellidae), with Redefinition of
Holostichides
Foissner, 1987 and Establishment of a New Genus
Anteholostichides. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2019; 66:730-739. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erkang Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Sang Ba
- School of Sciences Tibet University Lhasa 850000 China
| | - Zhao Lyu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Jingbao Li
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences Northwestern Polytechnical University Youyi Xilu 127 Xi'an 710072 Shaanxi China
| | - Chen Shao
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
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Li F, Qu Z, Luo D, Filker S, Hu X, Stoeck T. Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny of a New Obligate Halophile Ciliate, Schmidtiella ultrahalophila gen. nov., spec. nov. (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia) Isolated from a Volcanic Crater on Sal (Cape Verde Islands). J Eukaryot Microbiol 2019; 66:694-706. [PMID: 30657224 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A new hypotrichous ciliate, Schmidtiella ultrahalophila gen. nov., spec. nov., was isolated from a solar saltern on the island of Sal, Cape Verde. The possession of only one short dorsal kinety clearly distinguishes S. ultrahalophila from other known hypotrichous genera and species. Further diagnostic characters include: a flexible and slender body, an average size of 85 × 15 μm in vivo; a bipartite adoral zone with two hypertrophied frontal adoral membranelles and nine to twelve ventral adoral membranelles; three frontal, one parabuccal, two frontoventral, two or three postoral ventral, and two or three frontoterminal cirri; and marginal cirral rows variable in number, usually one on each side. Ontogenetic data indicate the following: the frontal-ventral cirri originate from six or five anlagen; the proter inherits the parental adoral zone; the frontal and ventral cirri originate from five or six anlagen; and the marginal cirral rows and the dorsal kinety tend to originate intrakinetally. Additional marginal rows are rarely derived from de novo anlagen. Based on its morphology, morphogenesis and its SSU rRNA phylogenetic placement, the new species should be assigned to the order Sporadotrichida Fauré-Fremiet, 1961. Due to low taxon sampling, however, its exact position in this order remains enigmatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengchao Li
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China.,Ecology Group, University of Technology Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, 67663, Germany
| | - Zhishuai Qu
- Ecology Group, University of Technology Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, 67663, Germany.,Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Dan Luo
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Sabine Filker
- Molecular Ecology Group, University of Technology Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, 67663, Germany
| | - Xiaozhong Hu
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Thorsten Stoeck
- Ecology Group, University of Technology Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, 67663, Germany
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Jiang Y, Zhang T, Vallesi A, Yang X, Gao F. Time-course analysis of nuclear events during conjugation in the marine ciliate Euplotes vannus and comparison with other ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora). Cell Cycle 2019; 18:288-298. [PMID: 30563432 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1558871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciliates represent a morphologically and genetically distinct group of single-celled eukaryotes that segregate germline and somatic functions into two types of nuclei and exhibit complex cytogenetic events during the sexual process of conjugation, which is under the control of the so-called "mating type systems". Studying conjugation in ciliates may provide insight into our understanding of the origins and evolution of sex and fertilization. In the present work, we studied in detail the sexual process of conjugation using the model species Euplotes vannus, and compared these nuclear events with those occurring in other ciliates. Our results indicate that in E. vannus: 1) conjugation requires about 75 hours to complete: the longest step is the development of the new macronucleus (ca. 64h), followed by the nuclear division of meiosis I (5h); the mitotic divisions usually take only 2h; 2) there are three prezygotic divisions (mitosis and meiosis I and II), and two of the eight resulting nuclei become pronuclei; 3) after the exchange and fusion of the pronuclei, two postzygotic divisions occur; two of the four products differentiate into the new micronucleus and macronucleus, respectively, and the parental macronucleus degenerates completely; 4) comparison of the nuclear events during conjugation in different ciliates reveals that there are generally three prezygotic divisions while the number of postzygotic divisions is highly variable. These results can serve as reference to investigate the mating type system operating in this species and to analyze genes involved in the different steps of the sexual process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohan Jiang
- a Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity , Ocean University of China , Qingdao , China.,b Ministry of Education , Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China) , Qingdao , China
| | - Tengteng Zhang
- a Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity , Ocean University of China , Qingdao , China.,b Ministry of Education , Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China) , Qingdao , China
| | - Adriana Vallesi
- c Laboratory of Eukaryotic Microbiology and Animal Biology , University of Camerino , Camerino , Italy
| | - Xianyu Yang
- d College of Animal Science and Technology , Zhejiang A&F University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Feng Gao
- a Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity , Ocean University of China , Qingdao , China.,b Ministry of Education , Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China) , Qingdao , China
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10
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Shao C, Hu C, Fan Y, Warren A, Lin X. Morphology, morphogenesis and molecular phylogeny of a freshwater ciliate, Monomicrocaryon euglenivorum euglenivorum (Ciliophora, Oxytrichidae). Eur J Protistol 2019; 68:25-36. [PMID: 30677704 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The morphology, morphogenesis and molecular phylogeny of the oxytrichid ciliate, Monomicrocaryon euglenivorum euglenivorum (Kahl, 1932) Foissner, 2016, isolated from freshwater in a seaside park, Guangzhou, China, were investigated. Monomicrocaryon euglenivorum euglenivorum can be recognized as follows: caudal cirri in midline of body; dorsal kinety 1 without a one-kinetid-wide gap; transverse cirri acicular or rod-shaped with a fringed distal end; right marginal row commences at level of buccal vertex or anterior to buccal vertex. The main events during binary fission are as follows: (1) the proter retains the parental adoral zone of membranelles entirely; (2) frontoventral-transverse cirral anlagen I-VI are segmented in the ordinary pattern 1:3:3:3:4:4 from left to right, which form three frontal, four frontoventral, one buccal, three postoral ventral, two pretransverse ventral and five transverse cirri, respectively; (3) dorsal morphogenesis is in the typical Oxytricha-pattern, but fragmentation of dorsal kinety 3 is indistinct; and (4) three caudal cirri are formed, one at the posterior end of each of dorsal kineties 1, 2 and 4. Phylogenetic analyses based on SSU rDNA sequences showed that M. euglenivorum euglenivorum clustered with Kleinstyla dorsicirrata and Heterourosomoida lanceolata rather than with its congener M. elegans. The genus Monomicrocaryon is not monophyletic in this study; however, its monophyly is not rejected by the AU test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Shao
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chunxu Hu
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Yangbo Fan
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Alan Warren
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd., London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Xiaofeng Lin
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
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11
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Sheng Y, He M, Zhao F, Shao C, Miao M. Phylogenetic relationship analyses of complicated class Spirotrichea based on transcriptomes from three diverse microbial eukaryotes: Uroleptopsis citrina, Euplotes vannus and Protocruzia tuzeti. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 129:338-345. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Zhang T, Qi H, Zhang T, Sheng Y, Warren A, Shao C. Morphology, morphogenesis and molecular phylogeny of a new brackish water subspecies, Neourostylopsis flava paraflava nov. subsp. (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia, Urostylidae), with redefinition of the genus Neourostylopsis. Eur J Protistol 2018; 66:48-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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13
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Lyu Z, Li J, Qi S, Yu Y, Shao C. Morphology and morphogenesis of a new soil urostylid ciliate, Australothrix xianiensis nov. spec. (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia). Eur J Protistol 2018; 64:72-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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