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Zahel P, Bruggink V, Hülsmann J, Steiniger F, Hofstetter RK, Heinzel T, Beekmann U, Werz O, Kralisch D. Exploring Microemulsion Systems for the Incorporation of Glucocorticoids into Bacterial Cellulose: A Novel Approach for Anti-Inflammatory Wound Dressings. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:504. [PMID: 38675165 PMCID: PMC11054342 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16040504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The effective pharmacological treatment of inflamed wounds such as pyoderma gangraenosum remains challenging, as the systemic application of suitable drugs such as glucocorticoids is compromised by severe side effects and the inherent difficulties of wounds as drug targets. Furthermore, conventional semi-solid formulations are not suitable for direct application to open wounds. Thus, the treatment of inflamed wounds could considerably benefit from the development of active wound dressings for the topical administration of anti-inflammatory drugs. Although bacterial cellulose appears to be an ideal candidate for this purpose due to its known suitability for advanced wound care and as a drug delivery system, the incorporation of poorly water-soluble compounds into the hydrophilic material still poses a problem. The use of microemulsions could solve that open issue. The present study therefore explores their use as a novel approach to incorporate poorly water-soluble glucocorticoids into bacterial cellulose. Five microemulsion formulations were loaded with hydrocortisone or dexamethasone and characterized in detail, demonstrating their regular microstructure, biocompatibility and shelf-life stability. Bacterial cellulose was successfully loaded with the formulations as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and surprisingly showed homogenous incorporation, even of w/o type microemulsions. High and controllable drug permeation through Strat-M® membranes was observed, and the anti-inflammatory activity for permeated glucocorticoids was confirmed in vitro. This study presents a novel approach for the development of anti-inflammatory wound dressings using bacterial cellulose in combination with microemulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Zahel
- JeNaCell GmbH—An Evonik Company, 07745 Jena, Germany; (P.Z.); (V.B.); (U.B.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany; (R.K.H.); (O.W.)
| | - Vera Bruggink
- JeNaCell GmbH—An Evonik Company, 07745 Jena, Germany; (P.Z.); (V.B.); (U.B.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany; (R.K.H.); (O.W.)
| | - Juliana Hülsmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Friedrich Schiller University, 07745 Jena, Germany; (J.H.); (T.H.)
| | - Frank Steiniger
- Electron Microscopy Center, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany;
| | - Robert K. Hofstetter
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany; (R.K.H.); (O.W.)
| | - Thorsten Heinzel
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Friedrich Schiller University, 07745 Jena, Germany; (J.H.); (T.H.)
| | - Uwe Beekmann
- JeNaCell GmbH—An Evonik Company, 07745 Jena, Germany; (P.Z.); (V.B.); (U.B.)
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany; (R.K.H.); (O.W.)
| | - Dana Kralisch
- JeNaCell GmbH—An Evonik Company, 07745 Jena, Germany; (P.Z.); (V.B.); (U.B.)
- Evonik Operations GmbH, 45128 Essen, Germany
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Garcia KR, Beck RCR, Brandalise RN, dos Santos V, Koester LS. Nanocellulose, the Green Biopolymer Trending in Pharmaceuticals: A Patent Review. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:145. [PMID: 38276515 PMCID: PMC10819157 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of nanocellulose in pharmaceutics is a trend that has emerged in recent years. Its inherently good mechanical properties, compared to different materials, such as its high tensile strength, high elastic modulus and high porosity, as well as its renewability and biodegradability are driving nanocellulose's industrial use and innovations. In this sense, this study aims to conduct a search of patents from 2011 to 2023, involving applications of nanocellulose in pharmaceuticals. A patent search was carried out, employing three different patent databases: Patentscope from World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO); Espacenet; and LENS.ORG. Patents were separated into two main groups, (i) nanocellulose (NC) comprising all its variations and (ii) bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), and classified into five major areas, according to their application. A total of 215 documents was retrieved, of which 179 were referred to the NC group and 36 to the BNC group. The NC group depicted 49.7%, 15.6%, 16.2%, 8.9% and 9.5% of patents as belonging to design and manufacturing, cell culture systems, drug delivery, wound healing and tissue engineering clusters, respectively. The BNC group classified 44.5% of patents as design and manufacturing and 30.6% as drug delivery, as well as 5.6% and 19.4% of patents as wound healing and tissue engineering, respectively. In conclusion, this work compiled and classified patents addressing exclusively the use of nanocellulose in pharmaceuticals, providing information on its current status and trending advancements, considering environmental responsibility and sustainability in materials and products development for a greener upcoming future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keth Ribeiro Garcia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil; (K.R.G.); (R.C.R.B.)
| | - Ruy Carlos Ruver Beck
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil; (K.R.G.); (R.C.R.B.)
| | - Rosmary Nichele Brandalise
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Processos e Tecnologias, Universidade de Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul 95070-560, Brazil; (R.N.B.); (V.d.S.)
| | - Venina dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Processos e Tecnologias, Universidade de Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul 95070-560, Brazil; (R.N.B.); (V.d.S.)
| | - Letícia Scherer Koester
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil; (K.R.G.); (R.C.R.B.)
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Moraru A, Dima ȘO, Tritean N, Oprița EI, Prelipcean AM, Trică B, Oancea A, Moraru I, Constantinescu-Aruxandei D, Oancea F. Bioactive-Loaded Hydrogels Based on Bacterial Nanocellulose, Chitosan, and Poloxamer for Rebalancing Vaginal Microbiota. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1671. [PMID: 38139798 PMCID: PMC10748236 DOI: 10.3390/ph16121671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Biocompatible drug-delivery systems for soft tissue applications are of high interest for the medical and pharmaceutical fields. The subject of this research is the development of hydrogels loaded with bioactive compounds (inulin, thyme essential oil, hydro-glycero-alcoholic extract of Vitis vinifera, Opuntia ficus-indica powder, lactic acid, citric acid) in order to support the vaginal microbiota homeostasis. The nanofibrillar phyto-hydrogel systems developed using the biocompatible polymers chitosan (CS), never-dried bacterial nanocellulose (NDBNC), and Poloxamer 407 (PX) incorporated the water-soluble bioactive components in the NDBNC hydrophilic fraction and the hydrophobic components in the hydrophobic core of the PX fraction. Two NDBNC-PX hydrogels and one NDBNC-PX-CS hydrogel were structurally and physical-chemically characterized using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and rheology. The hydrogels were also evaluated in terms of thermo-responsive properties, mucoadhesion, biocompatibility, and prebiotic and antimicrobial effects. The mucin binding efficiency of hydrogel base systems was determined by the periodic acid/Schiff base (PAS) assay. Biocompatibility of hydrogel systems was determined by the MTT test using mouse fibroblasts. The prebiotic activity was determined using the probiotic strains Limosilactobacillus reuteri and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum. Antimicrobial activity was also assessed using relevant microbial strains, respectively, E. coli and C. albicans. TEM evidenced PX micelles of around 20 nm on NDBNC nanofibrils. The FTIR and XRD analyses revealed that the binary hydrogels are dominated by PX signals, and that the ternary hydrogel is dominated by CS, with additional particular fingerprints for the biocompounds and the hydrogel interaction with mucin. Rheology evidenced the gel transition temperatures of 18-22 °C for the binary hydrogels with thixotropic behavior and, respectively, no gel transition, with rheopectic behavior for the ternary hydrogel. The adhesion energies of the binary and ternary hydrogels were evaluated to be around 1.2 J/m2 and 9.1 J/m2, respectively. The hydrogels exhibited a high degree of biocompatibility, with the potential to support cell proliferation and also to promote the growth of lactobacilli. The hydrogel systems also presented significant antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Moraru
- Faculty of Biotechnologies, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Bucharest, Bd. Mărăști Nr. 59, Sector 1, 011464 Bucharest, Romania;
- S.C. Laboratoarele Medica Srl, Strada Frasinului Nr. 11, 075100 Otopeni, Romania;
| | - Ștefan-Ovidiu Dima
- Polymers and Bioresources Departments, National Institute for Research and Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM, Splaiul Independentei Nr. 202, Sector 6, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (Ș.-O.D.); (N.T.); (B.T.)
| | - Naomi Tritean
- Polymers and Bioresources Departments, National Institute for Research and Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM, Splaiul Independentei Nr. 202, Sector 6, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (Ș.-O.D.); (N.T.); (B.T.)
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei Nr. 91-95, Sector 5, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Elena-Iulia Oprița
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Splaiul Independentei Nr. 296, Sector 6, 060031 Bucharest, Romania; (E.-I.O.); (A.-M.P.); (A.O.)
| | - Ana-Maria Prelipcean
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Splaiul Independentei Nr. 296, Sector 6, 060031 Bucharest, Romania; (E.-I.O.); (A.-M.P.); (A.O.)
| | - Bogdan Trică
- Polymers and Bioresources Departments, National Institute for Research and Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM, Splaiul Independentei Nr. 202, Sector 6, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (Ș.-O.D.); (N.T.); (B.T.)
| | - Anca Oancea
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Splaiul Independentei Nr. 296, Sector 6, 060031 Bucharest, Romania; (E.-I.O.); (A.-M.P.); (A.O.)
| | - Ionuț Moraru
- S.C. Laboratoarele Medica Srl, Strada Frasinului Nr. 11, 075100 Otopeni, Romania;
| | - Diana Constantinescu-Aruxandei
- Polymers and Bioresources Departments, National Institute for Research and Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM, Splaiul Independentei Nr. 202, Sector 6, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (Ș.-O.D.); (N.T.); (B.T.)
| | - Florin Oancea
- Faculty of Biotechnologies, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Bucharest, Bd. Mărăști Nr. 59, Sector 1, 011464 Bucharest, Romania;
- Polymers and Bioresources Departments, National Institute for Research and Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM, Splaiul Independentei Nr. 202, Sector 6, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (Ș.-O.D.); (N.T.); (B.T.)
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Mohammadi S, Jabbari F, Babaeipour V. Bacterial cellulose-based composites as vehicles for dermal and transdermal drug delivery: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:124955. [PMID: 37245742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, a significant amount of drugs have been taken orally, which are not as effective as desired. To solve this problem, bacterial cellulose-based dermal/transdermal drug delivery systems (BC-DDSs) with unique properties such as cell compatibility, hemocompatibility, tunable mechanical properties, and the ability to encapsulate various therapeutic agents with the controlled release have been introduced. A BC-dermal/transdermal DDS reduces first-pass metabolism and systematic side effects while improving patient compliance and dosage effectiveness by controlling drug release through the skin. The barrier function of the skin, especially the stratum corneum, can interfere with drug delivery. Few drugs can pass through the skin to reach effective concentrations in the blood to treat diseases. Due to their unique physicochemical properties and high potential to reduce immunogenicity and improve bioavailability, BC-dermal/transdermal DDSs are widely used to deliver various types of drugs for disease treatment. In this review, we describe the different types of BC-dermal/ transdermal DDSs, along with a critical discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of these systems. After the general presentation, the review is focused on recent advances in the preparation and applications of BC-based dermal/transdermal DDSs in various types of disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Mohammadi
- 3D Microfluidic Biofabrication Lab, Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-science (CLN2S), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Rome 00161, Italy; Department of Basic and Applied Science for Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Italy.
| | - Farzaneh Jabbari
- Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Department, Materials and Energy Research Center (MERC), Tehran 14155-4777, Iran
| | - Valiollah Babaeipour
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Malek-Ashtar University of Technology, Tehran 1774-15875, Iran.
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5
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Bellmann T, Thamm J, Beekmann U, Kralisch D, Fischer D. In situ Formation of Polymer Microparticles in Bacterial Nanocellulose Using Alternative and Sustainable Solvents to Incorporate Lipophilic Drugs. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020559. [PMID: 36839881 PMCID: PMC9958971 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial nanocellulose has been widely investigated in drug delivery, but the incorporation of lipophilic drugs and controlling release kinetics still remain a challenge. The inclusion of polymer particles to encapsulate drugs could address both problems but is reported sparely. In the present study, a formulation approach based on in situ precipitation of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) within bacterial nanocellulose was developed using and comparing the conventional solvent N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and the alternative solvents poly(ethylene glycol), CyreneTM and ethyl lactate. Using the best-performing solvents N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and ethyl lactate, their fast diffusion during phase inversion led to the formation of homogenously distributed polymer microparticles with average diameters between 2.0 and 6.6 µm within the cellulose matrix. Despite polymer inclusion, the water absorption value of the material still remained at ~50% of the original value and the material was able to release 32 g/100 cm2 of the bound water. Mechanical characteristics were not impaired compared to the native material. The process was suitable for encapsulating the highly lipophilic drugs cannabidiol and 3-O-acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid and enabled their sustained release with zero order kinetics over up to 10 days. Conclusively, controlled drug release for highly lipophilic compounds within bacterial nanocellulose could be achieved using sustainable solvents for preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Bellmann
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jana Thamm
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Uwe Beekmann
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
- JeNaCell GmbH—An Evonik Company, Göschwitzer Straße 22, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Dana Kralisch
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
- JeNaCell GmbH—An Evonik Company, Göschwitzer Straße 22, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Evonik Industries AG, Rellinghauser Straße 1-11, 45128 Essen, Germany
| | - Dagmar Fischer
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-9131-85-29552
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6
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Bellmann T, Luber R, Kischio L, Karl B, Pötzinger Y, Beekmann U, Kralisch D, Wiegand C, Fischer D. Bacterial nanocellulose patches as a carrier for hydrating formulations to improve the topical treatment of nail diseases. Int J Pharm 2022; 628:122267. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Navya PV, Gayathri V, Samanta D, Sampath S. Bacterial cellulose: A promising biopolymer with interesting properties and applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 220:435-461. [PMID: 35963354 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The ever-increasing demands for materials with desirable properties led to the development of materials that impose unfavorable influences on the environment and the ecosystem. Developing a low-cost, durable, and eco-friendly functional material with biological origins has become necessary to avoid these consequences. Bacterial cellulose generated by bacteria dispenses excellent structural and functional properties and satisfies these requirements. BC and BC-derived materials are essential in developing pure and environmentally safe functional materials. This review offers a detailed understanding of the biosynthesis of BC, properties, various functionalization methods, and applicability in biomedical, water treatment, food storage, energy conversion, and energy storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Navya
- Department of Materials Science, School of Technology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur 610101, India.
| | - Varnakumar Gayathri
- Polymer Science and Technology Department, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai 600020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
| | - Debasis Samanta
- Polymer Science and Technology Department, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai 600020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
| | - Srinivasan Sampath
- Department of Materials Science, School of Technology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur 610101, India.
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Ciecholewska-Juśko D, Junka A, Fijałkowski K. The cross-linked bacterial cellulose impregnated with octenidine dihydrochloride-based antiseptic as an antibacterial dressing material for highly-exuding, infected wounds. Microbiol Res 2022; 263:127125. [PMID: 35878492 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The highly absorbent, antibacterial dressings with a sustained release of the antimicrobial are considered necessary measures to counteract chronic wound biofilm-based infections. This study aimed to analyze wet and dry bacterial cellulose (BC) materials, modified by chemical cross-linking, and impregnated with an antiseptic based on octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT) in the context of its antibiofilm/antibacterial activity, exudate absorption, and cytotoxicity. The native BC was obtained from cost-effective, ecological-friendly potato juice (leftover from the starch industry). The ability to absorb and retain OCT, exudate absorption capacity, the kinetics of OCT release as well as antibiofilm/antibacterial activity of modified BC materials against biofilm-forming and planktonic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were investigated. The performed analyses revealed that modified BC materials, thanks to their layered structure with numerous air spaces, were characterized by sustained exudate absorption and OCT release profile, which allowed them to exhibit high antimicrobial activity for up to 7 days, with a reduction of planktonic and biofilm cells of 84-100% and 69-93%, respectively. The modified BC materials showed also no cytotoxicity against fibroblast cell line L929 in vitro and were characterized by firm adhesion to the curved surfaces. These results indicate that cross-linked BC impregnated with OCT may be a particularly promising dressing material (obtained using sustainable processes), especially in the treatment of biofilm-infected, highly-exuding wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Ciecholewska-Juśko
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Piastów 45, 70-311 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Adam Junka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Wroclaw, Borowska 211a, 50534 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Karol Fijałkowski
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Piastów 45, 70-311 Szczecin, Poland.
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Bacterial Cellulose as Drug Delivery System for Optimizing Release of Immune Checkpoint Blocking Antibodies. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071351. [PMID: 35890247 PMCID: PMC9316226 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blocking therapy is a promising cancer treatment modality, though it has limitations such as systemic toxicity, which can often be traced to uncontrolled antibody spread. Controlling antibody release with delivery systems is, therefore, an attractive approach to reduce systemic antibody spread and potentially mitigate the side effects of checkpoint immunotherapy. Here, bacterial cellulose (BC) was produced and investigated as a delivery system for optimizing checkpoint-blocking antibody delivery. BC was produced in 24-well plates, and afterward, the edges were removed to obtain square-shaped BC samples with a surface of ~49 mm2. This customization was necessary to allow smooth in vivo implantation. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the dense cellulose network within BC. Human IgG antibody was included as the model antibody for loading and release studies. IgG antibody solution was injected into the center of BC samples. In vitro, all IgG was released within 24 to 48 h. Cell culture experiments demonstrated that BC neither exerted cytotoxic effects nor induced dendritic cell activation. Antibody binding assays demonstrated that BC does not hamper antibody function. Finally, antibody-loaded BC was implanted in mice, and serum measurements revealed that BC significantly reduced IgG and anti-CTLA-4 spread in mice. BC implantation did not induce side effects in mice. Altogether, BC is a promising and safe delivery system for optimizing the delivery and release of checkpoint-blocking antibodies.
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Bacterial Cellulose-A Remarkable Polymer as a Source for Biomaterials Tailoring. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15031054. [PMID: 35160997 PMCID: PMC8839122 DOI: 10.3390/ma15031054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, the development of new eco-friendly and biocompatible materials using ‘green’ technologies represents a significant challenge for the biomedical and pharmaceutical fields to reduce the destructive actions of scientific research on the human body and the environment. Thus, bacterial cellulose (BC) has a central place among these novel tailored biomaterials. BC is a non-pathogenic bacteria-produced polysaccharide with a 3D nanofibrous structure, chemically identical to plant cellulose, but exhibiting greater purity and crystallinity. Bacterial cellulose possesses excellent physicochemical and mechanical properties, adequate capacity to absorb a large quantity of water, non-toxicity, chemical inertness, biocompatibility, biodegradability, proper capacity to form films and to stabilize emulsions, high porosity, and a large surface area. Due to its suitable characteristics, this ecological material can combine with multiple polymers and diverse bioactive agents to develop new materials and composites. Bacterial cellulose alone, and with its mixtures, exhibits numerous applications, including in the food and electronic industries and in the biotechnological and biomedical areas (such as in wound dressing, tissue engineering, dental implants, drug delivery systems, and cell culture). This review presents an overview of the main properties and uses of bacterial cellulose and the latest promising future applications, such as in biological diagnosis, biosensors, personalized regenerative medicine, and nerve and ocular tissue engineering.
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An Overview Regarding Microbial Aspects of Production and Applications of Bacterial Cellulose. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15020676. [PMID: 35057394 PMCID: PMC8779708 DOI: 10.3390/ma15020676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose is the most widely used biopolymer, accounting for about 1.5 trillion tons of annual production on Earth. Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a form produced by different species of bacteria, representing a purified form of cellulose. The structure of bacterial cellulose consists of glucose monomers that give it excellent properties for different medical applications (unique nanostructure, high water holding capacity, high degree of polymerization, high mechanical strength, and high crystallinity). These properties differ depending on the cellulose-producing bacteria. The most discussed topic is related to the use of bacterial cellulose as a versatile biopolymer for wound dressing applications. The aim of this review is to present the microbial aspects of BC production and potential applications in development of value-added products, especially for biomedical applications.
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Kadir NHA, Mohammad M, Alam M, Torkashvand M, Silvaragi TGB, Gururuloo SL. Utilization of nanocellulose fibers, nanocrystalline cellulose and bacterial cellulose in biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN PAPER AND WOOD ENGINEERING 2022:409-470. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-85835-9.00025-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Raghav N, Sharma MR, Kennedy JF. Nanocellulose: A mini-review on types and use in drug delivery systems. CARBOHYDRATE POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2020.100031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Rothe H, Rost J, Kramer F, Alkhatib Y, Petzold-Welcke K, Klemm D, Fischer D, Liefeith K. Bacterial nanocellulose: Reinforcement of compressive strength using an adapted Mobile Matrix Reservoir Technology and suitable post-modification strategies. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 125:104978. [PMID: 34837799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) is a highly interesting biomaterial due to some outstanding properties especially when used in medical therapeutics and diagnostics. BNC is absolutely bioinert and is characterised by intrinsic properties such as high tensile stiffness and elasticity, high porosity, exceptional water uptake and swelling capacity. Furthermore, these properties can be adjusted in a very defined way by specifically changing the cultivation conditions or performing post-modifications such as crosslinking, functionalisation with additives, dehydration or drying. Especially the high tensile strength of the nanofibrillar material has been the subject of many investigations in the past couple of years. Nevertheless, the enormous tensile strength and elasticity of BNC is contrary to an almost purely viscous behaviour under compressive load. In the present study, different methods to influence the mechanical behaviour under compression with respect to load bearing applications of BNC are systematically investigated. The possibilities and limitations of the variable layer-by-layer cultivation known as Mobile Matrix Reservoir Technology (MMR-Tech) as well as the effect of different post-modification strategies of BNC are thoroughly investigated. Beside of commonly used indentation tests for characterising the mechanical properties of BNC, we introduce a novel evaluation methodology based on mechanical relaxation measurements and an evolutionary regression algorithm for the derivation of a viscoelastic material law, which for the first time allows standardised, comparative viscoelastic investigations of soft-matter biomaterials to be performed independently of the measurement setup. Using this methodology, we are able to show, that cultivation conditions for BNC and suitable post-modifications can result in different effects on the viscoelastic behaviour of the fabricated composites. We show that the cultivation conditions for BNC primarily affect the height of dispersion and the frequency of the relaxation centre which corresponds roughly to the mean value of the logarithmic distributed relaxation times, and that these effects could be enhanced by post-modifications. However, we also identify parameters, such as the width of the relaxation region, which corresponds roughly to the standard deviation of the logarithmic distributed relaxation times, on which the type of cultivation obviously shows no influence but which can be influenced exclusively by post-modifications. Our methodology enables for the first time a clear identification of those parameters which represent a significant factor of influence to the viscoelastic material behaviour, which should enable a more targeted and application-relevant development of BNC composites in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Rothe
- Institute for Bioprocessing and Analytical Measurements Techniques e.V., Department of Biomaterials, Rosenhof, 37308, Heilbad Heiligenstadt, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Rost
- Institute for Bioprocessing and Analytical Measurements Techniques e.V., Department of Biomaterials, Rosenhof, 37308, Heilbad Heiligenstadt, Germany.
| | | | - Yaser Alkhatib
- Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Lessingstraße 8, 07743, Jena, Germany.
| | | | - Dieter Klemm
- Polymet Jena e.V., Wildenbruchstr. 15, 07745, Jena, Germany; KKF-Gesellschaft, Hans-Knöll-Str. 6, 07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - Dagmar Fischer
- Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Lessingstraße 8, 07743, Jena, Germany.
| | - Klaus Liefeith
- Institute for Bioprocessing and Analytical Measurements Techniques e.V., Department of Biomaterials, Rosenhof, 37308, Heilbad Heiligenstadt, Germany.
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15
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Maraldi M, Lisi M, Moretti G, Sponchioni M, Moscatelli D. Health care-associated infections: Controlled delivery of cationic antiseptics from polymeric excipients. Int J Pharm 2021; 607:120956. [PMID: 34333024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, the treatment of health care-associated infections represents a serious issue, due to the increasing number of bacterial strains resistant to traditional antibiotics. The use of antiseptics like quaternary ammonium salts and biguanides is a viable alternative to face these life-threatening infections. However, their inherent toxicity as well as the necessity of providing a sustained release to avoid the formation of pathogen biofilms are compelling obstacles towards their assessment in the hospitals. Within this framework, the role of polymeric drug delivery systems is fundamental to overcome the aforementioned problems. Biocompatibility, biodegradability and excipient-drug interactions are crucial properties determining the efficacy of the formulation. In this work, we provide an in-depth analysis of the polymer drug delivery systems that have been developed or are under development for the sustained release of positively charged antiseptics, highlighting the crucial characteristics that allowed to achieve the most relevant therapeutic effects. We reported and compared natural occurring polymers and synthetic carriers to show their pros and cons and applicability in the treatment of health care-associated infections. Then, the discussion is focused on a particularly relevant class of materials adopted for the scope, represented by polyesters, which gave rise, due to their biodegradability, to the field of resorbable drug delivery devices. Finally, a specific analysis on the effect of the polymer functionalization over the formulation performances for the different types of polymeric carriers is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Maraldi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via Luigi Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Lisi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via Luigi Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Giacomo Moretti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via Luigi Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Mattia Sponchioni
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via Luigi Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy.
| | - Davide Moscatelli
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via Luigi Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
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16
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Miyazawa T, Itaya M, Burdeos GC, Nakagawa K, Miyazawa T. A Critical Review of the Use of Surfactant-Coated Nanoparticles in Nanomedicine and Food Nanotechnology. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:3937-3999. [PMID: 34140768 PMCID: PMC8203100 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s298606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Surfactants, whose existence has been recognized as early as 2800 BC, have had a long history with the development of human civilization. With the rapid development of nanotechnology in the latter half of the 20th century, breakthroughs in nanomedicine and food nanotechnology using nanoparticles have been remarkable, and new applications have been developed. The technology of surfactant-coated nanoparticles, which provides new functions to nanoparticles for use in the fields of nanomedicine and food nanotechnology, is attracting a lot of attention in the fields of basic research and industry. This review systematically describes these "surfactant-coated nanoparticles" through various sections in order: 1) surfactants, 2) surfactant-coated nanoparticles, application of surfactant-coated nanoparticles to 3) nanomedicine, and 4) food nanotechnology. Furthermore, current progress and problems of the technology using surfactant-coated nanoparticles through recent research reports have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Miyazawa
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Mayuko Itaya
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Gregor C Burdeos
- Institute for Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kiyotaka Nakagawa
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Teruo Miyazawa
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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17
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Manfredini N, Merigo M, Ilare J, Sponchioni M, Moscatelli D. Limonene-in-water Pickering emulsion and on-demand separation using thermo-responsive biodegradable nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:8543-8554. [PMID: 33908992 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr00694k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the last few decades, Pickering emulsions have regained attention due to the possibility of forming stable oil-in-water emulsions with interesting interfacial properties. As an example, the more and more stringent regulations on the products for home and personal care are pushing the market towards the use of biodegradable materials in order to reduce their environmental impact. In this scenario, an appealing opportunity is offered by the use of biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) for the stabilization of fragrance oils in water. In this work, modular biodegradable NPs have been synthesized through a combination of ring opening polymerization and reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer emulsion polymerization and used to produce limonene-in-water Pickering emulsions. This strategy allowed controlling independently the NP size, polymer molecular weight, and hydrophobicity acting on the microstructure of the constituting copolymers. Stable limonene-in-water Pickering emulsions could be obtained, with the size of the oil phase and the wetting by limonene that can be strictly controlled by tuning the NP physico-chemical properties. Finally, the adoption of thermo-responsive polymer chains within the shell of the Pickering emulsifiers enabled the on-demand destabilization of the emulsions and hence the selective dispensing of limonene by simply increasing the temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Manfredini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy.
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18
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Thodikayil AT, Sharma S, Saha S. Engineering Carbohydrate-Based Particles for Biomedical Applications: Strategies to Construct and Modify. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:2907-2940. [PMID: 35014384 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-based micro/nanoparticles have gained significant attention for various biomedical applications such as targeted/triggered/controlled drug delivery, bioimaging, biosensing, etc., because of their prominent characteristics like biocompatibility, biodegradability, hydrophilicity, and nontoxicity as well as nonimmunogenicity. Most importantly, the ability of the nanoparticles to recognize specific cell sites by targeting cell surface receptors makes them a promising candidate for designing a targeted drug delivery system. These particles may either comprise polysaccharides/glycopolymers or be integrated with various polymeric/inorganic nanoparticles such as gold, silver, silica, iron, etc., to reduce the toxicity of the inorganic nanoparticles and thus facilitate their cellular insertion. Various synthetic methods have been developed to fabricate carbohydrate-based or carbohydrate-conjugated inorganic/polymeric nanoparticles. In this review, we have highlighted the recently developed synthetic approaches to afford carbohydrate-based particles along with their significance in various biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shivangi Sharma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Sampa Saha
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
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19
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Dydak K, Junka A, Dydak A, Brożyna M, Paleczny J, Fijalkowski K, Kubielas G, Aniołek O, Bartoszewicz M. In Vitro Efficacy of Bacterial Cellulose Dressings Chemisorbed with Antiseptics against Biofilm Formed by Pathogens Isolated from Chronic Wounds. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3996. [PMID: 33924416 PMCID: PMC8069587 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Local administration of antiseptics is required to prevent and fight against biofilm-based infections of chronic wounds. One of the methods used for delivering antiseptics to infected wounds is the application of dressings chemisorbed with antimicrobials. Dressings made of bacterial cellulose (BC) display several features, making them suitable for such a purpose. This work aimed to compare the activity of commonly used antiseptic molecules: octenidine, polyhexanide, povidone-iodine, chlorhexidine, ethacridine lactate, and hypochlorous solutions and to evaluate their usefulness as active substances of BC dressings against 48 bacterial strains (8 species) and 6 yeast strains (1 species). A silver dressing was applied as a control material of proven antimicrobial activity. The methodology applied included the assessment of minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimal biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC), the modified disc-diffusion method, and the modified antibiofilm dressing activity measurement (A.D.A.M.) method. While in 96-well plate-based methods (MIC and MBEC assessment), the highest antimicrobial activity was recorded for chlorhexidine, in the modified disc-diffusion method and in the modified A.D.A.M test, povidone-iodine performed the best. In an in vitro setting simulating chronic wound conditions, BC dressings chemisorbed with polyhexanide, octenidine, or povidone-iodine displayed a similar or even higher antibiofilm activity than the control dressing containing silver molecules. If translated into clinical conditions, the obtained results suggest high applicability of BC dressings chemisorbed with antiseptics to eradicate biofilm from chronic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Dydak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Medical University of Wroclaw, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.D.); (M.B.); (J.P.); (M.B.)
| | - Adam Junka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Medical University of Wroclaw, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.D.); (M.B.); (J.P.); (M.B.)
| | - Agata Dydak
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Malwina Brożyna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Medical University of Wroclaw, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.D.); (M.B.); (J.P.); (M.B.)
| | - Justyna Paleczny
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Medical University of Wroclaw, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.D.); (M.B.); (J.P.); (M.B.)
| | - Karol Fijalkowski
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Piastow 45, 70-311 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Grzegorz Kubielas
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-996 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Olga Aniołek
- Faculty of Medicine, Lazarski University, 02-662 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Marzenna Bartoszewicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Medical University of Wroclaw, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.D.); (M.B.); (J.P.); (M.B.)
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20
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Liu S, Qamar SA, Qamar M, Basharat K, Bilal M. Engineered nanocellulose-based hydrogels for smart drug delivery applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 181:275-290. [PMID: 33781811 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.03.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nanocellulose is a promising "green" nanomaterial that has recently gained scientific interest because of its excellent characteristics, such as less risks of toxicity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, recyclability, and tunable surface features. Initially, three nanocellulose types (i.e., bacterial nanocellulose, nanocrystals, and nanofibers) and their potential biotechnological production routes have been discussed in detail. Contemporary studies are discussed in the development of nanocellulose aerogels, responsive hydrogels, injectable hydrogels/implants, and magnetic nanocellulose. Moreover, the development of hydrogels and potential crosslinking agents for the induction of desired properties has been described. Studies have revealed that the release kinetics of nanocellulosic gels/hydrogels varies from few minutes to several days depending on the given physicochemical conditions. However, such systems provide sustained drug release properties, so they are considered "smart" systems. Recent studies on controlled drug delivery systems have demonstrated their considerable potential for the next-generation transport of therapeutic drugs to target sites via various administration routes. This review presents the selection of appropriate sources and processing methodologies for the development of target nanocellulose types. It explains the potential challenges and opportunities and recommends future research directions about the smart delivery of therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liu
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China.
| | - Sarmad Ahmad Qamar
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan.
| | - Mahpara Qamar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Kanta Basharat
- Department of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China.
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21
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Swingler S, Gupta A, Gibson H, Kowalczuk M, Heaselgrave W, Radecka I. Recent Advances and Applications of Bacterial Cellulose in Biomedicine. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:412. [PMID: 33525406 PMCID: PMC7865233 DOI: 10.3390/polym13030412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cellulose (BC) is an extracellular polymer produced by Komagateibacter xylinus, which has been shown to possess a multitude of properties, which makes it innately useful as a next-generation biopolymer. The structure of BC is comprised of glucose monomer units polymerised by cellulose synthase in β-1-4 glucan chains which form uniaxially orientated BC fibril bundles which measure 3-8 nm in diameter. BC is chemically identical to vegetal cellulose. However, when BC is compared with other natural or synthetic analogues, it shows a much higher performance in biomedical applications, potable treatment, nano-filters and functional applications. The main reason for this superiority is due to the high level of chemical purity, nano-fibrillar matrix and crystallinity. Upon using BC as a carrier or scaffold with other materials, unique and novel characteristics can be observed, which are all relatable to the features of BC. These properties, which include high tensile strength, high water holding capabilities and microfibrillar matrices, coupled with the overall physicochemical assets of bacterial cellulose makes it an ideal candidate for further scientific research into biopolymer development. This review thoroughly explores several areas in which BC is being investigated, ranging from biomedical applications to electronic applications, with a focus on the use as a next-generation wound dressing. The purpose of this review is to consolidate and discuss the most recent advancements in the applications of bacterial cellulose, primarily in biomedicine, but also in biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Swingler
- Wolverhampton School of Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK;
- Research Institute in Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK; (A.G.); (W.H.)
| | - Abhishek Gupta
- Research Institute in Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK; (A.G.); (W.H.)
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Hazel Gibson
- Wolverhampton School of Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK;
- Research Institute in Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK; (A.G.); (W.H.)
| | - Marek Kowalczuk
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 34, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland;
| | - Wayne Heaselgrave
- Research Institute in Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK; (A.G.); (W.H.)
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Wolverhampton, MA Building, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Iza Radecka
- Wolverhampton School of Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK;
- Research Institute in Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK; (A.G.); (W.H.)
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22
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Modified Bacterial Cellulose Dressings to Treat Inflammatory Wounds. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10122508. [PMID: 33327519 PMCID: PMC7764978 DOI: 10.3390/nano10122508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Natural products suited for prophylaxis and therapy of inflammatory diseases have gained increasing importance. These compounds could be beneficially integrated into bacterial cellulose (BC), which is a natural hydropolymer applicable as a wound dressing and drug delivery system alike. This study presents experimental outcomes for a natural anti-inflammatory product concept of boswellic acids from frankincense formulated in BC. Using esterification respectively (resp.) oxidation and subsequent coupling with phenylalanine and tryptophan, post-modification of BC was tested to facilitate lipophilic active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) incorporation. Diclofenac sodium and indomethacin were used as anti-inflammatory model drugs before the findings were transferred to boswellic acids. By acetylation of BC fibers, the loading efficiency for the more lipophilic API indomethacin and the release was increased by up to 65.6% and 25%, respectively, while no significant differences in loading could be found for the API diclofenac sodium. Post-modifications could be made while preserving biocompatibility, essential wound dressing properties and anti-inflammatory efficacy. Eventually, in vitro wound closure experiments and evaluations of the effect of secondary dressings completed the study.
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Kupnik K, Primožič M, Kokol V, Leitgeb M. Nanocellulose in Drug Delivery and Antimicrobially Active Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2825. [PMID: 33261198 PMCID: PMC7760654 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, nanocellulose (NC) has also attracted a great deal of attention in drug delivery systems due to its unique physical properties, specific surface area, low risk of cytotoxicity, and excellent biological properties. This review is focused on nanocellulose based systems acting as carriers to be used in drug or antimicrobial delivery by providing different but controlled and sustained release of drugs or antimicrobial agents, respectively, thus showing potential for different routes of applications and administration. Microorganisms are increasingly resistant to antibiotics, and because, generally, the used metal or metal oxide nanoparticles at some concentration have toxic effects, more research has focused on finding biocompatible antimicrobial agents that have been obtained from natural sources. Our review contains the latest research from the last five years that tested nanocellulose-based materials in the field of drug delivery and antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Kupnik
- Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (K.K.); (M.P.)
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
| | - Mateja Primožič
- Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (K.K.); (M.P.)
| | - Vanja Kokol
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
| | - Maja Leitgeb
- Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (K.K.); (M.P.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
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24
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Alkhatib Y, Blume G, Thamm J, Steiniger F, Kralisch D, Fischer D. Overcoming the hydrophilicity of bacterial nanocellulose: Incorporation of the lipophilic coenzyme Q10 using lipid nanocarriers for dermal applications. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 158:106-112. [PMID: 33189815 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although used in a wide range of medical and pharmaceutical applications, the potential of the natural biopolymer bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) as drug delivery system is by far not fully exploited. Particularly, the incorporation of lipophilic drugs is still considered as an unsolved task. In the present study, the homogeneous incorporation of the lipophilic coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) into BNC was accomplished by several post-synthesis techniques utilizing different nanoemulsions and liposomes. All colloidal carriers were in the range of about 90-120 nm with negative zeta potentials and storage stabilities up to 30 days. The biphasic drug release profiles of loaded BNC were found to be dependent on the type of colloidal carrier and the loading technique. Favorable characteristics such as high mechanical stability and high loading capacity were retained after the incorporation of the lipophilic components. Penetration studies using excised porcine skin revealed CoQ10 distributions also in deeper skin layers dependent on the type of the colloidal carrier system. In conclusion, hydrophilic BNC could be loaded with water-insoluble drugs as shown for the model drug CoQ10 by the use of lipidic colloidal carriers which offers new possibilities of application in pharmacy and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaser Alkhatib
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Gabriele Blume
- Sopharcos Dr. Gabriele Blume, Im Schloss 7, 36396 Steinau an der Strasse, Germany.
| | - Jana Thamm
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Frank Steiniger
- Electron Microscopy Center, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Ziegelmühlenweg 1, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Dana Kralisch
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany; Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Dagmar Fischer
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany; Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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25
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Biotech nanocellulose: A review on progress in product design and today's state of technical and medical applications. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 254:117313. [PMID: 33357876 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Biotech nanocellulose (bacterial nanocellulose, BNC) is a high potential natural polymer. Moreover, it is the only cellulose type that can be produced biotechnologically using microorganisms resulting in hydrogels with high purity, high mechanical strength and an interconnecting micropore system. Recently, the subject of intensive research is to influence this biosynthesis to create function-determining properties. This review reports on the progress in product design and today's state of technical and medical applications. A novel, dynamic, template-based technology, called Mobile Matrix Reservoir Technology (MMR Tech), is highlighted. Thereby, shape, dimensions, surface properties, and nanonetwork structures can be designed in a process-controlled manner. The formed multilayer materials open up new applications in medicine and technology. Especially medical materials for cardiovascular and visceral surgery, and drug delivery systems are developed. The effective production of layer-structured composites and coatings are important for potential applications in the electronics, paper, food and packaging technologies.
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Hasan N, Rahman L, Kim SH, Cao J, Arjuna A, Lallo S, Jhun BH, Yoo JW. Recent advances of nanocellulose in drug delivery systems. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-020-00499-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Nehra P, Chauhan RP. Eco-friendly nanocellulose and its biomedical applications: current status and future prospect. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2020; 32:112-149. [PMID: 32892717 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2020.1817706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose is the earth's leading natural polymer. It is known for its properties like biocompatibility, high mechanical strength, cost-effectiveness and lightweight. Nanocellulose displays better properties as compared to the native cellulose fibre. The nanocellulose is very remunerative in the arenas of routine application especially in health care, food industry, sanitary products and many more. In the biomedical area, cellulose-based products are utilized in applications like wound healing, dental applications, drug delivery, antimicrobial material, etc. Nanocellulose biomaterials have been commercialised, representing the material of new generation. With the objective to comprehend the contribution of nanocellulose in the current status and future development in biomedical utilisations, the review is focused on cellulose, nanocellulose, types and sources of nanocellulose, its preparation, characteristics, constraints related to its composites through the analysis of certain scientific reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Nehra
- School of Biomedical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, India
| | - R P Chauhan
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, India
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28
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Encapsulation of octenidine hydrochloride into bioresorbable polyesters for extended antimicrobial activity. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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29
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Karl B, Alkhatib Y, Beekmann U, Bellmann T, Blume G, Steiniger F, Thamm J, Werz O, Kralisch D, Fischer D. Development and characterization of bacterial nanocellulose loaded with Boswellia serrata extract containing nanoemulsions as natural dressing for skin diseases. Int J Pharm 2020; 587:119635. [PMID: 32693288 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The combination of the anti-inflammatory lipophilic Boswellia serrata extract with the natural hydropolymer bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) for the treatment of skin diseases is counteracted by their different hydro/lipophilicity. To overcome the hydrophilicity of the BNC, the water in its network was exchanged by single and double nanoemulsions. Incorporation of the Boswellia serrata extract in the nanoemulsions formed particles of about 115 to 150 nm with negative zeta potential and storage stability over 30 days at temperatures between 4 and 32 °C. Their loading into the BNC did not change the preferential characteristics of the nanocellulose like water absorption and retention, softness, and pressure stability in a relevant way. Loaded BNC could be sterilized by an electron-beam procedure. A biphasic drug release profile of lead compounds was observed by Franz cell diffusion test. The biocompatibility of the loaded BNC was confirmed ex ovo by a shell-less hen's egg test. Tape stripping experiments using porcine skin determined a dependency of the drug penetration into skin on the type of nanoemulsion, single vs. repeated applications and the incubation time. In conclusion, the hydrophilicity of BNC could be overcome using nanoemulsions which offers the possibility for the anti-inflammatory skin treatment with Boswellia serrata extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berit Karl
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Yaser Alkhatib
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Uwe Beekmann
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Tom Bellmann
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Gabriele Blume
- Sopharcos Dr. Gabriele Blume, Im Schloss 7, Steinau an der Straße, Germany.
| | - Frank Steiniger
- Electron Microscopy Center, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Ziegelmuehlenweg 1, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Jana Thamm
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Oliver Werz
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Philosophenweg 14, 07743 Jena, Germany; Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Dana Kralisch
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany; Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Dagmar Fischer
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany; Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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Chung CK, Fransen MF, van der Maaden K, Campos Y, García-Couce J, Kralisch D, Chan A, Ossendorp F, Cruz LJ. Thermosensitive hydrogels as sustained drug delivery system for CTLA-4 checkpoint blocking antibodies. J Control Release 2020; 323:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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31
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Warncke P, Fink S, Wiegand C, Hipler UC, Fischer D. A shell-less hen's egg test as infection model to determine the biocompatibility and antimicrobial efficacy of drugs and drug formulations against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Int J Pharm 2020; 585:119557. [PMID: 32565284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A shell-less hen's egg based infection test with Pseudomonas aeruginosa was established to investigate the antimicrobial efficacy of drugs and drug formulations close to the in vivo situation. The test system using preincubated fertilized chicken eggs transferred in petri dishes was optimized with respect to the controlled local application of liquid materials and bacteria as well as the bacterial cultivation conditions. The applicability of the ex ovo infection model was confirmed with antimicrobial susceptibility tests using tobramycin, ciprofloxacin and meropenem. The validity of the ex ovo data was demonstrated by correlation with in vitro data of the CellTiter®-Blue and the microplate laser nephelometry assay. Real-time imaging of the progress of infection and the efficacy of the treatment could be realized by the MolecuLight i:X™ technique. Furthermore, in a proof-of-concept efficacy, biocompatibility and even the presence of irritants were determined side-by-side using commercial ophthalmics. In conclusion, this egg based infection model could bridge the gap between in vitro and in vivo models for the evaluation of antimicrobial susceptibility to reduce animal tests according to the 3R concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Warncke
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Sarah Fink
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Jena, Erfurter Str 35, 07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Cornelia Wiegand
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Jena, Erfurter Str 35, 07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Uta-Christina Hipler
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Jena, Erfurter Str 35, 07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Dagmar Fischer
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany; Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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32
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Blanco Parte FG, Santoso SP, Chou CC, Verma V, Wang HT, Ismadji S, Cheng KC. Current progress on the production, modification, and applications of bacterial cellulose. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2020; 40:397-414. [PMID: 31937141 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1713721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adoption of biomass for the development of biobased products has become a routine agenda in evolutionary metabolic engineering. Cellulose produced by bacteria is a "rising star" for this sustainable development. Unlike plant cellulose, bacterial cellulose (BC) shows several unique properties like a high degree of crystallinity, high purity, high water retention, high mechanical strength, and enhanced biocompatibility. Favored with those extraordinary properties, BC could serve as ideal biomass for the development of various industrial products. However, a low yield and the requirement for large growth media have been a persistent challenge in mass production of BC. A significant number of techniques has been developed in achieving efficient BC production. This includes the modification of bioreactors, fermentation parameters, and growth media. In this article, we summarize progress in metabolic engineering in order to solve BC growth limitation. This article emphasizes current engineered BC production by using various bioreactors, as well as highlighting the structure of BC fermented by different types of engineered-bioreactors. The comprehensive overview of the future applications of BC, aims to provide readers with insight into new economic opportunities of BC and their modifiable properties for various industrial applications. Modifications in chemical composition, structure, and genetic regulation, which preceded the advancement of BC applications, were also emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco German Blanco Parte
- Polymer Biotechnology Group, Microbial and Plant Biotechnology Department, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Shella Permatasari Santoso
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chan Chou
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Vivek Verma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India.,Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
| | - Hsueh-Ting Wang
- Graduate Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Suryadi Ismadji
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Chen Cheng
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Potential of Novel Bacterial Cellulose Dressings Chemisorbed with Antiseptics for the Treatment of Oral Biofilm Infections. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9245321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Infections of the oral cavity are caused by multicellular communities of microbes, referred to as biofilms. Due to the high tolerance of biofilms to antibiotics and specific conditions within the oral cavity, there is an ongoing search for carriers that are able to deliver high local concentrations of potent antimicrobials that can eradicate pathogenic biofilms. Bacterial cellulose, owing to its high flexibility, absorbance, and release potential, meets these demands. In this work we chemisorbed bacterial cellulose with antiseptics containing povidone-iodine or polihexanide and analyzed their ability to eradicate in vitro biofilms formed by oral pathogens, such as Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Enterococcus faecalis, Candida albicans, Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In tests performed by means of standard laboratory methods and with a long contact time (24 h), all antiseptics released from the cellulose dressings displayed a very high antibiofilm efficacy. On the other hand, when conditions imitating the oral cavity were used and cellulose dressings were applied for a 0.5–1 h contact time, the antiseptics released from the dressings displayed lower, though still acceptable, activity. Our findings indicate that besides species-specific resistance to particular antiseptic agents, environmental and experimental settings play an essential role in outcomes. Finally, in a proof-of-concept experiment performed in an oral cavity typodont model, we demonstrated the high flexibility and adhesiveness of antiseptic-containing cellulose dressings. Our novel findings, if developed in further studies, may lead to the introduction of new types of dressings that are able to efficiently deal with biofilm infections of the oral cavity.
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Zhang ZY, Sun Y, Zheng YD, He W, Yang YY, Xie YJ, Feng ZX, Qiao K. A biocompatible bacterial cellulose/tannic acid composite with antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities for biomedical applications. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 106:110249. [PMID: 31753409 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm-associated infections are in a high rate of recurrence and biofilms show formidable resistance to current antibiotics, making them a growing challenge in biomedical field. In this study, a biocompatible composite was developed by incorporating tannic acid (TA) and MgCl2 to bacterial cellulose (BC) for antimicrobial and anti-biofilm purposes. The morphology was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and chemical structure were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS). In vitro release profiles of tannic acid revealed that the Mg2+ cross-links help impede the release of TA from BC matrix, while composite BC-TA lacked Mg2+ ionic cross-links, thus more TA was released from the hydrogel. The BC-TA-Mg composites also displayed strong antibacterial activity against S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Moreover, the composites significantly reduced biofilm formation of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa after 24 h incubation by ∼80% and ∼87%, respectively. As a consequence, the BC-TA-Mg composites are a very promising material for combating biofilm-associated infections in biomedical and public health fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Yu Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Yi Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Yu-Dong Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
| | - Wei He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
| | - Ying-Ying Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Ya-Jie Xie
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Zhao-Xuan Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Kun Qiao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, PR China
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35
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Gorgieva S, Trček J. Bacterial Cellulose: Production, Modification and Perspectives in Biomedical Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E1352. [PMID: 31547134 PMCID: PMC6835293 DOI: 10.3390/nano9101352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial cellulose (BC) is ultrafine, nanofibrillar material with an exclusive combination of properties such as high crystallinity (84%-89%) and polymerization degree, high surface area (high aspect ratio of fibers with diameter 20-100 nm), high flexibility and tensile strength (Young modulus of 15-18 GPa), high water-holding capacity (over 100 times of its own weight), etc. Due to high purity, i.e., absence of lignin and hemicellulose, BC is considered as a non-cytotoxic, non-genotoxic and highly biocompatible material, attracting interest in diverse areas with hallmarks in medicine. The presented review summarizes the microbial aspects of BC production (bacterial strains, carbon sources and media) and versatile in situ and ex situ methods applied in BC modification, especially towards bionic design for applications in regenerative medicine, from wound healing and artificial skin, blood vessels, coverings in nerve surgery, dura mater prosthesis, arterial stent coating, cartilage and bone repair implants, etc. The paper concludes with challenges and perspectives in light of further translation in highly valuable medical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selestina Gorgieva
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Engineering Materials and Design, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia.
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Institute of Automation, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia.
| | - Janja Trček
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Department of Biology, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia.
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia.
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36
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Carvalho T, Guedes G, Sousa FL, Freire CSR, Santos HA. Latest Advances on Bacterial Cellulose-Based Materials for Wound Healing, Delivery Systems, and Tissue Engineering. Biotechnol J 2019; 14:e1900059. [PMID: 31468684 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201900059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a nanocellulose form produced by some nonpathogenic bacteria. BC presents unique physical, chemical, and biological properties that make it a very versatile material and has found application in several fields, namely in food industry, cosmetics, and biomedicine. This review overviews the latest state-of-the-art usage of BC on three important areas of the biomedical field, namely delivery systems, wound dressing and healing materials, and tissue engineering for regenerative medicine. BC will be reviewed as a promising biopolymer for the design and development of innovative materials for the mentioned applications. Overall, BC is shown to be an effective and versatile carrier for delivery systems, a safe and multicustomizable patch or graft for wound dressing and healing applications, and a material that can be further tuned to better adjust for each tissue engineering application, by using different methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Carvalho
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland.,Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Gabriela Guedes
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland.,Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Filipa L Sousa
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carmen S R Freire
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Hélder A Santos
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland.,Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
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37
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Mackiewicz M, Romanski J, Drabczyk K, Waleka E, Stojek Z, Karbarz M. Degradable, thermo-, pH- and redox-sensitive hydrogel microcapsules for burst and sustained release of drugs. Int J Pharm 2019; 569:118589. [PMID: 31386880 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Polymer microcapsules offer a possibility of storing increased amounts of drugs. Appropriate design and composition of the microcapsules allow tuning of the drug-release process. In this paper, we report on synthesis of hydrogel microcapsules sensitive to temperature and pH and degradable by glutathione and hydrogen peroxide. Microcapsules were based on thermo-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and degradable cystine crosslinker, and were synthesized by applying precipitation polymerization. Such way of polymerization was appropriately modified to limit the crosslinking in the microcapsule center. This led to a possibility of washing out the pNIPA core at room temperature and the formation of a capsule. Microcapsules revealed rather high drug-loading capacity of ca. 17%. The degradation of the microcapsules by the reducing agent (GSH) and the oxidizing agent (H2O2) was confirmed by using the DLS, UV-Vis, SEM and TEM techniques. Depending on pH and concentration of the reducing/oxidizing agents a fast or slow degradation of the microcapsules and a burst or long-term release of doxorubicin (DOX) were observed. The DOX loaded microcapsules appeared to be cytotoxic against A2780 cancer cells similarly to DOX alone, while unloaded microcapsules did not inhibit proliferation of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Mackiewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Center, University of Warsaw, 101 Żwirki i Wigury Av., PL 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Romanski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Center, University of Warsaw, 101 Żwirki i Wigury Av., PL 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kinga Drabczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Center, University of Warsaw, 101 Żwirki i Wigury Av., PL 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewelina Waleka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Center, University of Warsaw, 101 Żwirki i Wigury Av., PL 02-089 Warsaw, Poland; Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 3 Noakowskiego Av., PL 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Stojek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Center, University of Warsaw, 101 Żwirki i Wigury Av., PL 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Karbarz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Center, University of Warsaw, 101 Żwirki i Wigury Av., PL 02-089 Warsaw, Poland.
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Portela R, Leal CR, Almeida PL, Sobral RG. Bacterial cellulose: a versatile biopolymer for wound dressing applications. Microb Biotechnol 2019; 12:586-610. [PMID: 30838788 PMCID: PMC6559198 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although several therapeutic approaches are available for wound and burn treatment and much progress has been made in this area, room for improvement still exists, driven by the urgent need of better strategies to accelerate wound healing and recovery, mostly for cases of severe burned patients. Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a biopolymer produced by bacteria with several advantages over vegetal cellulose, such as purity, high porosity, permeability to liquid and gases, elevated water uptake capacity and mechanical robustness. Besides its biocompatibility, BC can be modified in order to acquire antibacterial response and possible local drug delivery features. Due to its intrinsic versatility, BC is the perfect example of a biotechnological response to a clinical problem. In this review, we assess the BC main features and emphasis is given to a specific biomedical application: wound dressings. The production process and the physical-chemical properties that entitle this material to be used as wound dressing namely for burn healing are highlighted. An overview of the most common BC composites and their enhanced properties, in particular physical and biological, is provided, including the different production processes. A particular focus is given to the biochemistry and genetic manipulation of BC. A summary of the current marketed BC-based wound dressing products is presented, and finally, future perspectives for the usage of BC as wound dressing are foreseen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Portela
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology of Bacterial PathogensUCIBIO@REQUIMTEDepartamento de Ciências da VidaFaculdade de Ciências e TecnologiaUniversidade Nova de Lisboa2829‐516CaparicaPortugal
| | - Catarina R. Leal
- Área Departamental de FísicaISEL ‐ Instituto Superior de Engenharia de LisboaInstituto Politécnico de LisboaRua Conselheiro Emídio Navarro 1P‐1959‐007LisboaPortugal
- CENIMAT/I3NDepartamento de Ciência dos MateriaisFaculdade Ciências e TecnologiaUniversidade Nova de Lisboa2829‐516CaparicaPortugal
| | - Pedro L. Almeida
- Área Departamental de FísicaISEL ‐ Instituto Superior de Engenharia de LisboaInstituto Politécnico de LisboaRua Conselheiro Emídio Navarro 1P‐1959‐007LisboaPortugal
- CENIMAT/I3NDepartamento de Ciência dos MateriaisFaculdade Ciências e TecnologiaUniversidade Nova de Lisboa2829‐516CaparicaPortugal
| | - Rita G. Sobral
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology of Bacterial PathogensUCIBIO@REQUIMTEDepartamento de Ciências da VidaFaculdade de Ciências e TecnologiaUniversidade Nova de Lisboa2829‐516CaparicaPortugal
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Pötzinger Y, Rahnfeld L, Kralisch D, Fischer D. Immobilization of plasmids in bacterial nanocellulose as gene activated matrix. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 209:62-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Bacakova L, Pajorova J, Bacakova M, Skogberg A, Kallio P, Kolarova K, Svorcik V. Versatile Application of Nanocellulose: From Industry to Skin Tissue Engineering and Wound Healing. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9020164. [PMID: 30699947 PMCID: PMC6410160 DOI: 10.3390/nano9020164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nanocellulose is cellulose in the form of nanostructures, i.e., features not exceeding 100 nm at least in one dimension. These nanostructures include nanofibrils, found in bacterial cellulose; nanofibers, present particularly in electrospun matrices; and nanowhiskers, nanocrystals, nanorods, and nanoballs. These structures can be further assembled into bigger two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) nano-, micro-, and macro-structures, such as nanoplatelets, membranes, films, microparticles, and porous macroscopic matrices. There are four main sources of nanocellulose: bacteria (Gluconacetobacter), plants (trees, shrubs, herbs), algae (Cladophora), and animals (Tunicata). Nanocellulose has emerged for a wide range of industrial, technology, and biomedical applications, namely for adsorption, ultrafiltration, packaging, conservation of historical artifacts, thermal insulation and fire retardation, energy extraction and storage, acoustics, sensorics, controlled drug delivery, and particularly for tissue engineering. Nanocellulose is promising for use in scaffolds for engineering of blood vessels, neural tissue, bone, cartilage, liver, adipose tissue, urethra and dura mater, for repairing connective tissue and congenital heart defects, and for constructing contact lenses and protective barriers. This review is focused on applications of nanocellulose in skin tissue engineering and wound healing as a scaffold for cell growth, for delivering cells into wounds, and as a material for advanced wound dressings coupled with drug delivery, transparency and sensorics. Potential cytotoxicity and immunogenicity of nanocellulose are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Bacakova
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4-Krc, Czech Republic.
| | - Julia Pajorova
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4-Krc, Czech Republic.
| | - Marketa Bacakova
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4-Krc, Czech Republic.
| | - Anne Skogberg
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 3, 33720 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Pasi Kallio
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 3, 33720 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Katerina Kolarova
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6-Dejvice, Czech Republic.
| | - Vaclav Svorcik
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6-Dejvice, Czech Republic.
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Sheikhi A, Hayashi J, Eichenbaum J, Gutin M, Kuntjoro N, Khorsandi D, Khademhosseini A. Recent advances in nanoengineering cellulose for cargo delivery. J Control Release 2019; 294:53-76. [PMID: 30500355 PMCID: PMC6385607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The recent decade has witnessed a growing demand to substitute synthetic materials with naturally-derived platforms for minimizing their undesirable footprints in biomedicine, environment, and ecosystems. Among the natural materials, cellulose, the most abundant biopolymer in the world with key properties, such as biocompatibility, biorenewability, and sustainability has drawn significant attention. The hierarchical structure of cellulose fibers, one of the main constituents of plant cell walls, has been nanoengineered and broken down to nanoscale building blocks, providing an infrastructure for nanomedicine. Microorganisms, such as certain types of bacteria, are another source of nanocelluloses known as bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), which benefit from high purity and crystallinity. Chemical and mechanical treatments of cellulose fibrils made up of alternating crystalline and amorphous regions have yielded cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), hairy CNC (HCNC), and cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) with dimensions spanning from a few nanometers up to several microns. Cellulose nanocrystals and nanofibrils may readily bind drugs, proteins, and nanoparticles through physical interactions or be chemically modified to covalently accommodate cargos. Engineering surface properties, such as chemical functionality, charge, area, crystallinity, and hydrophilicity, plays a pivotal role in controlling the cargo loading/releasing capacity and rate, stability, toxicity, immunogenicity, and biodegradation of nanocellulose-based delivery platforms. This review provides insights into the recent advances in nanoengineering cellulose crystals and fibrils to develop vehicles, encompassing colloidal nanoparticles, hydrogels, aerogels, films, coatings, capsules, and membranes, for the delivery of a broad range of bioactive cargos, such as chemotherapeutic drugs, anti-inflammatory agents, antibacterial compounds, and probiotics. SYNOPSIS: Engineering certain types of microorganisms as well as the hierarchical structure of cellulose fibers, one of the main building blocks of plant cell walls, has yielded unique families of cellulose-based nanomaterials, which have leveraged the effective delivery of bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Sheikhi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California - Los Angeles, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California - Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Joel Hayashi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California - Los Angeles, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California - Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - James Eichenbaum
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California - Los Angeles, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California - Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mark Gutin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California - Los Angeles, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California - Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nicole Kuntjoro
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California - Los Angeles, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California - Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Danial Khorsandi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California - Los Angeles, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California - Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California - Los Angeles, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California - Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California - Los Angeles, 5531 Boelter Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea.
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Anton-Sales I, Beekmann U, Laromaine A, Roig A, Kralisch D. Opportunities of Bacterial Cellulose to Treat Epithelial Tissues. Curr Drug Targets 2019; 20:808-822. [PMID: 30488795 PMCID: PMC7046991 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666181129092144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this mini-review, we highlight the potential of the biopolymer bacterial cellulose to treat damaged epithelial tissues. Epithelial tissues are cell sheets that delimitate both the external body surfaces and the internal cavities and organs. Epithelia serve as physical protection to underlying organs, regulate the diffusion of molecules and ions, secrete substances and filtrate body fluids, among other vital functions. Because of their continuous exposure to environmental stressors, damage to epithelial tissues is highly prevalent. Here, we first compare the properties of bacterial cellulose to the current gold standard, collagen, and then we examine the use of bacterial cellulose patches to heal specific epithelial tissues; the outer skin, the ocular surface, the oral mucosa and other epithelial surfaces. Special emphasis is made on the dermis since, to date, this is the most widespread medical use of bacterial cellulose. It is important to note that some epithelial tissues represent only the outermost layer of more complex structures such as the skin or the cornea. In these situations, depending on the penetration of the lesion, bacterial cellulose might also be involved in the regeneration of, for instance, inner connective tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna Laromaine
- Address correspondence to these authors at the Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), 08193 Bellaterra, Catalunya, Spain; Tel: +34935801853; E-mails: ;
| | - Anna Roig
- Address correspondence to these authors at the Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), 08193 Bellaterra, Catalunya, Spain; Tel: +34935801853; E-mails: ;
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Nanocellulose Composite Biomaterials in Industry and Medicine. BIOLOGICALLY-INSPIRED SYSTEMS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-12919-4_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Mishra S, Kharkar PS, Pethe AM. Biomass and waste materials as potential sources of nanocrystalline cellulose: Comparative review of preparation methods (2016 - Till date). Carbohydr Polym 2018; 207:418-427. [PMID: 30600024 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) has gained much popularity over the last decade as a preferred nanomaterial in varied applications, despite its laborious industrial production and higher cost. Its production methods have undergone a great deal of metamorphosis lately. The main emphasis has been on the environment-friendly and green processes, in addition to the sustainable and renewable feedstock. Globally, the researchers have explored biomass and waste cellulosic materials as renewable sources for NCC extraction. Newer and/or improved process alternatives, e.g., ultrasonication, enzymatic hydrolysis and mechanical treatments have been applied successfully for producing high-quality material. Detailed investigations on optimizing the overall yield from cheaper feedstock have yielded obvious benefits. This is still work in progress. The present review majorly focuses on the advances made in the NCC preparation field from biomass and waste cellulosic materials in last three years (2016 - till date). Collaborative efforts between chemical engineers and research scientists are crucial for the success of this really amazing nanomaterial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Mishra
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed to be University), Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400 056, India
| | - Prashant S Kharkar
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed to be University), Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400 056, India
| | - Anil M Pethe
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed to be University), Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400 056, India.
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Weyell P, Beekmann U, Küpper C, Dederichs M, Thamm J, Fischer D, Kralisch D. Tailor-made material characteristics of bacterial cellulose for drug delivery applications in dentistry. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 207:1-10. [PMID: 30599988 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial cellulose (BC) has shown high potential as innovative wound dressing and drug delivery system. Bringing both together, drug-loaded BC was investigated for applications in dental therapies such as dental extraction or mucosal transplantation. Both applications would benefit from a material which degrades under physiological conditions, and from an antibiotic environment. Consequently, periodate-oxidation of BC was investigated to facilitate modified degradation behaviour. A periodate concentration of 0.14 mol/L at ϑ = 25 °C and t = 8 h resulted in a material loss of <10%, but at the same time a sufficient degree of degradation. Additionally, native and oxidised BC loaded with doxycycline was tested for prophylaxis against infection. An in vitro-toxicity test (MTT assay) provided a first confirmation of biocompatibility, whereas agar diffusion tests proved antibiotic efficiency against pathogenic oral bacteria. Release studies of the drug from native and oxidised BC confirmed a comparative biphasic release behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Weyell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, Lessingstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Uwe Beekmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, Lessingstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Christine Küpper
- Policlinic of Prosthetic Dentistry and Material Science, Biological Laboratory, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Marco Dederichs
- Policlinic of Prosthetic Dentistry and Material Science, Biological Laboratory, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Jana Thamm
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, Lessingstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Dagmar Fischer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, Lessingstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany; Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Dana Kralisch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, Lessingstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany; Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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Abstract
Although bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), a natural nanostructured biopolymer network, offers unique material characteristics, the number of drug-loaded BNC-based carriers in clinical trials or on the market is still low. This report provides an overview of aspects still limiting the broad application of BNC as drug-delivery system and the challenges for its future applications. Continuous large-scale production, storability, the loading and controlled release of critical drugs, for example, with high molar mass or highly lipophilic character as well as the formulation of long-term release systems will be highlighted. Recent achievements toward promoting the application of BNC as drug-delivery system and overcoming these obstacles will be discussed. [Formula: see text].
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Halib N, Perrone F, Cemazar M, Dapas B, Farra R, Abrami M, Chiarappa G, Forte G, Zanconati F, Pozzato G, Murena L, Fiotti N, Lapasin R, Cansolino L, Grassi G, Grassi M. Potential Applications of Nanocellulose-Containing Materials in the Biomedical Field. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10080977. [PMID: 28825682 PMCID: PMC5578343 DOI: 10.3390/ma10080977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Because of its high biocompatibility, bio-degradability, low-cost and easy availability, cellulose finds application in disparate areas of research. Here we focus our attention on the most recent and attractive potential applications of cellulose in the biomedical field. We first describe the chemical/structural composition of cellulose fibers, the cellulose sources/features and cellulose chemical modifications employed to improve its properties. We then move to the description of cellulose potential applications in biomedicine. In this field, cellulose is most considered in recent research in the form of nano-sized particle, i.e., nanofiber cellulose (NFC) or cellulose nanocrystal (CNC). NFC is obtained from cellulose via chemical and mechanical methods. CNC can be obtained from macroscopic or microscopic forms of cellulose following strong acid hydrolysis. NFC and CNC are used for several reasons including the mechanical properties, the extended surface area and the low toxicity. Here we present some potential applications of nano-sized cellulose in the fields of wound healing, bone-cartilage regeneration, dental application and different human diseases including cancer. To witness the close proximity of nano-sized cellulose to the practical biomedical use, examples of recent clinical trials are also reported. Altogether, the described examples strongly support the enormous application potential of nano-sized cellulose in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Halib
- Department of Basic Sciences & Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Level 15, Tower B, Persiaran MPAJ, Jalan Pandan Utama, Kuala Lumpur 55100, Malaysia;.
| | - Francesca Perrone
- Department of Life Sciences, Cattinara University Hospital, Trieste University, Strada di Fiume 447, I-34149 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Maja Cemazar
- Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloska 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Barbara Dapas
- Department of Life Sciences, Cattinara University Hospital, Trieste University, Strada di Fiume 447, I-34149 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Rossella Farra
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Via Valerio 6/A, I-34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Michela Abrami
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Via Valerio 6/A, I-34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Chiarappa
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Via Valerio 6/A, I-34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Giancarlo Forte
- Center for Translational Medicine, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Fabrizio Zanconati
- Surgery and Health Sciences, Department of Medical, Cattinara Hospital, University of Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Pozzato
- Surgery and Health Sciences, Department of Medical, Cattinara Hospital, University of Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Luigi Murena
- Surgery and Health Sciences, Department of Medical, Cattinara Hospital, University of Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Nicola Fiotti
- Surgery and Health Sciences, Department of Medical, Cattinara Hospital, University of Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Romano Lapasin
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Via Valerio 6/A, I-34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Laura Cansolino
- Department of Clinico-Surgical Sciences, Experimental Surgery Laboratory, University of Pavia and IRCCS S, Matteo Hospital Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Grassi
- Department of Life Sciences, Cattinara University Hospital, Trieste University, Strada di Fiume 447, I-34149 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Mario Grassi
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Via Valerio 6/A, I-34127 Trieste, Italy.
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