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Leung KS, Shirazi S, Cooper LF, Ravindran S. Biomaterials and Extracellular Vesicle Delivery: Current Status, Applications and Challenges. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182851. [PMID: 36139426 PMCID: PMC9497093 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we will discuss the current status of extracellular vesicle (EV) delivery via biopolymeric scaffolds for therapeutic applications and the challenges associated with the development of these functionalized scaffolds. EVs are cell-derived membranous structures and are involved in many physiological processes. Naïve and engineered EVs have much therapeutic potential, but proper delivery systems are required to prevent non-specific and off-target effects. Targeted and site-specific delivery using polymeric scaffolds can address these limitations. EV delivery with scaffolds has shown improvements in tissue remodeling, wound healing, bone healing, immunomodulation, and vascular performance. Thus, EV delivery via biopolymeric scaffolds is becoming an increasingly popular approach to tissue engineering. Although there are many types of natural and synthetic biopolymers, the overarching goal for many tissue engineers is to utilize biopolymers to restore defects and function as well as support host regeneration. Functionalizing biopolymers by incorporating EVs works toward this goal. Throughout this review, we will characterize extracellular vesicles, examine various biopolymers as a vehicle for EV delivery for therapeutic purposes, potential mechanisms by which EVs exert their effects, EV delivery for tissue repair and immunomodulation, and the challenges associated with the use of EVs in scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasey S. Leung
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Sajjad Shirazi
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Lyndon F. Cooper
- School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Sriram Ravindran
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Correspondence:
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Meena J, Singhvi P, Srichandan S, Dandotiya J, Verma J, Singh M, Ahuja R, Panwar N, Wani TQ, Khatri R, Siddiqui G, Gupta A, Samal S, Panda AK. RBD decorated PLA nanoparticle admixture with aluminum hydroxide elicit robust and long lasting immune response against SARS-CoV-2. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 176:43-53. [PMID: 35589003 PMCID: PMC9110063 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles-based multivalent antigen display has the capability of mimicking natural virus infection characteristics, making it useful for eliciting potent long-lasting immune response. Several vaccines are developed against global pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However these subunit vaccines use mammalian expression system, hence mass production with rapid pace is a bigger challenge. In contrast E. coli based subunit vaccine production circumvents these limitations.The objective of the present investigation was to develop nanoparticle vaccine with multivalent display of receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 expressed in E. coli. Results showed that RBD entrapped PLA (Poly lactic acid) nanoparticle in combination with aluminum hydroxide elicited 9-fold higher immune responses as compared to RBD adsorbed aluminum hydroxide, a common adjuvant used for human immunization. It was interesting to note that RBD entrapped PLA nanoparticle with aluminum hydroxide not only generated robust and long-lasting antibody response but also provided Th1 and Th2 balanced immune response. Moreover, challenge with 1 µg of RBD alone was able to generate secondary antibody response, suggesting that immunization with RBD-PLA nanoparticleshas the ability to elicit memory antibody against RBD. Plaque assay revealed that the antibody generated using the polymeric formulation was able to neutralize SARS-CoV-2.The RBD entrapped PLA nanoparticles blended with aluminum hydroxide thus has potential to develop asa subunit vaccine against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairam Meena
- Product Development Cell, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India.
| | - Priyank Singhvi
- Product Development Cell, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Sudeepa Srichandan
- Product Development Cell, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Jyotsna Dandotiya
- Product Development Cell, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Juhi Verma
- Product Development Cell, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Mamta Singh
- Product Development Cell, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Rahul Ahuja
- Product Development Cell, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Neha Panwar
- Product Development Cell, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Tabiya Qayoom Wani
- Product Development Cell, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ritika Khatri
- Infection and Immunology Laboratory, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, Gurgaon-Faridabad, India
| | - Gazala Siddiqui
- Infection and Immunology Laboratory, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, Gurgaon-Faridabad, India
| | - Anuradha Gupta
- Product Development Cell, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Sweety Samal
- Infection and Immunology Laboratory, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, Gurgaon-Faridabad, India
| | - Amulya Kumar Panda
- Product Development Cell, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India.
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Jiang J, Mei J, Yi S, Feng C, Ma Y, Liu Y, Liu Y, Chen C. Tumor associated macrophage and microbe: The potential targets of tumor vaccine delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 180:114046. [PMID: 34767863 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and development of tumors depend on the tumor microenvironment (TME), which is made of various immune cells, activated fibroblasts, basement membrane, capillaries, and extracellular matrix. Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) and microbes are important components in TME. Tumor cells can recruit and educate TAMs and microbes, and the hijacked TAMs and microbes can promote the progression of tumor reciprocally. Tumor vaccine delivery remodeling TME by targeting TAM and microbes can not only enhance the specificity and immunogenicity of antigens, but also contribute to the regulation of TME. Tumor vaccine design benefits from nanotechnology which is a suitable platform for antigen and adjuvant delivery to catalyze new candidate vaccines applying to clinical therapy at unparalleled speed. In view of the characteristics and mechanisms of TME development, vaccine delivery targeting and breaking the malignant interactions among tumor cells, TAMs, and microbes may serve as a novel strategy for tumor therapy.
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Meena J, Goswami DG, Anish C, Panda AK. Cellular uptake of polylactide particles induces size dependent cytoskeletal remodeling in antigen presenting cells. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:7962-7976. [PMID: 34704986 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm01312b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytosis of particulate vaccine delivery systems is a critical immune mechanism involved in antigen capture and processing by macrophages and dendritic cells. The internalization and degradation of the particles involve a complex sequence of events. This process coordinates lipids, signaling proteins, and the cytoskeleton. Dynamic changes in the actin cytoskeleton are essential for phagocytosis and antigen presentation. Knowledge regarding the correlation of surface properties, attached ligand density and geometric size of particles with the efficiency of phagocytosis may facilitate their design and application. To investigate this, polylactide biodegradable particles with different diameters (2-4 μm and 200-300 nm) were exposed to murine macrophages and dendritic cells and the effect of size on a series of cellular responses was evaluated. Cellular uptake studies using microscopy and flow cytometry showed size dependent internalization of particles, with nanoparticles accumulating in cells at a faster rate. The particles induced homoaggregation of cells and also showed cytoskeletal remodeling that could be inhibited by cytochalasin-D. Scanning electron microscopy images showed the time dependent formation of phagocytic cups and invaginations that promote particle uptake. The particles were observed to co-localized with the endo-lysosomal compartments after phagocyotosis. In our experiments, particle mediated immunoactivation, antigen processing and cytokine secretion have shown a good correlation with the uptake process. These findings would allow a better understanding of the process of particle uptake and may be instrumental in the rational design of optimal vaccine delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairam Meena
- Product Development Cell, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi - 110067, India.
| | - Dinesh Giri Goswami
- Product Development Cell, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi - 110067, India.
| | - Chakkumkal Anish
- Product Development Cell, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi - 110067, India.
| | - Amulya Kumar Panda
- Product Development Cell, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi - 110067, India.
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Niculescu AG, Grumezescu AM. Polymer-Based Nanosystems-A Versatile Delivery Approach. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:6812. [PMID: 34832213 PMCID: PMC8619478 DOI: 10.3390/ma14226812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Polymer-based nanoparticles of tailored size, morphology, and surface properties have attracted increasing attention as carriers for drugs, biomolecules, and genes. By protecting the payload from degradation and maintaining sustained and controlled release of the drug, polymeric nanoparticles can reduce drug clearance, increase their cargo's stability and solubility, prolong its half-life, and ensure optimal concentration at the target site. The inherent immunomodulatory properties of specific polymer nanoparticles, coupled with their drug encapsulation ability, have raised particular interest in vaccine delivery. This paper aims to review current and emerging drug delivery applications of both branched and linear, natural, and synthetic polymer nanostructures, focusing on their role in vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelina-Gabriela Niculescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest—ICUB, University of Bucharest, 050657 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov no. 3, 50044 Bucharest, Romania
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Characterizations of glucose-rich polysaccharides from Amomum longiligulare T.L. Wu fruits and their effects on immunogenicities of infectious bursal disease virus VP2 protein. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 183:1574-1584. [PMID: 34044027 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to explore the characterization of Amomum longiligulare T.L. Wu fruits polysaccharide (ALP) and their immune enhancement effects. Two homogeneous polysaccharides (ALP1 and ALP2) were isolated from the fruits. The structural characterization results showed that ALP1 (26.10 kDa) and ALP2 (64.10 kDa) were both mainly composed of glucose. Furthermore, ALP1 was consisted of (1,2)-α-D-Glcp, (1,2,3)-α-D-Glcp and T-α-D-Glcp, while ALP2 was consisted of T-α-D-Glcp, (1,3)-α-D-Glcp and (1,3,6)-α-D-Glcp. Afterwards, the immune enhancement effects of two polysaccharides were evaluated by determining their effects on immunogenicities of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) VP2 protein. Chickens were immunized with IBDV VP2 protein accompanied with ALP1/ALP2. And the results indicated both ALP1 and ALP2 promoted the weights and bursa of fabricius indexes of chickens. In addition, both two polysaccharides increased specific IBDV antibody levels, while ALP1 possessed higher immune enhancement ability and was expected to be an adjuvant for IBDV VP2 protein.
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Morelli L, Polito L, Richichi B, Compostella F. Glyconanoparticles as tools to prevent antimicrobial resistance. Glycoconj J 2021; 38:475-490. [PMID: 33728545 PMCID: PMC7964520 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-021-09988-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The increased phenomenon of antimicrobial resistance and the slow pace of development of new antibiotics are at the base of a global health concern regarding microbial infections. Antibiotic resistance kills an estimated 700,000 people each year worldwide, and this number is expected to increase dramatically if efforts are not made to develop new drugs or alternative containment strategies. Increased vaccination coverage, improved sanitation or sustained implementation of infection control measures are among the possible areas of action. Indeed, vaccination is one of the most effective tools of preventing infections. Starting from 1970s polysaccharide-based vaccines against Meningococcus, Pneumococcus and Haemophilus influenzae type b have been licensed, and provided effective protection for population. However, the development of safe and effective vaccines for infectious diseases with broad coverage remains a major challenge in global public health. In this scenario, nanosystems are receiving attention as alternative delivery systems to improve vaccine efficacy and immunogenicity. In this report, we provide an overview of current applications of glyconanomaterials as alternative platforms in the development of new vaccine candidates. In particular, we will focus on nanoparticle platforms, used to induce the activation of the immune system through the multivalent-displacement of saccharide antigens. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Morelli
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via Saldini 50, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Polito
- National Research Council, CNR-SCITEC, Via G. Fantoli 16/15, 20138, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Richichi
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Federica Compostella
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via Saldini 50, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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Loo YS, Bose RJ, McCarthy JR, Mat Azmi ID, Madheswaran T. Biomimetic bacterial and viral-based nanovesicles for drug delivery, theranostics, and vaccine applications. Drug Discov Today 2020; 26:902-915. [PMID: 33383213 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Smart nanocarriers obtained from bacteria and viruses offer excellent biomimetic properties which has led to significant research into the creation of advanced biomimetic materials. Their versatile biomimicry has application as biosensors, biomedical scaffolds, immobilization, diagnostics, and targeted or personalized treatments. The inherent natural traits of biomimetic and bioinspired bacteria- and virus-derived nanovesicles show potential for their use in clinical vaccines and novel therapeutic drug delivery systems. The past few decades have seen significant progress in the bioengineering of bacteria and viruses to manipulate and enhance their therapeutic benefits. From a pharmaceutical perspective, biomimetics enable the safe integration of naturally occurring bacteria and virus particles to achieve high, stable rates of cellular transfection/infection and prolonged circulation times. In addition, biomimetic technologies can overcome safety concerns associated with live-attenuated and inactivated whole bacteria or viruses. In this review, we provide an update on the utilization of bacterial and viral particles as drug delivery systems, theranostic carriers, and vaccine/immunomodulation modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Shan Loo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rajendran Jc Bose
- Masonic Medical Research Institute, 2150 Bleecker St, Utica, NY 13501, USA
| | - Jason R McCarthy
- Masonic Medical Research Institute, 2150 Bleecker St, Utica, NY 13501, USA
| | - Intan Diana Mat Azmi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Thiagarajan Madheswaran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, International Medical University, No. 126 Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Effect of N-terminal poly histidine-tag on immunogenicity of Streptococcus pneumoniae surface protein SP0845. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:1240-1248. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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