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Biro M, Munoz MA, Weninger W. Targeting Rho-GTPases in immune cell migration and inflammation. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:5491-506. [PMID: 24571448 PMCID: PMC4282076 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocytes are unmatched migrators capable of traversing barriers and tissues of remarkably varied structural composition. An effective immune response relies on the ability of its constituent cells to infiltrate target sites. Yet, unwarranted mobilization of immune cells can lead to inflammatory diseases and tissue damage ranging in severity from mild to life-threatening. The efficacy and plasticity of leukocyte migration is driven by the precise spatiotemporal regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. The small GTPases of the Rho family (Rho-GTPases), and their immediate downstream effector kinases, are key regulators of cellular actomyosin dynamics and are therefore considered prime pharmacological targets for stemming leukocyte motility in inflammatory disorders. This review describes advances in the development of small-molecule inhibitors aimed at modulating the Rho-GTPase-centric regulatory pathways governing motility, many of which stem from studies of cancer invasiveness. These inhibitors promise the advent of novel treatment options with high selectivity and potency against immune-mediated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maté Biro
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Immune Imaging Program, Newtown, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Sari AN, Kacan M, Unsal D, Sahan Firat S, Kemal Buharalioglu C, Vezir O, Korkmaz B, Cuez T, Canacankatan N, Sucu N, Ayaz L, Tamer Gumus L, Gorur A, Tunctan B. Contribution of RhoA/Rho-kinase/MEK1/ERK1/2/iNOS pathway to ischemia/reperfusion-induced oxidative/nitrosative stress and inflammation leading to distant and target organ injury in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 723:234-45. [PMID: 24296316 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The small G protein RhoA and its downstream effector Rho-kinase play an important role in various physiopathological processes including ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species produced by iNOS and NADPH oxidase are important mediators of inflammation and organ injury following an initial localized I/R event. The aim of this study was to determine whether RhoA/Rho-kinase signaling pathway increases the expression and activity of MEK1, ERK1/2, iNOS, gp91(phox), and p47(phox), and peroxynitrite formation which result in oxidative/nitrosative stress and inflammation leading to hindlimb I/R-induced injury in kidney as a distant organ and gastrocnemius muscle as a target organ. I/R-induced distant and target organ injury was performed by using the rat hindlimb tourniquet model. I/R caused an increase in the expression and/or activity of RhoA, MEK1, ERK1/2, iNOS, gp91(phox), p47(phox), and 3-nitrotyrosine and nitrotyrosine levels in the tissues. Although Rho-kinase activity was increased by I/R in the kidney, its activity was decreased in the muscle. Serum and tissue MDA levels and MPO activity were increased following I/R. I/R also caused an increase in SOD and catalase activities associated with decreased GSH levels in the tissues. Y-27632, a selective Rho-kinase inhibitor, (100µg/kg, i.p.; 1h before reperfusion) prevented the I/R-induced changes except Rho-kinase activity in the muscle. These results suggest that activation of RhoA/Rho-kinase/MEK1/ERK1/2/iNOS pathway associated with oxidative/nitrosative stress and inflammation contributes to hindlimb I/R-induced distant organ injury in rats. It also seems that hindlimb I/R induces target organ injury via upregulation of RhoA/MEK1/ERK1/2/iNOS pathway associated with decreased Rho-kinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nihal Sari
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yenisehir Campus, Mersin University, 33169 Mersin, Turkey
| | - Meltem Kacan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yenisehir Campus, Mersin University, 33169 Mersin, Turkey
| | - Demet Unsal
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yenisehir Campus, Mersin University, 33169 Mersin, Turkey
| | - Seyhan Sahan Firat
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yenisehir Campus, Mersin University, 33169 Mersin, Turkey
| | - C Kemal Buharalioglu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yenisehir Campus, Mersin University, 33169 Mersin, Turkey
| | - Ozden Vezir
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Belma Korkmaz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yenisehir Campus, Mersin University, 33169 Mersin, Turkey
| | - Tuba Cuez
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yenisehir Campus, Mersin University, 33169 Mersin, Turkey
| | - Necmiye Canacankatan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Nehir Sucu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Lokman Ayaz
- Department of Medicinal Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Lulufer Tamer Gumus
- Department of Medicinal Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Gorur
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Bahar Tunctan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yenisehir Campus, Mersin University, 33169 Mersin, Turkey.
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Tanabe H, Sasaki Y, Yamamoto T, Kiriyama S, Nishimura N. Suppressive Effect of High Hydrogen Generating High Amylose Cornstarch on Subacute Hepatic Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in Rats. BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA FOOD AND HEALTH 2012; 31:103-8. [PMID: 24936356 PMCID: PMC4034286 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.31.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether feeding high hydrogen generating resistant starch could suppress
subacute hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury. Rats were fed a control diet with or without
20% high amylose cornstarch (HAS) supplementation for 14 days. On day 12, rats were
subject to ischemia-reperfusion treatment. Portal hydrogen concentration was higher in the
HAS group compared with the control group. Increased plasma alanine and aspartate
aminotransferase activities due to ischemia-reperfusion treatment tended to decrease, and
a significant reduction was observed by HAS feeding when compared with the control group.
In conclusion, HAS, which enhances hydrogen generation in the hindgut, alleviated subacute
hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Tanabe
- Nayoro City University, Kita 8-1, Nishi 4, Nayoro, Hokkaido 096-8641, Japan
| | - Yumi Sasaki
- Nayoro City University, Kita 8-1, Nishi 4, Nayoro, Hokkaido 096-8641, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Yamamoto
- Nayoro City University, Kita 8-1, Nishi 4, Nayoro, Hokkaido 096-8641, Japan
| | | | - Naomichi Nishimura
- Nayoro City University, Kita 8-1, Nishi 4, Nayoro, Hokkaido 096-8641, Japan
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION A role for cytokines in the pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction (ED) has emerged. Cytokines induce genes that synthesize other peptides in the cytokine family and several mediators, such as prostanoids, leukotrienes, nitric oxide, bradykinin, reactive oxygen species, and platelet-activating factor, all of which can affect vascular function. Consistent with the fact that the cavernosal tissue is a complex extension of the vasculature, risk factors that affect the vasculature have been shown to affect cavernosal function as well. Accordingly, the penile tissue has been recognized as an early sentinel for atherosclerosis that underlies coronary artery disease and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). AIM To review the literature pertaining to the role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in ED. METHODS PubMed search for pertinent publications on the role of cytokines, particularly TNF-α, in CVD and ED. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Clinical and experimental evidence demonstrates that TNF-α may play a role in ED. RESULTS TNF-α has been shown to play an important role in CVD, mainly due to its direct effects on the vasculature. In addition, high levels of TNF-α were demonstrated in patients with ED. In this review, we present a short description of the physiology of erection and the cytokine network. We focus on vascular actions of TNF-α that support a role for this cytokine as a potential candidate in the pathophysiology of ED, particularly in the context of CVD. A brief overview of its discovery, mechanisms of synthesis, receptors, and its main actions on the systemic and penile vasculature is also presented. CONCLUSIONS Considering that ED results from a systemic arterial defect not only confined to the penile vasculature, implication of TNF-α in the pathophysiology of ED offers a humoral linking between CVD and ED.
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Prakash J, de Borst MH, Lacombe M, Opdam F, Klok PA, van Goor H, Meijer DKF, Moolenaar F, Poelstra K, Kok RJ. Inhibition of renal rho kinase attenuates ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 19:2086-97. [PMID: 18650485 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2007070794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rho kinase pathway plays an important role in dedifferentiation of epithelial cells and infiltration of inflammatory cells. For testing of the hypothesis that blockade of this cascade within the kidneys might be beneficial in the treatment of renal injury the Rho kinase inhibitor, Y27632 was coupled to lysozyme, a low molecular weight protein that is filtered through the glomerulus and is reabsorbed in proximal tubular cells. Pharmacokinetic studies with Y27632-lysozyme confirmed that the conjugate rapidly and extensively accumulated in the kidney. Treatment with Y27632-lysozyme substantially inhibited ischemia/reperfusion-induced tubular damage, indicated by reduced staining of the dedifferentiation markers kidney injury molecule 1 and vimentin, and increased E-cadherin relative to controls. Rho kinase activation was inhibited by Y27632-lysozyme within tubular cells and the interstitium. Y27632-lysozyme also inhibited inflammation and fibrogenesis, indicated by a reduction in gene expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, procollagen Ialpha1, TGF-beta1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1, and alpha-smooth muscle actin. Immunohistochemistry revealed reduced macrophage infiltration and decreased expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin, collagen I, collagen III, and fibronectin. In contrast, unconjugated Y27632 did not have these beneficial effects but instead caused systemic adverse effects, such as leukopenia. Neither treatment improved renal function in the bilateral ischemia/reperfusion model. In conclusion, the renally targeted Y27632-lysozyme conjugate strongly inhibits tubular damage, inflammation, and fibrogenesis induced by ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jai Prakash
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Delivery, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, Netherlands.
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Inan S, Büyükafşar K. Antiepileptic effects of two Rho-kinase inhibitors, Y-27632 and fasudil, in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 155:44-51. [PMID: 18536751 DOI: 10.1038/bjp.2008.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Rho/Rho-kinase signalling is involved in many cellular events, including some in the CNS. However, the role of this pathway in epilepsy has not yet been assessed. Therefore, we determined the effects of two Rho-kinase inhibitors, Y-27632 and fasudil, on seizures induced by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) or maximal electroconvulsive shock (MES). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Effects of Y-27632 (5-10 mg kg(-1)) and fasudil (5-25 mg kg(-1)) on duration of myoclonic jerks, clonic and tonic convulsions, tonic hindlimb extensions and percentage of tonic convulsion index, as well as recovery latency for righting reflex were investigated in mice stimulated with PTZ (65 mg kg(-1)) or MES (50 Hz, 50 mA and 0.4 s). These inhibitors were also tested on a model of kindling induced by PTZ (35 mg kg(-1), for 11 days). Membrane and cytosolic levels of RhoA protein were measured in brain homogenates from kindled mice. KEY RESULTS Y-27632 and fasudil diminished onset of myoclonic jerks, clonic convulsions and tonic hindlimb extensions in mice given PTZ. These inhibitors suppressed the percentage of tonic convulsion index and recovery latency for righting reflex in the mice excited with MES. Western blotting demonstrated that Rho translocation to plasma membrane increased in the brain homogenates obtained from PTZ-kindled mice. However, the Rho-kinase inhibitors at the given doses did not change motor coordination of the mice. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Rho/Rho-kinase signalling may play a role in epilepsy induced by PTZ and MES. Furthermore, Rho-kinase inhibitors could be novel important antiepileptic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sy Inan
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
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Ikeda H, Kume Y, Tejima K, Tomiya T, Nishikawa T, Watanabe N, Ohtomo N, Arai M, Arai C, Omata M, Fujiwara K, Yatomi Y. Rho-kinase inhibitor prevents hepatocyte damage in acute liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2007; 293:G911-7. [PMID: 17761835 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00210.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A protective effect of Rho-kinase inhibitor on various organ injuries is gaining attention. Regarding liver injury, Rho-kinase inhibitor is reported to prevent carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)- or dimethylnitrosamine-induced liver fibrosis and hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Because Rho-kinase inhibitor not only improved liver fibrosis but also reduced serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level in CCl4-induced liver fibrosis, we wondered whether Rho-kinase inhibitor might exert a direct hepatocyte-protective effect. We examined this possibility in acute CCl4 intoxication in rats. Rho-kinase inhibitor, HA-1077, reduced serum alanine ALT level in rats with acute liver injury induced by CCl4 with the improvement of histological damage and the reduction of the number of apoptotic cells. In cultured rat hepatocytes in serum-free condition, HA-1077 reduced apoptosis evaluated by quantitative determination of cytoplasmic histone-associated DNA oligonucleosome fragments with the reduction of caspase-3 activity and the enhancement of Bcl-2 expression. HA-1077 stimulated phosphorylation of Akt, and wortmannin, an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase)/Akt pathway, abrogated the reduction of hepatocyte apoptosis by HA-1077 in vitro. Furthermore, wortmannin abrogated the reduction of serum ALT level by HA-1077 in rats with acute liver injury induced by CCl4, suggesting that the activation of PI3-kinase/Akt pathway may be involved in the hepatocyte-protective effect by Rho-kinase inhibitor in vivo. In conclusion, Rho-kinase inhibitor prevented hepatocyte damage in acute liver injury induced by CCl4 in rats and merits consideration as a hepatocyte-protective agent in liver injury, considering its direct antiapoptotic effect on hepatocytes in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Ikeda
- Dept. of Laboratory Medicine, The Univ. of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
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