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Kong W, Sun Z, Zhu J, Li L, Wang G, Shao X, Li X, Hu B. Alterations in temporal-spatial brain entropy in treatment-resistant depression treated with nitrous oxide: Evidence from resting-state EEG. Clin Neurophysiol 2025; 171:182-191. [PMID: 39929111 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2025.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 12/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2025] [Indexed: 03/11/2025]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Entropy analysis can quantify the dynamic states of the brain and reflect its information processing capacity. Nitrous oxide has shown rapid antidepressant effects in treatment-resistant depression (TRD) patients, but its biomarkers are not yet established. METHODS We recruited 44 TRD patients and randomly assigned them to two groups: one received a 1-hour nitrous oxide inhalation treatment, while the other received a placebo. Resting-state EEG (rs-EEG) scans were conducted at baseline and 24 h post-treatment. A novel approach based multivariate multiscale entropy (MMSE) was employed to analyze temporal-spatial brain entropy (ts-BEN) across four hierarchical brain regions. RESULTS TRD patients exhibited significant time-dependent increases in BEN in the frontal lobe region (sensor space: time scales 5-10; source space: time scales 1-5), changes not previously observed. Temporal-spatial BEN correlated with the severity of TRD symptoms and treatment efficacy, indicating adaptive adjustments in brain resting states. CONCLUSION MMSE offers a novel supplementary method for rs-EEG BEN analysis, quantifying the sensitivity of ts-BEN in monitoring nitrous oxide treatment effects. Changes in frontal region ts-BEN may serve as potential biomarkers for TRD and its treatment outcomes. SIGNIFICANCE Our findings enhance the understanding of the physiological mechanisms underlying nitrous oxide treatment for TRD, aiding in clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhuang Kong
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Wearable Computing, School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Wearable Computing, School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Wearable Computing, School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lingjiang Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Guanru Wang
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Wearable Computing, School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuexiao Shao
- Institute of Brain Science and Brain-inspired Research, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan, China; Department of Clinical Psychology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Xiaowei Li
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Wearable Computing, School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Bin Hu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Wearable Computing, School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; Engineering Research Center of Open Source Software and Real-Time System (Lanzhou University), Ministry of Education, Lanzhou, China; Brain Health Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Engineering Medicine, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China.
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Zhou JS, Peng GF, Liang WD, Chen Z, Liu YY, Wang BY, Guo ML, Deng YL, Ye JM, Zhong ML, Wang LF. Recent advances in the study of anesthesia-and analgesia-related mechanisms of S-ketamine. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1228895. [PMID: 37781698 PMCID: PMC10539608 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1228895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ketamine is a racemic mixture of equal amounts of R-ketamine and S-ketamine and is well known to anesthesiologists for its unique dissociative anesthetic properties. The pharmacological properties of ketamine, namely, its sympathetic excitation, mild respiratory depression, and potent analgesia, are still highly valued in its use as an anesthetic for some patients. In particular, since its advent, S-ketamine has been widely used as an anesthetic in many countries due to its increased affinity for NMDA receptors and its enhanced anesthetic and analgesic effects. However, the anesthetic and analgesic mechanisms of S-ketamine are not fully understood. In addition to antagonizing NMDA receptors, a variety of other receptors or channels may be involved, but there are no relevant mechanistic summaries in the literature. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to review the mechanisms of action of S-ketamine on relevant receptors and systems in the body that result in its pharmacological properties, such as anesthesia and analgesia, with the aim of providing a reference for its clinical applications and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-shun Zhou
- The First Clinical Medical College of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Guan-fa Peng
- The First Clinical Medical College of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Wei-dong Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Ganzhou, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- The First Clinical Medical College of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Ying-ying Liu
- The First Clinical Medical College of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Bing-yu Wang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Ming-ling Guo
- The First Clinical Medical College of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yun-ling Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jun-ming Ye
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Ganzhou, China
| | - Mao-lin Zhong
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Ganzhou, China
| | - Li-feng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Ganzhou, China
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Targeting the dysfunction of glutamate receptors for the development of novel antidepressants. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 226:107875. [PMID: 33901503 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that dysfunction of glutamate receptors is involved in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). Although accumulating efforts have been made to elucidate the applications and mechanisms underlying antidepressant-like effects of ketamine, a non-selective antagonist of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), the role of specific glutamate receptor subunit in regulating depression is not completely clear. The current review aims to discuss the relationships between glutamate receptor subunits and depressive-like behaviors. Research literatures were searched from inception to July 2020. We summarized the alterations of glutamate receptor subunits in patients with MDD and animal models of depression. Animal behaviors in response to dysfunction of glutamate receptor subunits were also surveyed. To fully understand mechanisms underlying antidepressant-like effects of modulators targeting glutamate receptors, we discussed effects of each glutamate receptor subunit on serotonin system, synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis and neuroinflammation. Finally, we collected most recent clinical applications of glutamate receptor modulators and pointed out the limitations of these candidates in the treatment of MDD.
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The escalation in ethanol consumption following chronic intermittent ethanol exposure is blunted in mice expressing ethanol-resistant GluN1 or GluN2A NMDA receptor subunits. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:271-279. [PMID: 33052417 PMCID: PMC7796987 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05680-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are glutamate-gated ion channels essential for glutamatergic transmission and plasticity. NMDARs are inhibited by acute ethanol and undergo brain region-specific adaptations after chronic alcohol exposure. In previous studies, we reported that knock-in mice expressing ethanol-insensitive GluN1 or GluN2A NMDAR subunits display altered behavioral responses to acute ethanol and genotype-dependent changes in drinking using protocols that do not produce dependence. A key unanswered question is whether the intrinsic ethanol sensitivity of NMDARs also plays a role in determining behavioral adaptations that accompany the development of dependence. To test this, we exposed mice to repeated cycles of chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) vapor known to produce a robust escalation in ethanol consumption and preference. As expected, wild-type mice showed a significant increase from baseline in ethanol consumption and preference after each of the four weekly CIE cycles. In contrast, ethanol consumption in male GluN2A(A825W) mice was unchanged following cycles 1, 2, and 4 of CIE with a modest increase appearing after cycle 3. Wild-type and GluN2A(A825W) female mice did not show a clear or consistent escalation in ethanol consumption or preference following CIE treatment. In male GluN1(F639A) mice, the increase in ethanol consumption observed with their wild-type littermates was delayed until later cycles of exposure. These results suggest that the acute ethanol sensitivity of NMDARs especially those containing the GluN2A subunit may be a critical factor in the escalation of ethanol intake in alcohol dependence.
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Zhou W, Guan Z. Ion Channels in Anesthesia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1349:401-413. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-4254-8_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Hao X, Ou M, Zhang D, Zhao W, Yang Y, Liu J, Yang H, Zhu T, Li Y, Zhou C. The Effects of General Anesthetics on Synaptic Transmission. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 18:936-965. [PMID: 32106800 PMCID: PMC7709148 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200227125854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
General anesthetics are a class of drugs that target the central nervous system and are widely used for various medical procedures. General anesthetics produce many behavioral changes required for clinical intervention, including amnesia, hypnosis, analgesia, and immobility; while they may also induce side effects like respiration and cardiovascular depressions. Understanding the mechanism of general anesthesia is essential for the development of selective general anesthetics which can preserve wanted pharmacological actions and exclude the side effects and underlying neural toxicities. However, the exact mechanism of how general anesthetics work is still elusive. Various molecular targets have been identified as specific targets for general anesthetics. Among these molecular targets, ion channels are the most principal category, including ligand-gated ionotropic receptors like γ-aminobutyric acid, glutamate and acetylcholine receptors, voltage-gated ion channels like voltage-gated sodium channel, calcium channel and potassium channels, and some second massager coupled channels. For neural functions of the central nervous system, synaptic transmission is the main procedure for which information is transmitted between neurons through brain regions, and intact synaptic function is fundamentally important for almost all the nervous functions, including consciousness, memory, and cognition. Therefore, it is important to understand the effects of general anesthetics on synaptic transmission via modulations of specific ion channels and relevant molecular targets, which can lead to the development of safer general anesthetics with selective actions. The present review will summarize the effects of various general anesthetics on synaptic transmissions and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yu Li
- Address correspondence to these authors at the Laboratory of Anesthesia & Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, P.R. China; E-mail: and Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, P.R. China; E-mail:
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Address correspondence to these authors at the Laboratory of Anesthesia & Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, P.R. China; E-mail: and Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, P.R. China; E-mail:
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Nagele P, Duma A, Kopec M, Gebara MA, Parsoei A, Walker M, Janski A, Panagopoulos VN, Cristancho P, Miller JP, Zorumski CF, Conway CR. Nitrous Oxide for Treatment-Resistant Major Depression: A Proof-of-Concept Trial. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 78:10-18. [PMID: 25577164 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists, such as ketamine, have rapid antidepressant effects in patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD). We hypothesized that nitrous oxide, an inhalational general anesthetic and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, may also be a rapidly acting treatment for TRD. METHODS In this blinded, placebo-controlled crossover trial, 20 patients with TRD were randomly assigned to 1-hour inhalation of 50% nitrous oxide/50% oxygen or 50% nitrogen/50% oxygen (placebo control). The primary endpoint was the change on the 21-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS-21) 24 hours after treatment. RESULTS Mean duration of nitrous oxide treatment was 55.6 ± 2.5 (SD) min at a median inspiratory concentration of 44% (interquartile range, 37%-45%). In two patients, nitrous oxide treatment was briefly interrupted, and the treatment was discontinued in three patients. Depressive symptoms improved significantly at 2 hours and 24 hours after receiving nitrous oxide compared with placebo (mean HDRS-21 difference at 2 hours, -4.8 points, 95% confidence interval [CI], -1.8 to -7.8 points, p = .002; at 24 hours, -5.5 points, 95% CI, -2.5 to -8.5 points, p < .001; comparison between nitrous oxide and placebo, p < .001). Four patients (20%) had treatment response (reduction ≥50% on HDRS-21) and three patients (15%) had a full remission (HDRS-21 ≤ 7 points) after nitrous oxide compared with one patient (5%) and none after placebo (odds ratio for response, 4.0, 95% CI, .45-35.79; OR for remission, 3.0, 95% CI, .31-28.8). No serious adverse events occurred; all adverse events were brief and of mild to moderate severity. CONCLUSIONS This proof-of-concept trial demonstrated that nitrous oxide has rapid and marked antidepressant effects in patients with TRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Nagele
- Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri.
| | - Andreas Duma
- Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Michael Kopec
- Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Marie Anne Gebara
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Alireza Parsoei
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Marie Walker
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Alvin Janski
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Vassilis N Panagopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Pilar Cristancho
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - J Philip Miller
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Charles F Zorumski
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Charles R Conway
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
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Fukagawa H, Koyama T, Fukuda K. κ-Opioid receptor mediates the antinociceptive effect of nitrous oxide in mice. Br J Anaesth 2014; 113:1032-8. [PMID: 25086587 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aeu254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous reports demonstrated that genetic deletion of μ-opioid receptor has no influence on the anaesthetic and antinociceptive effects of nitrous oxide (N2O) in mice, and that an antagonist selective for κ-opioid receptor (KOP), but not that selective for δ-opioid receptor, suppresses the antinociceptive effect of N2O. However, it is not known whether genetic deletion of KOP affects the N2O actions. METHODS We measured the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of volatile anaesthetics in the absence and presence of N2O. The antinociceptive action of N2O was tested by an acetic acid-writhing test and a hot-plate test. The number of c-Fos-immunopositive cells in sections from the lumbar spinal cord was counted to test whether the descending inhibitory system participates in the pharmacological action of N2O. The hypnotic action of N2O was assessed by measuring the N2O-induced decrease in the EC50 for loss of the righting reflex (EC50-LORR) of sevoflurane. RESULTS Sevoflurane MAC was not significantly reduced by N2O and its antinociceptive action was almost completely abolished in KOP-knockout (KO) mice. The N2O-induced increase in c-Fos-immunopositive cells in laminae III-IV of the lumbar spinal cord was significant in wild-type (WT), but not in KOP-KO mice. In contrast, sevoflurane EC50-LORR was similarly reduced by N2O in WT and KOP-KO mice. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that N2O demonstrates its antinociceptive action and reduces sevoflurane MAC in mice through KOP activation, whereas its hypnotic potency is not dependent on KOP activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Fukagawa
- Department of Anesthesia, Kyoto University Hospital, Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - T Koyama
- Department of Anesthesia, Kyoto University Hospital, Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - K Fukuda
- Department of Anesthesia, Kyoto University Hospital, Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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Sleigh J, Harvey M, Voss L, Denny B. Ketamine – More mechanisms of action than just NMDA blockade. TRENDS IN ANAESTHESIA AND CRITICAL CARE 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tacc.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Petrenko AB, Yamakura T, Sakimura K, Baba H. Defining the role of NMDA receptors in anesthesia: Are we there yet? Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 723:29-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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