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Larauche M, Kim YS, Mulak A, Duboc H, Taché Y. Intracerebroventricular administration of TRH Agonist, RX-77368 alleviates visceral pain induced by colorectal distension in rats. Peptides 2024; 175:171181. [PMID: 38423212 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) acts centrally to exert pleiotropic actions independently from its endocrine function, including antinociceptive effects against somatic pain in rodents. Whether exogenous or endogenous activation of TRH signaling in the brain modulates visceral pain is unknown. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats received an intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of the stable TRH analog, RX-77368 (10, 30 and 100 ng/rat) or saline (5 µl) or were semi-restrained and exposed to cold (4°C) for 45 min. The visceromotor response (VMR) to graded phasic colorectal distensions (CRD) was monitored using non-invasive intracolonic pressure manometry. Naloxone (1 mg/kg) was injected subcutaneously 10 min before ICV RX-77368 or saline. Fecal pellet output was monitored for 1 h after ICV injection. RX-77368 ICV (10, 30 and 100 ng/rat) reduced significantly the VMR by 56.7%, 67.1% and 81.1% at 40 mmHg and by 30.3%, 58.9% and 87.4% at 60 mmHg respectively vs ICV saline. Naloxone reduced RX-77368 (30 and 100 ng, ICV) analgesic response by 51% and 28% at 40 mmHg and by 30% and 33% at 60 mmHg respectively, but had no effect per se. The visceral analgesia was mimicked by the acute exposure to cold. At the doses of 30 and 100 ng, ICV RX-77368 induced defecation within 30 min. These data established the antinociceptive action of RX-77368 injected ICV in a model of visceral pain induced by colonic distension through recruitment of both opioid and non-opioid dependent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Larauche
- Digestive Diseases Research Center and G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Department of Medicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, CA 90073, USA.
| | - Yong Sung Kim
- Digestive Diseases Research Center and G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Department of Medicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, CA 90073, USA
| | - Agata Mulak
- Digestive Diseases Research Center and G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Department of Medicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, CA 90073, USA
| | - Henri Duboc
- Digestive Diseases Research Center and G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Department of Medicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, CA 90073, USA
| | - Yvette Taché
- Digestive Diseases Research Center and G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Department of Medicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, CA 90073, USA
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Cheng X, Zhang H, Guan S, Zhao Q, Shan Y. Receptor modulators associated with the hypothalamus -pituitary-thyroid axis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1291856. [PMID: 38111381 PMCID: PMC10725963 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1291856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis maintains normal metabolic balance and homeostasis in the human body through positive and negative feedback regulation. Its main regulatory mode is the secretion of thyrotropin (TSH), thyroid hormones (TH), and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). By binding to their corresponding receptors, they are involved in the development and progression of several systemic diseases, including digestive, cardiovascular, and central nervous system diseases. The HPT axis-related receptors include thyrotropin receptor (TSHR), thyroid hormone receptor (TR), and thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor (TRHR). Recently, research on regulators has become popular in the field of biology. Several HPT axis-related receptor modulators have been used for clinical treatment. This study reviews the developments and recent findings on HPT axis-related receptor modulators. This will provide a theoretical basis for the development and utilisation of new modulators of the HPT axis receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbin Cheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Postdoctoral Research Workstation, Changchun Gangheng Electronics Company Limited, Changchun, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shanshan Guan
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, China
| | - Yaming Shan
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Alvarez-Salas E, García-Luna C, de Gortari P. New Efforts to Demonstrate the Successful Use of TRH as a Therapeutic Agent. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11047. [PMID: 37446225 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is a tripeptide that regulates the neuroendocrine thyroid axis. Moreover, its widespread brain distribution has indicated that it is a relevant neuromodulator of behaviors such as feeding, arousal, anxiety, and locomotion. Importantly, it is also a neurotrophic peptide, and thus may halt the development of neurodegenerative diseases and improve mood-related disorders. Its neuroprotective actions on those pathologies and behaviors have been limited due to its poor intestinal and blood-brain barrier permeability, and because it is rapidly degraded by a serum enzyme. As new strategies such as TRH intranasal delivery emerge, a renewed interest in the peptide has arisen. TRH analogs have proven to be safe in animals and humans, while not inducing alterations in thyroid hormones' levels. In this review, we integrate research from different approaches, aiming to demonstrate the therapeutic effects of TRH, and to summarize new efforts to prolong and facilitate the peptide's actions to improve symptoms and the progression of several pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Alvarez-Salas
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología Molecular, Dirección de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, Mexico City CP 14370, Mexico
| | - Cinthia García-Luna
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología Molecular, Dirección de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, Mexico City CP 14370, Mexico
| | - Patricia de Gortari
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología Molecular, Dirección de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, Mexico City CP 14370, Mexico
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Ijiro T, Yaguchi A, Yokoyama A, Kiguchi S. Rovatirelin ameliorates motor dysfunction in the cytosine arabinoside‐induced rat model of spinocerebellar degeneration via acetylcholine and dopamine neurotransmission. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2022; 49:950-958. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Ijiro
- Central Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd. Nagano Japan
| | - Atsushi Yaguchi
- Central Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd. Nagano Japan
| | - Ayaka Yokoyama
- Central Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd. Nagano Japan
| | - Sumiyoshi Kiguchi
- Central Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd. Nagano Japan
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Kobayashi N, Sato N, Sugita K, Kihara T, Koike K, Sugawara T, Tada Y, Yoshikawa T. Synthesis and Evaluation of in Vivo Anti-hypothermic Effect of the N- and C-Terminus Modified Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Mimetic: [(4S,5S)-(5-Methyl-2-oxooxazolidine-4-yl)carbonyl]-[3-(thiazol-4-yl)-L-alanyl]-L-prolinamide. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2021; 69:314-324. [PMID: 33790077 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c20-00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We explored orally effective thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) mimetics, which show high central nervous system effects in structure-activity relationship studies based on in vivo antagonistic activity on reserpine-induced hypothermia (anti-hypothermic effect) in mice starting from TRH. This led us to the TRH mimetic: [(4S,5S)-(5-methyl-2-oxooxazolidine-4-yl)carbonyl]-[3-(thiazol-4-yl)-L-alanyl]-L-prolinamide 1, which shows a higher anti-hypothermic effect compared with that of TRH after oral administration. We next attempted further chemical modification of the N- and C-terminus of 1 to find more orally effective TRH mimetics. As a result, we obtained several N- and C-terminus modified TRH mimetics which showed high anti-hypothermic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Norihito Sato
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd
| | - Katsuji Sugita
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd
| | - Tsuyoshi Kihara
- Shionogi Global Infectious Diseases Division, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University
| | - Katsumi Koike
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Disease Research, Shionogi & Co., Ltd
| | - Tamio Sugawara
- Laboratory for Advanced Medicine Research, Shionogi & Co., Ltd
| | - Yukio Tada
- Laboratory for Advanced Medicine Research, Shionogi & Co., Ltd
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Ijiro T, Yaguchi A, Yokoyama A, Abe Y, Kiguchi S. Ameliorating effect of rovatirelin on the ataxia in rolling mouse Nagoya. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 882:173271. [PMID: 32534077 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Rovatirelin is a newly synthetized thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) analog. This study aimed to investigate the effect of rovatirelin on motor function using rolling mouse Nagoya (RMN), a mouse model of hereditary ataxia, and compare it with that of taltirelin, which is clinically used to treat spinocerebellar degeneration in Japan. We also examined the effect of rovatirelin on glucose metabolism in various brain regions of RMN using autoradiography (ARG). Rovatirelin (1, 3, 10, and 30 mg/kg) dose-dependently reduced the fall index in RMN, and its effect was more potent than that of taltirelin (3, 10, 30, and 100 mg/kg). No attenuation of the effect was observed by repeated daily administration for 2 weeks. Furthermore, the reduction in the fall index by rovatirelin persisted for 2 weeks after completing treatment. In the ARG study, rovatirelin induced a significantly elevated uptake of glucose in the prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens shell, nucleus accumbens core, striatum, anterior cingulate cortex, secondary motor area, pretectal area, ventral tegmental area, black pars compacta, locus coeruleus, nucleus cerebellaris middle nucleus, medial nucleus of the vestibular nerve, fourth/fifth lobule, and third lobule. Furthermore, rovatirelin increased cerebellar mRNA level of brain derived neurotrophic factor. These results suggest that rovatirelin activates the cerebellum and other parts of the central nervous system to improve motor function in spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) model animals, and its action is more potent than that of taltirelin. Therefore, rovatirelin can be a potential alternative to the traditionally used therapeutics for SCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Ijiro
- Central Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd., 4365-1, Hotaka Kashiwabara, Azumino Nagano, 399-8304, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yaguchi
- Central Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd., 4365-1, Hotaka Kashiwabara, Azumino Nagano, 399-8304, Japan
| | - Ayaka Yokoyama
- Central Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd., 4365-1, Hotaka Kashiwabara, Azumino Nagano, 399-8304, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Abe
- Central Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd., 4365-1, Hotaka Kashiwabara, Azumino Nagano, 399-8304, Japan
| | - Sumiyoshi Kiguchi
- Central Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd., 4365-1, Hotaka Kashiwabara, Azumino Nagano, 399-8304, Japan.
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Kobayashi K, Abe Y, Kawai A, Furihata T, Endo T, Takeda H. Pharmacokinetic Drug Interactions of an Orally Available TRH Analog (Rovatirelin) With a CYP3A4/5 and P-Glycoprotein Inhibitor (Itraconazole). J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 60:1314-1323. [PMID: 32459872 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The effects of itraconazole on the pharmacokinetics of rovatirelin were investigated in an open-label, single-sequence drug-drug interaction study in 16 healthy subjects. Subjects were administered a single oral dose of rovatirelin (1.6 mg) on day 1 and day 15. From day 8 through 16, subjects received daily oral doses of itraconazole (200 mg/day). Concentrations of rovatirelin and (thiazolylalanyl)methylpyrrolidine (TAMP), the major metabolite of rovatirelin formed by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4/5, were determined in plasma and urine. Pharmacokinetic parameters were used to evaluate the drug-drug interaction potential of rovatirelin as a victim. With coadministration, maximum concentration (Cmax ) and area under the concentration-time curve extrapolated to infinity (AUCinf ) of rovatirelin increased 3.05-fold and 2.82-fold, respectively, and the 90% confidence intervals of the ratios for Cmax (2.64-3.52) and AUCinf (2.47-3.23) did not fall within the 0.8-1.25 boundaries. Urinary excretion of rovatirelin increased at almost the same ratio as the AUCinf ratio with coadministration; however, renal clearance did not change. Cmax , AUCinf , and urinary excretion of TAMP were decreased by coadministration. Itraconazole has the potential to inhibit drug transport via intestinal P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP); therefore, substrate assessments of rovatirelin for the 2 transporters were evaluated using Caco-2 cell monolayers. In vitro studies showed that rovatirelin is a substrate for P-gp but not for BCRP. The current study shows that itraconazole's effect on rovatirelin pharmacokinetics is mediated through inhibition of CYP3A4/5 and intestinal P-gp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Kobayashi
- Central Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd., Azumino, Nagano, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Abe
- Central Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd., Azumino, Nagano, Japan
| | - Asuka Kawai
- Clinical Development Division, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd., Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takao Furihata
- Clinical Development Division, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd., Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuro Endo
- Central Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd., Azumino, Nagano, Japan
| | - Hiroo Takeda
- Central Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd., Azumino, Nagano, Japan
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Charli JL, Rodríguez-Rodríguez A, Hernández-Ortega K, Cote-Vélez A, Uribe RM, Jaimes-Hoy L, Joseph-Bravo P. The Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone-Degrading Ectoenzyme, a Therapeutic Target? Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:640. [PMID: 32457627 PMCID: PMC7225337 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH: Glp-His-Pro-NH2) is a peptide mainly produced by brain neurons. In mammals, hypophysiotropic TRH neurons of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus integrate metabolic information and drive the secretion of thyrotropin from the anterior pituitary, and thus the activity of the thyroid axis. Other hypothalamic or extrahypothalamic TRH neurons have less understood functions although pharmacological studies have shown that TRH has multiple central effects, such as promoting arousal, anorexia and anxiolysis, as well as controlling gastric, cardiac and respiratory autonomic functions. Two G-protein-coupled TRH receptors (TRH-R1 and TRH-R2) transduce TRH effects in some mammals although humans lack TRH-R2. TRH effects are of short duration, in part because the peptide is hydrolyzed in blood and extracellular space by a M1 family metallopeptidase, the TRH-degrading ectoenzyme (TRH-DE), also called pyroglutamyl peptidase II. TRH-DE is enriched in various brain regions but is also expressed in peripheral tissues including the anterior pituitary and the liver, which secretes a soluble form into blood. Among the M1 metallopeptidases, TRH-DE is the only member with a very narrow specificity; its best characterized biological substrate is TRH, making it a target for the specific manipulation of TRH activity. Two other substrates of TRH-DE, Glp-Phe-Pro-NH2 and Glp-Tyr-Pro-NH2, are also present in many tissues. Analogs of TRH resistant to hydrolysis by TRH-DE have prolonged central efficiency. Structure-activity studies allowed the identification of residues critical for activity and specificity. Research with specific inhibitors has confirmed that TRH-DE controls TRH actions. TRH-DE expression by β2-tanycytes of the median eminence of the hypothalamus allows the control of TRH flux into the hypothalamus-pituitary portal vessels and may regulate serum thyrotropin secretion. In this review we describe the critical evidences that suggest that modification of TRH-DE activity in tanycytes, and/or in other brain regions, may generate beneficial consequences in some central and metabolic disorders and identify potential drawbacks and missing information needed to test these hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Charli
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Mexico
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Nishizawa M, Onodera O, Hirakawa A, Shimizu Y, Yamada M. Effect of rovatirelin in patients with cerebellar ataxia: two randomised double-blind placebo-controlled phase 3 trials. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2020; 91:254-262. [PMID: 31937586 PMCID: PMC7035688 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2019-322168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the efficacy of rovatirelin, a thyrotropin-releasing hormone analogue, for ataxias in patients with spinocerebellar degeneration (SCD). METHODS Two multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 studies (KPS1301, KPS1305) enrolled patients with predominant cerebellar ataxia, including SCA6, SCA31 or cortical cerebellar atrophy. KPS1301 enrolled patients with truncal ataxia and KPS1305 enrolled patients with truncal and limb ataxia. Each study included 4 weeks of pretreatment, a 28-week or 24-week treatment period and 4 weeks of follow-up. Patients were randomised (1:1:1) to rovatirelin (1.6 or 2.4 mg) or placebo in KPS1301, and randomised (1:1) to rovatirelin 2.4 mg or placebo in KPS1305. The primary endpoint was change in Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA) total scores. Pooled analysis was performed in patients who met the SARA recruitment criteria of KPS1305. RESULTS From October 2013 to May 2014, KPS1301 enrolled 411 patients; 374 were randomised to rovatirelin 1.6 mg (n=125), rovatirelin 2.4 mg (n=126) or placebo (n=123). From November 2016 to August 2017, KPS1305 enrolled 241 patients; 203 were randomised to rovatirelin 2.4 mg (n=101) or placebo (n=102). The primary endpoint showed no significant difference between rovatirelin and placebo in these two studies. In the pooled analysis (n=278), the difference between rovatirelin 2.4 mg (n=140) and placebo (n=138) was -0.61 (-1.64 vs -1.03; 95% CI -1.16 to -0.06; p=0.029) in the adjusted mean change in the SARA total score. CONCLUSIONS Rovatirelin is a potentially effective treatment option for SCD. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT01970098; NCT02889302.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Osamu Onodera
- Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hirakawa
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Shimizu
- Strategic Alliance Department, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamada
- Clinical Data Science Department, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
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Kobayashi N, Sato N, Sugita K, Takahashi K, Sugawara T, Tada Y, Yoshikawa T. Synthesis and evaluation of in vivo anti-hypothermic effect of all stereoisomers of the thyrotropin-releasing hormone mimetic: Rovatirelin Hydrate. J Pept Sci 2019; 25:e3228. [PMID: 31713944 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We discovered the orally active thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) mimetic: (4S,5S)-5-methyl-N-{(2S)-1-[(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl]-1-oxo-3-(1,3-thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl}-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidine-4-carboxamide 1 (rovatirelin). The central nervous system (CNS) effect of rovatirelin after intravenous (iv) administration is 100-fold higher than that of TRH. As 1 has four asymmetric carbons in its molecule, there are 16 stereoisomers. We synthesized and evaluated the anti-hypothermic effect of all stereoisomers of 1, which has the (4S),(5S),(2S),(2R) configuration from the N-terminus to the C-terminus, in order to clarify the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of stereoisomers. The (4R),(5R),(2R),(2S)-isomer 16 did not show any anti-hypothermic effect. Only the (4S),(5S),(2S),(2S)-isomer 10, which has the (2S)-2-methylpyrrolidine moiety at the C-terminus showed the anti-hypothermic effect similar to 1. Stereoisomers, which have the (5R) configuration of the oxazolidinone at the N-terminus and the (2R) configuration at the middle-part, showed a much lower anti-hypothermic effect than that of 1. On the other hand, stereoisomers, which have the (4R) configuration of the oxazolidinone at the N-terminus or the (2S) configuration of the C-terminus, have little influence on the anti-hypothermic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naotake Kobayashi
- Medicinal chemistry research laboratory, Shionogi & Co., Ltd. 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka, 561-0825, Japan
| | - Norihito Sato
- Research Laboratory for Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd. 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka, 561-0825, Japan
| | - Katsuji Sugita
- Research Laboratory for Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd. 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka, 561-0825, Japan
| | - Kouji Takahashi
- DMPK Services, Shionogi Techno Advance Research Co., Ltd. 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka, 561-0825, Japan
| | - Tamio Sugawara
- Medicinal chemistry research laboratory, Shionogi & Co., Ltd. 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka, 561-0825, Japan
| | - Yukio Tada
- Medicinal chemistry research laboratory, Shionogi & Co., Ltd. 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka, 561-0825, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Yoshikawa
- Pharmacovigilance Japan, Allergan Japan K.K., 4-20-3-35, Ebisu Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, 150-6035, Japan
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Kobayshi K, Abe Y, Kawai A, Furihata T, Harada H, Endo T, Takeda H. Human mass balance, pharmacokinetics and metabolism of rovatirelin and identification of its metabolic enzymes in vitro. Xenobiotica 2019; 49:1434-1446. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2019.1580796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Kobayshi
- Central Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Azumino, Nagano, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Abe
- Central Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Azumino, Nagano, Japan
| | - Asuka Kawai
- Department of Clinical Projects Management, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takao Furihata
- Department of Clinical Projects Management, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Harada
- Central Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Azumino, Nagano, Japan
| | - Takuro Endo
- Central Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Azumino, Nagano, Japan
| | - Hiroo Takeda
- Central Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Azumino, Nagano, Japan
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Kobayashi N, Sato N, Fujimura Y, Kihara T, Sugita K, Takahashi K, Koike K, Sugawara T, Tada Y, Nakai H, Yoshikawa T. Discovery of the Orally Effective Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Mimetic: 1-{ N-[(4 S,5 S)-(5-Methyl-2-oxooxazolidine-4-yl)carbonyl]-3-(thiazol-4-yl)-l-alanyl}-(2 R)-2-methylpyrrolidine Trihydrate (Rovatirelin Hydrate). ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:13647-13666. [PMID: 30411045 PMCID: PMC6217654 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We have explored orally effective thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) mimetics, showing oral bioavailability and brain penetration by structure-activity relationship (SAR) study on the basis of in vivo antagonistic activity on reserpine-induced hypothermia in mice. By primary screening of the synthesized TRH mimetics, we found a novel TRH mimetic: l-pyroglutamyl-[3-(thiazol-4-yl)-l-alanyl]-l-prolinamide with a high central nervous system effect compared with TRH as a lead compound. Further SAR optimization studies of this lead compound led to discovery of a novel orally effective TRH mimetic: 1-{N-[(4S,5S)-(5-methyl-2-oxooxazolidine-4-yl)carbonyl]-3-(thiazol-4-yl)-l-alanyl}-(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidine trihydrate (rovatirelin hydrate), which was selected as a candidate for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naotake Kobayashi
- Medicinal
Chemistry Research Laboratory, Research Laboratory for Development, and Drug Discovery
& Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi
& Co., Ltd., 3-1-1,
Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Norihito Sato
- Medicinal
Chemistry Research Laboratory, Research Laboratory for Development, and Drug Discovery
& Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi
& Co., Ltd., 3-1-1,
Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Yuko Fujimura
- Medicinal
Chemistry Research Laboratory, Research Laboratory for Development, and Drug Discovery
& Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi
& Co., Ltd., 3-1-1,
Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kihara
- Business
Search & Evaluation, Shionogi &
Co., Ltd., 3-1-8, Doshomachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka-shi, Osaka 541-0045, Japan
| | - Katsuji Sugita
- Medicinal
Chemistry Research Laboratory, Research Laboratory for Development, and Drug Discovery
& Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi
& Co., Ltd., 3-1-1,
Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Kouji Takahashi
- DMPK
Services, Shionogi Techno Advance Research
Co., Ltd., 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Katsumi Koike
- Medicinal
Chemistry Research Laboratory, Research Laboratory for Development, and Drug Discovery
& Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi
& Co., Ltd., 3-1-1,
Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Tamio Sugawara
- Medicinal
Chemistry Research Laboratory, Research Laboratory for Development, and Drug Discovery
& Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi
& Co., Ltd., 3-1-1,
Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Yukio Tada
- Medicinal
Chemistry Research Laboratory, Research Laboratory for Development, and Drug Discovery
& Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi
& Co., Ltd., 3-1-1,
Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakai
- Medicinal
Chemistry Research Laboratory, Research Laboratory for Development, and Drug Discovery
& Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi
& Co., Ltd., 3-1-1,
Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Yoshikawa
- Pharmacovigilance
Japan, Allergan Japan K.K., 4-20-3-35, Ebisu, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-6035, Japan
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Kobayashi K, Abe Y, Harada H, Oota E, Endo T, Takeda H. Non-clinical pharmacokinetic profiles of rovatirelin, an orally available thyrotropin-releasing hormone analogue. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:106-119. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2017.1423130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Kobayashi
- Central Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Azumino, Nagano, Japan and
| | - Yoshikazu Abe
- Central Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Azumino, Nagano, Japan and
| | - Hiroshi Harada
- Central Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Azumino, Nagano, Japan and
| | - Emiko Oota
- Toxicological Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Azumino, Nagano, Japan
| | - Takuro Endo
- Central Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Azumino, Nagano, Japan and
| | - Hiroo Takeda
- Central Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Azumino, Nagano, Japan and
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Abstract
Narcolepsy is a life-long, underrecognized sleep disorder that affects 0.02%-0.18% of the US and Western European populations. Genetic predisposition is suspected because of narcolepsy's strong association with HLA DQB1*06-02, and genome-wide association studies have identified polymorphisms in T-cell receptor loci. Narcolepsy pathophysiology is linked to loss of signaling by hypocretin-producing neurons; an autoimmune etiology possibly triggered by some environmental agent may precipitate hypocretin neuronal loss. Current treatment modalities alleviate the main symptoms of excessive daytime somnolence (EDS) and cataplexy and, to a lesser extent, reduce nocturnal sleep disruption, hypnagogic hallucinations, and sleep paralysis. Sodium oxybate (SXB), a sodium salt of γ hydroxybutyric acid, is a first-line agent for cataplexy and EDS and may help sleep disruption, hypnagogic hallucinations, and sleep paralysis. Various antidepressant medications including norepinephrine serotonin reuptake inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and tricyclic antidepressants are second-line agents for treating cataplexy. In addition to SXB, modafinil and armodafinil are first-line agents to treat EDS. Second-line agents for EDS are stimulants such as methylphenidate and extended-release amphetamines. Emerging therapies include non-hypocretin-based therapy, hypocretin-based treatments, and immunotherapy to prevent hypocretin neuronal death. Non-hypocretin-based novel treatments for narcolepsy include pitolisant (BF2.649, tiprolisant); JZP-110 (ADX-N05) for EDS in adults; JZP 13-005 for children; JZP-386, a deuterated sodium oxybate oral suspension; FT 218 an extended-release formulation of SXB; and JNJ-17216498, a new formulation of modafinil. Clinical trials are investigating efficacy and safety of SXB, modafinil, and armodafinil in children. γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) modulation with GABAA receptor agonists clarithromycin and flumazenil may help daytime somnolence. Other drugs investigated include GABAB agonists (baclofen), melanin-concentrating hormone antagonist, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone agonists. Hypocretin-based therapies include hypocretin peptide replacement administered either through an intracerebroventricular route or intranasal route. Hypocretin neuronal transplant and transforming stem cells into hypothalamic neurons are also discussed in this article. Immunotherapy to prevent hypocretin neuronal death is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien C Abad
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Division of Sleep Medicine, Stanford University Outpatient Center, Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Christian Guilleminault
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Division of Sleep Medicine, Stanford University Outpatient Center, Redwood City, CA, USA
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