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Machado GGL, Costa CARD, Veiga E, Nascimento SVD, Nahon SMR, Cavalcante ADPDS, Costa IRCD, Valadares RBDS, Carvalho EEN, Livramento KGD, Vilas Boas EVDB. Metabolomics and proteomics of Campomanesia pubescens fruits throughout developmental stages. Food Chem 2025; 485:144479. [PMID: 40311561 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.144479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2025] [Revised: 04/01/2025] [Accepted: 04/21/2025] [Indexed: 05/03/2025]
Abstract
This study investigated the metabolic changes occurring during the ripening of Campomanesia pubescens fruits using metabolomics and proteomics approaches. Two alkaloids and nine phenolic compounds were identified, with emphasis on trigonelline and gallic acid. Proteomic analysis revealed 940 proteins, of which 452 showed differential expression, reflecting physiological changes, such as the reduced expression of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, indicating low photosynthetic activity and the transition from chloroplasts to chromoplasts. The intensification of glycolysis was suggested by the increased expression of phosphoglycerate kinase and fructose-bisphosphate aldolase. The activation of enzymes of the phenolic compound pathway, such as phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and O-methyltransferase, indicated the accumulation of secondary metabolites essential for fruit defense and nutritional quality. The expression of enzymes in the ethylene pathway, such as SAM synthase, suggested their role in gabiroba ripening. The results highlight the interaction of metabolic pathways during fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elda Veiga
- University of Algarve, Gambelas Campus, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
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2
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Sitarek P, Merecz-Sadowska A, Sikora J, Osicka W, Śpiewak I, Picot L, Kowalczyk T. Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Theobroma cacao L.: Insights from In Vitro, In Vivo, and Nanoparticle Studies on Anti-Inflammatory and Anticancer Effects. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:1376. [PMID: 39594518 PMCID: PMC11590920 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13111376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2024] [Revised: 11/02/2024] [Accepted: 11/08/2024] [Indexed: 11/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Theobroma cacao L., commonly known as cocoa, has been an integral part of human culture and diet for thousands of years. However, recent scientific research has highlighted its potential therapeutic properties, particularly in the treatment of cancer and inflammatory diseases. This comprehensive review analyzes the anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects of Theobroma cacao extracts combined with nanoparticles using in vitro and in vivo studies. Its diverse biological activity can be attributed to its rich phytochemical profile, including polyphenols, flavonoids, and alkaloids. In vitro studies have found that cocoa extracts, alone or in combination with nanoparticles, inhibit cancer cell proliferation, induce apoptosis and modulate key signaling pathways in various cancer cell lines. The extracts have also been found to reduce tumor growth and enhance the efficacy of conventional chemotherapeutic agents, potentially reducing their side effects, in vivo. Its anti-inflammatory properties are based on its ability to modulate inflammatory mediators, inhibit NF-κB signaling, and regulate macrophage polarization. These effects have been observed in both cellular and animal models of inflammation. This review opens up new possibilities for future research and therapeutic applications, highlighting the potential of Theobroma cacao as a valuable complementary approach in the treatment and prevention of cancer and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Sitarek
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Merecz-Sadowska
- Department of Allergology and Respiratory Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lodz, 90-725 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Joanna Sikora
- Department of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Weronika Osicka
- Students Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-151 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Igor Śpiewak
- Students Research Group, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Laurent Picot
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés UMRi CNRS 7266 LIENSs, La Rochelle Université, 17042 La Rochelle, France;
| | - Tomasz Kowalczyk
- Students Research Group, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland;
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Ganesan M, Kanimozhi G, Pradhapsingh B, Khan HA, Alhomida AS, Ekhzaimy A, Brindha GR, Prasad NR. Phytochemicals reverse P-glycoprotein mediated multidrug resistance via signal transduction pathways. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 139:111632. [PMID: 34243600 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
P-glycoprotein, encoded by ATP-binding cassette transporters B1 gene (ABCB1), renders multidrug resistance (MDR) during cancer chemotherapy. Several synthetic small molecule inhibitors affect P-glycoprotein (P-gp) transport function in MDR tumor cells. However, inhibition of P-gp transport function adversely accumulates chemotherapeutic drugs in non-target normal tissues. Moreover, most small-molecule P-gp inhibitors failed in the clinical trials due to the low therapeutic window at the maximum tolerated dose. Therefore, downregulation of ABCB1-gene expression (P-gp) in tumor tissues seems to be a novel approach rather than inhibiting its transport function for the reversal of multidrug resistance (MDR). Several plant-derived phytochemicals modulate various signal transduction pathways and inhibit translocation of transcription factors, thereby reverses P-gp mediated MDR in tumor cells. Therefore, phytochemicals may be considered an alternative to synthetic small molecule P-gp inhibitors for the reversal of MDR in cancer cells. This review discussed the role of natural phytochemicals that modulate ABCB1 expression through various signal transduction pathways in MDR cancer cells. Therefore, modulating the cell signaling pathways by phytochemicals might play crucial roles in modulating ABCB1 gene expression and the reversal of MDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ganesan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G Kanimozhi
- Department of Biochemistry, Dharmapuram Gnanambigai Government Arts College for Women, Mayiladuthurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - B Pradhapsingh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Haseeb A Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah S Alhomida
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aishah Ekhzaimy
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - G R Brindha
- School of Computing, SASTRA Deemed University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N Rajendra Prasad
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608002, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Środa-Pomianek K, Palko-Łabuz A, Poła A, Ferens-Sieczkowska M, Wesołowska O, Kozioł A. TMPE Derived from Saffron Natural Monoterpene as Cytotoxic and Multidrug Resistance Reversing Agent in Colon Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207529. [PMID: 33065997 PMCID: PMC7589963 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Terpenes constitute one of the largest groups of natural products. They exhibit a wide range of biological activities including antioxidant, anticancer, and drug resistance modulating properties. Saffron extract and its terpene constituents have been demonstrated to be cytotoxic against various types of cancer cells, including breast, liver, lung, pancreatic, and colorectal cancer. In the present work, we have studied anticancer properties of TMPE, a newly synthesized monoterpene derivative of β-cyclocitral—the main volatile produced by the stigmas of unripe crocuses. TMPE presented selective cytotoxic activity to doxorubicin-resistant colon cancer cells and was identified to be an effective MDR modulator in doxorubicin-resistant cancer cells. Synergy between this derivative and doxorubicin was observed. Most probably, TMPE inhibited transport activity of ABCB1 protein without affecting its expression level. Analysis of TMPE physicochemical parameters suggested it was not likely to be transported by ABCB1. Molecular modeling showed TMPE being more reactive molecule than the parental compound—β-cyclocitral. Analysis of electrostatic potential maps of both compounds prompted us to hypothesize that reduced reactivity as well as susceptibility to electrophilic attack were related to the lower general toxicity of β-cyclocitral. All of the above pointed to TMPE as an interesting candidate molecule for MDR reversal in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Środa-Pomianek
- Department of Biophysics and Neurobiology, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Chalubinskiego 3, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.Ś.-P.); (A.P.-Ł.); (A.P.)
| | - Anna Palko-Łabuz
- Department of Biophysics and Neurobiology, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Chalubinskiego 3, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.Ś.-P.); (A.P.-Ł.); (A.P.)
| | - Andrzej Poła
- Department of Biophysics and Neurobiology, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Chalubinskiego 3, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.Ś.-P.); (A.P.-Ł.); (A.P.)
| | - Mirosława Ferens-Sieczkowska
- Department of Chemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 48/50, 50-369 Wrocław, Poland; (M.F.-S.); (A.K.)
| | - Olga Wesołowska
- Department of Biophysics and Neurobiology, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Chalubinskiego 3, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.Ś.-P.); (A.P.-Ł.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-71-784-14-15
| | - Agata Kozioł
- Department of Chemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 48/50, 50-369 Wrocław, Poland; (M.F.-S.); (A.K.)
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Wesołowska O, Michalak K, Błaszczyk M, Molnár J, Środa-Pomianek K. Organosilicon Compounds, SILA-409 and SILA-421, as Doxorubicin Resistance-Reversing Agents in Human Colon Cancer Cells. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071654. [PMID: 32260260 PMCID: PMC7181076 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) that occurs in cancer cells constitutes one of the major reasons for chemotherapy failure. The main molecular mechanism of MDR is overexpression of protein transporters from the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily, such as ABCB1 (multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1), P-glycoprotein). At the expense of ATP hydrolysis, ABCB1 pumps a diverse range of substrates (including anticancer drugs) out of the cell, thereby reducing their intracellular concentration. In the present study, the ability of two patented disiloxanes (SILA-409 and SILA-421) to reverse drug resistance in human colon adenocarcinoma cell lines LoVo and LoVo/Dx was investigated. It was demonstrated that both compounds in concentrations of 0.5-1 µM strongly increased the sensitivity of LoVo/Dx cells to doxorubicin. By means of an accumulation test in which rhodamine 123 was used as an ABCB1 substrate analogue, both organosilicon compounds were also shown to inhibit ABCB1 transport activity. The intracellular accumulation of doxorubicin was also increased, and more drug entered the cellular nuclei of resistant cells in the presence of the studied compounds. In conclusion, both SILA-409 and SILA-421 were demonstrated to be effective MDR reversal agents in resistant human colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Wesołowska
- Department of Biophysics and Neuroscience, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-71-784-14-15
| | - Krystyna Michalak
- Department of Biophysics and Neuroscience, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maria Błaszczyk
- Department of Biophysics and Neuroscience, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Joseph Molnár
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Kamila Środa-Pomianek
- Department of Biophysics and Neuroscience, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland
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Sivaramakarthikeyan R, Karuppasamy A, Iniyaval S, Padmavathy K, Lim WM, Mai CW, Ramalingan C. Phenothiazine and amide-ornamented novel nitrogen heterocyclic hybrids: synthesis, biological and molecular docking studies. NEW J CHEM 2020; 44:4049-4060. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj05489h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of phenothiazine and amide-ornamented nitrogen heterocycles (25–34) has been accomplished utilizing a multi-step synthetic protocol and the structures have been established based on physical and spectral techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramar Sivaramakarthikeyan
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Advanced Sciences
- Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education (Deemed to be University)
- Krishnankoil
- India
| | - Ayyanar Karuppasamy
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Advanced Sciences
- Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education (Deemed to be University)
- Krishnankoil
- India
| | - Shunmugam Iniyaval
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Advanced Sciences
- Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education (Deemed to be University)
- Krishnankoil
- India
| | - Krishnaraj Padmavathy
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Advanced Sciences
- Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education (Deemed to be University)
- Krishnankoil
- India
| | - Wei-Meng Lim
- School of Pharmacy
- International Medical University
- Malaysia
| | - Chun-Wai Mai
- School of Pharmacy
- International Medical University
- Malaysia
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Research
- Institute for Research
| | - Chennan Ramalingan
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Advanced Sciences
- Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education (Deemed to be University)
- Krishnankoil
- India
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7
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Shojaei-Zarghani S, Yari Khosroushahi A, Rafraf M, Asghari-Jafarabadi M, Azami-Aghdash S. Dietary natural methylxanthines and colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Food Funct 2020; 11:10290-10305. [DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02518f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Some evidence suggests that caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine, as natural methylxanthines (MTXs), possess anti-cancer effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Shojaei-Zarghani
- Student Research Committee
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
- Tabriz
- Iran
| | - Ahmad Yari Khosroushahi
- Drug Applied Research Center
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
- Tabriz
- Iran
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology
| | - Maryam Rafraf
- Nutrition Research Center
- Department of Community Nutrition
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
- Tabriz
| | | | - Saber Azami-Aghdash
- Faculty of Management and Medical Informatics
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
- Tabriz
- Iran
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Środa-Pomianek K, Michalak K, Palko-Łabuz A, Uryga A, Świątek P, Majkowski M, Wesołowska O. The Combined Use of Phenothiazines and Statins Strongly Affects Doxorubicin-Resistance, Apoptosis, and Cox-2 Activity in Colon Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040955. [PMID: 30813251 PMCID: PMC6412564 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Since none of the multidrug resistance (MDR) modulators tested so far found their way into clinic, a novel approach to overcome the MDR of cancer cells has been proposed. The combined use of two MDR modulators of dissimilar mechanisms of action was suggested to benefit from the synergy between them. The effect of three phenothiazine derivatives that were used as single agents and in combination with simvastatin on cell growth, apoptosis induction, activity, and expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in doxorubicin-resistant colon cancer cells (LoVo/Dx) was investigated. Treatment of LoVo/Dx cells by phenothiazine derivatives combined with simvastatin resulted in an increase of doxorubicin cytotoxicity and its intracellular accumulation as compared to the treatment with phenothiazine derivatives that were used as single agents. Similarly, LoVo/Dx cells treated with two-component mixture of modulators showed the reduced expression of ABCB1 (P-glycoprotein) transporter and COX-2 enzyme, both on mRNA and protein level. Reduced expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein and increased expression of pro-apoptotic Bax were also detected. Additionally, COX-2 activity was diminished, and caspase-3 activity was increased to a higher extent by phenothiazine derivative:simvastatin mixtures than by phenothiazine derivatives themselves. Therefore, the introduction of simvastatin strengthened the anti-MDR, anti-inflammatory, and pro-apoptotic properties of phenothiazines in LoVo/Dx cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Środa-Pomianek
- Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Chalubinskiego 10, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Krystyna Michalak
- Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Chalubinskiego 10, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Palko-Łabuz
- Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Chalubinskiego 10, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Uryga
- Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Chalubinskiego 10, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Piotr Świątek
- Department of Chemistry of Drugs, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Borowska 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Michał Majkowski
- Confocal Microscopy Laboratory, Polish Center for Technology Development, ul. Stabłowicka 147, 54-066 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Olga Wesołowska
- Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Chalubinskiego 10, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland.
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Sivaramakarthikeyan R, Iniyaval S, Padmavathy K, Liew HS, Looi CK, Mai CW, Ramalingan C. Phenothiazine and amide-ornamented dihydropyridines viaa molecular hybridization approach: design, synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular docking studies. NEW J CHEM 2019; 43:17046-17057. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj03394g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel phenothiazinyldihydropyridine dicarboxamides7a–7jwas synthesized by adopting a multi-step synthetic strategy and characterized through physical and spectral techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramar Sivaramakarthikeyan
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Advanced Sciences
- Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, (Deemed to be University)
- India
| | - Shunmugam Iniyaval
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Advanced Sciences
- Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, (Deemed to be University)
- India
| | - Krishnaraj Padmavathy
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Advanced Sciences
- Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, (Deemed to be University)
- India
| | - Hui-Shan Liew
- School of Postgraduate Studies
- International Medical University
- Malaysia
| | - Chin-King Looi
- School of Postgraduate Studies
- International Medical University
- Malaysia
| | - Chun-Wai Mai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- School of Pharmacy
- International Medical University
- Malaysia
- Centre for Cancer and Stem Cell Research
| | - Chennan Ramalingan
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Advanced Sciences
- Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, (Deemed to be University)
- India
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