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Moody TW, Ramos-Alvarez I, Jensen RT. Peptide G-Protein-Coupled Receptors and ErbB Receptor Tyrosine Kinases in Cancer. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:957. [PMID: 37508387 PMCID: PMC10376828 DOI: 10.3390/biology12070957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The ErbB RTKs (EGFR, HER2, HER3, and HER4) have been well-studied in cancer. EGFR, HER2, and HER3 stimulate cancer proliferation, principally by activating the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways, resulting in increased cancer cell survival and proliferation. Cancer cells have high densities of the EGFR, HER2, and HER3 causing phosphorylation of tyrosine amino acids on protein substrates and tyrosine amino acids near the C-terminal of the RTKs. After transforming growth factor (TGF) α binds to the EGFR, homodimers or EGFR heterodimers form. HER2 forms heterodimers with the EGFR, HER3, and HER4. The EGFR, HER2, and HER3 are overexpressed in lung cancer patient tumors, and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), such as Herceptin against HER2, are used to treat breast cancer patients. Patients with EGFR mutations are treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as gefitinib or osimertinib. Peptide GPCRs, such as NTSR1, are present in many cancers, and neurotensin (NTS) stimulates the growth of cancer cells. Lung cancer proliferation is impaired by SR48692, an NTSR1 antagonist. SR48692 is synergistic with gefitinib at inhibiting lung cancer growth. Adding NTS to lung cancer cells increases the shedding of TGFα, which activates the EGFR, or neuregulin-1, which activates HER3. The transactivation process is impaired by SRC, matrix metalloprotease, and reactive oxygen species inhibitors. While the transactivation process is complicated, it is fast and occurs within minutes after adding NTS to cancer cells. This review emphasizes the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors and SR48692 to impair transactivation and cancer growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry W Moody
- Center for Cancer Training, NCI, and Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Irene Ramos-Alvarez
- Center for Cancer Training, NCI, and Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert T Jensen
- Center for Cancer Training, NCI, and Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Babu G, Mohanty B. Neurotensin modulation of lipopolysaccharide induced inflammation of gut-liver axis: Evaluation using neurotensin receptor agonist and antagonist. Neuropeptides 2023; 97:102297. [PMID: 36368076 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2022.102297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a toxic component of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria, is a potent immune stressor. LPS-induced inflammation of the gut-liver axis is well demonstrated. Neurotensin (NTS), a tri-decapeptide present in the gastrointestinal tract, has anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and growth-promoting properties. This study elucidated the efficacy of PD149163, the type I NTS receptor agonist (NTS1) in the modulation of LPS-induced inflammation of the gut-liver axis of mice. Young-adult female mice (Age: 8 weeks; BW: 25 ± 2.5 g) were maintained in six groups (6/group); Group I as control and Group II, III & IV were exposed to LPS (1 mg/kg BW/Day; i.p.) for five days. LPS pre-exposed Group III and Group IV mice were treated with NTS1 agonist PD149163 (100 μg/kg BW i.p.) and antagonist SR48692 (0.5 mg/kg BW i.p.) respectively for 28 days. Group V and Group VI mice were exposed to only PD149163 and only SR48692 respectively with the doses as mentioned above for 28 days. Group I and LPS-exposed Group II mice were also maintained four weeks without further treatment. Histopathology revealed LPS-induced inflammation of the gut and liver. Significant elevation of plasma TNF-α and IL-6 and serum ALT and AST reflected as biomarkers of inflammation. Oxidative stress on both organs was distinct from decreased glutathione reductase and increased lipid peroxidation. PD149163 but not SR48692 ameliorated LPS-induced inflammation in both gut and liver counteracting inflammatory responses and oxidative stress. The use of NTS agonists including PD149163 could be exploited for therapeutic intervention of inflammatory diseases including that of the gut-liver axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyan Babu
- Department of Zoology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh 211002, India
| | - Banalata Mohanty
- Department of Zoology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh 211002, India.
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Moody TW, Ramos-Alvarez I, Jensen RT. Adding of neurotensin to non-small cell lung cancer cells increases tyrosine phosphorylation of HER3. Peptides 2022; 156:170858. [PMID: 35932909 PMCID: PMC9529830 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Neurotensin (NTS) receptor 1 regulates the growth non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. NTS binds with high affinity to NTSR1, leading to increased tyrosine phosphorylation of the EGFR and HER2. Using Calu3, NCI-H358, or NCI-H441 cells, the effects of NTS on HER3 transactivation were investigated. HER3 tyrosine phosphorylation was increased by NTS or neuregulin (NRG1) addition to NSCLC cells. NCI-H358, NCI-H441, and Calu-3 cells have HER3, NTSR1 and neuregulin (NRG)1 protein. NTSR1 regulation of HER3 transactivation was impaired by SR48692 (NTSR1 antagonist) or monoclonal antibody (mAb)3481 (HER3 blocker). Immunoprecipitation experiments indicated that NTS addition to NCI-H441cells resulted in the formation of EGFR/HER3 and HER2/HER3 heterodimers. The ability of NTS to increase HER3 tyrosine phosphorylation was impaired by GM6001 (MMP inhibitor), PP2 (Src inhibitor), Tiron (superoxide scavenger), or N-acetylcysteine (antioxidant). Adding NTS to NSCLC cells increased phosphorylation of ERK, HER3, and AKT. NTS or NRG1 increased colony formation of NSCLC cells which was strongly inhibited by SR48692 and mAb3481. The results indicate that NTSR1 regulates HER3 transactivation in NSCLC cells leading to increased proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry W Moody
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Training, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Irene Ramos-Alvarez
- National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Disease, Digestive Diseases Branch, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Robert T Jensen
- National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Disease, Digestive Diseases Branch, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
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Sánchez ML, Coveñas R. The Neurotensinergic System: A Target for Cancer Treatment. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:3231-3260. [PMID: 34711154 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666211027124328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The scientific interest regarding the involvement of peptides in cancer has increased in the last years. In tumor cells the overexpression of peptides and their receptors is known and new therapeutic targets for the treatment of cancer have been suggested. The overexpression of the neurotensinergic system has been associated with poor prognosis, tumor size, higher tumor aggressiveness, increased relapse risk and worse sensitivity to chemotherapy agents. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review is to update the findings regarding the involvement of the neurotensinergic system in cancer to suggest anticancer therapeutic strategies targeting this system. The neurotensin (NT) precursor, NT and its receptors (NTR) and the involvement of the neurotensinergic system in lung, breast, prostate, gastric, colon, liver and pancreatic cancers, glioblastoma, neuroendocrine tumors and B-cell leukemia will be mentioned and discussed as well as the signaling pathways mediated by NT. Some research lines to be developed in the future will be suggested such as: molecules regulating the expression of the NT precursor, influence of the diet in the development of tumors, molecules and signaling pathways activated by NT and antitumor therapeutic strategies targeting the neurotensinergic system. CONCLUSION NT, via the NTR, exerts oncogenic (tumor cell proliferation, invasion, migration, angiogenesis) and antiapoptotic effects, whereas NTR antagonists inhibit these effects. NTR expression can be used as a diagnostic tool/therapeutic target and the administration of NTR antagonists as antitumor drugs could be a therapeutic strategy to treat tumors overexpressing NTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Lisardo Sánchez
- University of Salamanca, Laboratory of Neuroanatomy of the Peptidergic Systems (Lab. 14), Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCYL), Salamanca. Spain
| | - Rafael Coveñas
- University of Salamanca, Laboratory of Neuroanatomy of the Peptidergic Systems (Lab. 14), Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCYL), Salamanca. Spain
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Wu R, Yuan B, Li C, Wang Z, Song Y, Liu H. A narrative review of advances in treatment and survival prognosis of HER2-positive malignant lung cancers. J Thorac Dis 2021; 13:3708-3720. [PMID: 34277062 PMCID: PMC8264687 DOI: 10.21037/jtd-20-3265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), as a receptor tyrosine kinase of EGF receptor family, whose mutation is often associated with even if less frequency but poor prognosis and shorter survival in pulmonary malignant tumor. HER2 status include mutation, overexpression, amplification and also some rare genotypes, detected by next generation sequencing (NGS), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and also fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Different genotypes represent different therapeutic targets and indicate different clinical prognosis concluded by previous studies. Unfortunately, no standard guidelines for first-line treatment are widely recognized, and current therapeutic schedules include chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. Especially for patients with advanced metastasis, chemotherapy is based as a systemic therapy using studies of breast cancer or EGFR-positive lung adenocarcinoma as a template. Studies already explored treatment including EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) such as gefitinib and afatinib, and also trastuzumab and its conjugation like HER2-targeted antibody-drug conjugate trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) and conjugate trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd). Also, he researches explored combination therapy with chemotherapy and TKIs or monoclonal antibodies. This review describes commonly used therapies for HER2-positive/HER2-overexpression patients and general relationship between genotypes of HER2, drug selection and final prognosis in order to provide suggestions for future diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranpu Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Southeast University of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Bingxiao Yuan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chuling Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zimu Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Song
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Southeast University of Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongbing Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Southeast University of Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Moody TW, Ramos-Alvarez I, Jensen RT. Bombesin, endothelin, neurotensin and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide cause tyrosine phosphorylation of receptor tyrosine kinases. Peptides 2021; 137:170480. [PMID: 33385499 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Numerous peptides including bombesin (BB), endothelin (ET), neurotensin (NTS) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) are growth factors for lung cancer cells. The peptides bind to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) resulting in elevated cAMP and/or phosphatidylinositol (PI) turnover. In contrast, growth factors such as epidermal growth factor (EGF) or neuregulin (NRG)-1 bind to receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) such as the EGFR or HER3, increasing tyrosine kinase activity, resulting in the phosphorylation of protein substrates such as PI3K or phospholipase (PL)C. Peptide GPCRs can transactivate numerous RTKs, especially members of the EGFR/HER family resulting in increased phosphorylation of ERK, leading to cellular proliferation or increased phosphorylation of AKT, leading to cellular survival. GRCR antagonists and tyrosine kinase inhibitors are useful agents to prevent RTK transactivation and inhibit proliferation of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry W Moody
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Training, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Irene Ramos-Alvarez
- National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Disease, Digestive Diseases Branch, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Robert T Jensen
- National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Disease, Digestive Diseases Branch, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
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Kilpatrick LE, Hill SJ. Transactivation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs): Recent insights using luminescence and fluorescence technologies. CURRENT OPINION IN ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC RESEARCH 2021; 16:102-112. [PMID: 33748531 PMCID: PMC7960640 DOI: 10.1016/j.coemr.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in signalling due to bidirectional transactivation of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCRs) and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are well established. Transactivation significantly diversifies signalling networks within a cell and has been implicated in promoting both advantageous and disadvantageous physiological and pathophysiological outcomes, making the GPCR/RTK interactions attractive new targets for drug discovery programmes. Transactivation has been observed for a plethora of receptor pairings in multiple cell types; however, the precise molecular mechanisms and signalling effectors involved can vary with receptor pairings and cell type. This short review will discuss the recent applications of proximity-based assays, such as resonance energy transfer and fluorescence-based imaging in investigating the dynamics of GPCR/RTK complex formation, subsequent effector protein recruitment and the cellular locations of complexes in living cells.
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Key Words
- 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A, (5-HT1A)
- Endocytosis
- Förster Resonance Energy Transfer, (FRET)
- G protein-coupled receptor
- G protein-coupled receptors, (GPCRs)
- GPCR kinases, (GRKs)
- Oligomeric complexes
- Receptor tyrosine kinase
- Resonance energy transfer
- Transactivation
- adrenoceptors, (AR)
- bioluminescence resonance energy transfer, (BRET)
- cannabinoid receptor 2, (CB2R)
- disintegrin and metalloproteinases, (ADAMs)
- epidermal growth factor receptor, (EGFR)
- epidermal growth factor, (EGF)
- fibroblast growth factor receptor, (FGFR)
- fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, (FCS)
- formyl peptide receptor, (FPR)
- free fatty acid, (FFA)
- heparin binding EGF, (Hb-EGF)
- hepatocyte growth factor, (HGF)
- human umbilical vein endothelial cells, (HUVECs)
- insulin growth factor receptor-1, (IGFR-1)
- insulin receptor, (IR)
- lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1, (LPA)
- matrix metalloproteinases, (MMPs)
- platelet-derived growth factor receptor, (PDGFR)
- proximity ligation assay, (PLA)
- reactive oxygen species, (ROS)
- receptor tyrosine kinases, (RTKs)
- sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor, (S1PR)
- tetrahydrocannabinol, (THC)
- total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, (TIRF-M)
- vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, (VEGFR2)
- vascular endothelial growth factor, (VEGF)
- vasopressin 2 receptor, (V2R)
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. Kilpatrick
- Division of Bimolecular Sciences and Medicinal Chemistry, Biodiscovery Institute, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Stephen J. Hill
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands, NG7 2UH, UK
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Lee L, Ramos-Alvarez I, Moody TW, Mantey SA, Jensen RT. Neuropeptide bombesin receptor activation stimulates growth of lung cancer cells through HER3 with a MAPK-dependent mechanism. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1867:118625. [PMID: 31862538 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.118625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), prognosis still remains poor and new therapeutic approaches are needed. Studies demonstrate the importance of the EGFR/HER-receptor family in NSCLC growth, as well as that of other tumors. Recently, HER3 is receiving increased attention because of its role in drug resistance and aggressive growth. Activation of overexpressed G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) can also initiate growth by transactivating EGFR/HER-family members. GPCR transactivation of EGFR has been extensively studied, but little is known of its ability to transactivate other EGFR/HER-members, especially HER3. To address this, we studied the ability of bombesin receptor (BnR) activation to transactivate all EGFR/HER-family members and their principal downstream signaling cascades, the PI3K/Akt- and MAPK/ERK-pathways, in human NSCLC cell-lines. In all three cell-lines studied, which possessed EGFR, HER2 and HER3, Bn rapidly transactivated EGFR, HER2 and HER3, as well as Akt and ERK. Immunoprecipitation studies revealed Bn-induced formation of both HER3/EGFR- and HER3/HER2-heterodimers. Specific EGFR/HER3 antibodies or siRNA-knockdown of EGFR and HER3, demonstrated Bn-stimulated activation of EGFR/HER members is initially through HER3, not EGFR. In addition, specific inhibition of HER3, HER2 or MAPK, abolished Bn-stimulated cell-growth, while neither EGFR nor Akt inhibition had an effect. These results show HER3 transactivation mediates all growth effects of BnR activation through MAPK. These results raise the possibility that targeting HER3 alone or with GPCR activation and its signal cascades, may be a novel therapeutic approach in NSCLC. This is especially relevant with the recent development of HER3-blocking antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingaku Lee
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Irene Ramos-Alvarez
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Terry W Moody
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Office of the Director, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Samuel A Mantey
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert T Jensen
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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