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Li QR, Xu HY, Ma RT, Ma YY, Chen MJ. Targeting Autophagy: A Promising Therapeutic Strategy for Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetic Nephropathy. Diabetes Ther 2024; 15:2153-2182. [PMID: 39167303 DOI: 10.1007/s13300-024-01641-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) significantly impairs patients' quality of life, primarily because of its complications, which are the leading cause of mortality among individuals with the disease. Autophagy has emerged as a key process closely associated with DM, including its complications such as diabetic nephropathy (DN). DN is a major complication of DM, contributing significantly to chronic kidney disease and renal failure. The intricate connection between autophagy and DM, including DN, highlights the potential for new therapeutic targets. This review examines the interplay between autophagy and these conditions, aiming to uncover novel approaches to treatment and enhance our understanding of their underlying pathophysiology. It also explores the role of autophagy in maintaining renal homeostasis and its involvement in the development and progression of DM and DN. Furthermore, the review discusses natural compounds that may alleviate these conditions by modulating autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Rui Li
- School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Rd, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hui-Ying Xu
- School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Rd, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Rui-Ting Ma
- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Mental Health Center, Hohhot, 010010, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Ma
- The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, No. 1 Tongdao Street, Hohhot, 010050, China.
| | - Mei-Juan Chen
- School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Rd, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Ito H, Ito M. Genetic diversity of Panax ginseng cultivated in Japan and its relation with some plant characteristics. J Nat Med 2024; 78:91-99. [PMID: 37707717 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-023-01747-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
In East Asia, Panax ginseng is one of the most important medicinal plants and has been used in traditional medicines from ancient times. Today, P. ginseng is cultivated in Korea, China, and Japan. Although the genetic diversity of P. ginseng in Korea and China has been reported previously, that of P. ginseng cultivated in Japan is largely unknown. In the present study, genetic diversity of P. ginseng cultivated in Japan was analyzed using eight simple sequence repeat markers that have been used in other studies, and the results were compared with previous results for Korea and China. The correlation between genetic diversity and plant characteristics, such as ginsenoside contents, were also examined. The genetic diversity of P. ginseng in Japan was substantially different from that in Korea and China, probably due to Japan's history of cultivation and the ginseng reproduction system of agamospermy. The genetic analysis indicated that P. ginseng cultivated in Japan could be classified into two clusters. The classification was related to the contents of ginsenosides Re and Ro in the main root but not to the cultivation region of the samples. These results may be useful for the cultivation and quality control of P. ginseng in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honoka Ito
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimo-Adachi-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Michiho Ito
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki City, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan.
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Rai C, Priyadarshini P. Whey protein hydrolysates improve high-fat-diet-induced obesity by modulating the brain-peripheral axis of GLP-1 through inhibition of DPP-4 function in mice. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:2489-2507. [PMID: 37154934 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03162-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Obesity is a growing global health concern. Recent literature indicates a prominent role of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in glucose metabolism and food intake. The synergistic action of GLP-1 in the gut and brain is responsible for its satiety-inducing effect, suggesting that upregulation of active GLP-1 levels could be an alternative strategy to combat obesity. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) is an exopeptidase known to inactivate GLP-1, suggesting that its inhibition could be a crucial strategy for effectively extending the half-life of endogenous GLP-1. Peptides derived from partial hydrolysis of dietary proteins are gaining traction due to their inhibitory activity on DPP-4. METHODS Whey protein hydrolysate from bovine milk (bmWPH) was produced using simulated in situ digestion, purified using RP-HPLC, and characterized for DPP-4 inhibition. The antiadipogenic and antiobesity activity of bmWPH was then studied in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and high-fat diet-induced obesity (HFD) mice model, respectively. RESULTS The dose-dependent inhibitory effect of bmWPH on the catalytic activity of DPP-4 was observed. Additionally, bmWPH suppressed adipogenic transcription factors and DPP-4 protein levels, leading to a negative effect on preadipocyte differentiation. In an HFD mice model, co-administration of WPH for 20 weeks downregulated adipogenic transcription factors, resulting in a concomitant reduction in whole body weight and adipose tissues. Mice fed with bmWPH also showed a marked reduction in DPP-4 levels in WAT, liver, and serum. Furthermore, HFD mice fed with bmWPH exhibited increased serum and brain GLP levels, which led to a significant decrease in food intake. CONCLUSION In conclusion, bmWPH reduces body weight in HFD mice by suppressing appetite through GLP-1, a satiety-inducing hormone, in both the brain and peripheral circulation. This effect is achieved through modulation of both the catalytic and non-catalytic activity of DPP-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitra Rai
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, 570020, Karnataka, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Poornima Priyadarshini
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, 570020, Karnataka, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Lin C, Kong Y, Wang F, Rong R, Li X, Xiao R, Wu Z, Zhang Q, Wang L. Design, synthesis and evaluation of a series of novel long-acting dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Bioorg Chem 2022; 123:105767. [PMID: 35381556 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most popular chronic diseases around the whole world. To improve the compliance of patients, long-acting antidiabetic drugs needed to be developed. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors are becoming increasingly important in the T2DM treatment due to the favorable properties. In the present study, a series of new substituted dihydropyrido [4',3':3,4] pyrazolo [1,5-a] pyrimidin-9(10H)-yl)-2-(2,5-difluorophenyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-amine were designed and synthesized as potent DPP-4 inhibitors. All compounds were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HRMS and were evaluated in vitro. The inhibitory activity ranged from 0.43 to 12.70 μM while the inhibitory activity of positive control (omarigliptin) was 3.63 μM on DPP-4 in Caco-2 cells. Then pharmacokinetic studies were carried out in rats and compound 6c was finally selected for the further study because of its better pharmacokinetic profile. Additionally, preclinical pharmacological study of compound 6c exhibited extraordinary efficacy in vivo and good safety profile. In conclusion, compound 6c was considered as a promising DPP-4 inhibitor, which could be taken once a week or once every two weeks for the treatment of T2DM. More comprehensive researches will be carried out in the future for the further development of compound 6c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Lin
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Yantai 264000, China
| | - Ying Kong
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Yantai 264000, China
| | - Furong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Rong Rong
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Yantai 264000, China
| | - Xiangping Li
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Yantai 264000, China
| | - Rensong Xiao
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Ziqi Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Qiuyan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Yantai 264000, China.
| | - Lin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China.
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Dahlén AD, Dashi G, Maslov I, Attwood MM, Jonsson J, Trukhan V, Schiöth HB. Trends in Antidiabetic Drug Discovery: FDA Approved Drugs, New Drugs in Clinical Trials and Global Sales. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:807548. [PMID: 35126141 PMCID: PMC8807560 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.807548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) continues to be a substantial medical problem due to its increasing global prevalence and because chronic hyperglycemic states are closely linked with obesity, liver disease and several cardiovascular diseases. Since the early discovery of insulin, numerous antihyperglycemic drug therapies to treat diabetes have been approved, and also discontinued, by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). To provide an up-to-date account of the current trends of antidiabetic pharmaceuticals, this review offers a comprehensive analysis of the main classes of antihyperglycemic compounds and their mechanisms: insulin types, biguanides, sulfonylureas, meglitinides (glinides), alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (AGIs), thiazolidinediones (TZD), incretin-dependent therapies, sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and combinations thereof. The number of therapeutic alternatives to treat T2DM are increasing and now there are nearly 60 drugs approved by the FDA. Beyond this there are nearly 100 additional antidiabetic agents being evaluated in clinical trials. In addition to the standard treatments of insulin therapy and metformin, there are new drug combinations, e.g., containing metformin, SGLT2 inhibitors and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitors, that have gained substantial use during the last decade. Furthermore, there are several interesting alternatives, such as lobeglitazone, efpeglenatide and tirzepatide, in ongoing clinical trials. Modern drugs, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, DPP4 inhibitors and SGLT2 inhibitors have gained popularity on the pharmaceutical market, while less expensive over the counter alternatives are increasing in developing economies. The large heterogeneity of T2DM is also creating a push towards more personalized and accessible treatments. We describe several interesting alternatives in ongoing clinical trials, which may help to achieve this in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia D. Dahlén
- Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Giovanna Dashi
- Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ivan Maslov
- Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Misty M. Attwood
- Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jörgen Jonsson
- Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vladimir Trukhan
- Russia Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Helgi B. Schiöth
- Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Russia Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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Cost-Effectiveness of Oral Antidiabetic Drugs: A Prospective Multicenter Study of Real-World Patients. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:9972386. [PMID: 34745311 PMCID: PMC8568544 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9972386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This real-world, multicenter, prospective study aims to analyze the cost-effectiveness of prevalent oral antidiabetic drugs, including traditional Chinese medicine and its compounds, used in China. Type 2 diabetes patients initiated on one or several of the most prevalent antidiabetic drugs were recruited on the baseline and followed up over one year with no restriction on drug discontinuation, switching, and add-on. Different drugs were evaluated on their efficacy, adverse effect (AE), health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and cost. Treatments were defined as the intent-to-treat in the primary analysis and on-treatment in the sensitivity analyses. A rich set of patients' baseline characteristics was collected and controlled using the multivariate linear model in the primary analysis and inverse probability weighting and double selection—a machine learning algorithm—in the sensitivity analyses. Estimates of “raw” outcomes, which are not adjusted by covariates and calculated as subgroup means, show that the use of Xiaoke Pill alone and in combination is among the most effective therapies with 50% and 54% of patients reaching the control target of HbA1c < 6.5%. In terms of cost, Xiaoke Pill and gliclazide, which cost participants 4,350 and 5,150 RMB per year on average, are among the least costly therapies. After adjusting patient characteristics, monotherapy and combination therapy using the Xiaoke Pill again display the best control rates, of 45% and 43% against 33% of metformin. Regarding cost, the Xiaoke Pill costs a patient 5,340 RMB per year, in sharp contrast with 8,550 RMB for metformin and 10,330 RMB for acarbose. Our study suggests that the use of Xiaoke Pill—alone or in combination—is associated with better glycemic control and lower cost than some allopathic medications such as metformin or acarbose and shows a similar incidence of hypoglycemia.
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Yong‐Lin W, Yan Z, Yan T, Yuan‐Fang K, Yu‐Long H, Jie‐Ming L, Shao‐Pei W, Chun‐Hong D, Xiao‐Fei L. Exploring the Hypoglycaemic Mechanism of Chinese Medicine Xiao‐Ke‐An Based on Target Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Using Molecular Docking and Dynamics Simulation. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202101661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wang Yong‐Lin
- School of Pharmacy Henan University of Chinese Medicine 156 Jinshui East Road Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Zhuang Yan
- School of Pharmacy Henan University of Chinese Medicine 156 Jinshui East Road Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Tong Yan
- School of Pharmacy Henan University of Chinese Medicine 156 Jinshui East Road Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Kong Yuan‐Fang
- School of Pharmacy Henan University of Chinese Medicine 156 Jinshui East Road Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Hu Yu‐Long
- School of Pharmacy Henan University of Chinese Medicine 156 Jinshui East Road Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Li Jie‐Ming
- School of Pharmacy Henan University of Chinese Medicine 156 Jinshui East Road Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Wang Shao‐Pei
- School of Pharmacy Henan University of Chinese Medicine 156 Jinshui East Road Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Dong Chun‐Hong
- School of Pharmacy Henan University of Chinese Medicine 156 Jinshui East Road Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Li Xiao‐Fei
- School of Pharmacy Henan University of Chinese Medicine 156 Jinshui East Road Zhengzhou Henan China
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