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Dahl K, Raun K, Hansen JL, Poulsen C, de la Cour CD, Clausen TR, Hansen AMK, John LM, Plesner A, Sun G, Schlein M, Skyggebjerg RB, Kruse T. NN1213 - A Potent, Long-Acting, and Selective Analog of Human Amylin. J Med Chem 2024; 67:11688-11700. [PMID: 38960379 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Amylin, a member of the calcitonin family, acts via amylin receptors in the hindbrain and hypothalamus to suppress appetite. Native ligands of these receptors are peptides with short half-lives. Conjugating fatty acids to these peptides can increase their half-lives. The long-acting human amylin analog, NN1213, was generated from structure-activity efforts optimizing solubility, stability, receptor affinity, and selectivity, as well as in vivo potency and clearance. In both rats and dogs, a single dose of NN1213 reduced appetite in a dose-dependent manner and with a long duration of action. Consistent with the effect on appetite, studies in obese rats demonstrated that daily NN1213 dosing resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in body weight over a 21-day period. Magnetic resonance imaging indicated that this was primarily driven by loss of fat mass. Based on these data, NN1213 could be considered an attractive option for weight management in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Dahl
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Raun
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Linu M John
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk China, Novo Nordisk Research Center China, Building 2, 20 Life Science Park Road, Changping District, 102206 Beijing, China
| | - Annette Plesner
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Gao Sun
- Novo Nordisk China, Novo Nordisk Research Center China, Building 2, 20 Life Science Park Road, Changping District, 102206 Beijing, China
| | - Morten Schlein
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | | | - Thomas Kruse
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
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Mathiesen DS, Lund A, Holst JJ, Knop FK, Lutz TA, Bagger JI. THERAPY OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Amylin and calcitonin - physiology and pharmacology. Eur J Endocrinol 2022; 186:R93-R111. [PMID: 35353712 DOI: 10.1530/eje-21-1261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a common manifestation of metabolic dysfunction due to obesity and constitutes a major burden for modern health care systems, in concert with the alarming rise in obesity worldwide. In recent years, several successful pharmacotherapies improving glucose metabolism have emerged and some of these also promote weight loss, thus, ameliorating insulin resistance. However, the progressive nature of type 2 diabetes is not halted by these new anti-diabetic pharmacotherapies. Therefore, novel therapies promoting weight loss further and delaying diabetes progression are needed. Amylin, a beta cell hormone, has satiating properties and also delays gastric emptying and inhibits postprandial glucagon secretion with the net result of reducing postprandial glucose excursions. Amylin acts through the six amylin receptors, which share the core component with the calcitonin receptor. Calcitonin, derived from thyroid C cells, is best known for its role in humane calcium metabolism, where it inhibits osteoclasts and reduces circulating calcium. However, calcitonin, particularly of salmon origin, has also been shown to affect insulin sensitivity, reduce the gastric emptying rate and promote satiation. Preclinical trials with agents targeting the calcitonin receptor and the amylin receptors, show improvements in several parameters of glucose metabolism including insulin sensitivity and some of these agents are currently undergoing clinical trials. Here, we review the physiological and pharmacological effects of amylin and calcitonin and discuss the future potential of amylin and calcitonin-based treatments for patients with type 2 diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Mathiesen
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Asger Lund
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Medicine, Gentofte and Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Medicine, Gentofte and Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas A Lutz
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonatan I Bagger
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Medicine, Gentofte and Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
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Mediators of Amylin Action in Metabolic Control. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11082207. [PMID: 35456307 PMCID: PMC9025724 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11082207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Amylin (also called islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP)) is a pancreatic beta-cell hormone that is co-secreted with insulin in response to nutrient stimuli. The last 35 years of intensive research have shown that amylin exerts important physiological effects on metabolic control. Most importantly, amylin is a physiological control of meal-ending satiation, and it limits the rate of gastric emptying and reduces the secretion of pancreatic glucagon, in particular in postprandial states. The physiological effects of amylin and its analogs are mediated by direct brain activation, with the caudal hindbrain playing the most prominent role. The clarification of the structure of amylin receptors, consisting of the calcitonin core receptor plus receptor-activity modifying proteins, aided in the development of amylin analogs with a broad pharmacological profile. The general interest in amylin physiology and pharmacology was boosted by the finding that amylin is a sensitizer to the catabolic actions of leptin. Today, amylin derived analogs are considered to be among the most promising approaches for the pharmacotherapy against obesity. At least in conjunction with insulin, amylin analogs are also considered important treatment options in diabetic patients, so that new drugs may soon be added to the only currently approved compound pramlintide (Symlin®). This review provides a brief summary of the physiology of amylin’s mode of actions and its role in the control of the metabolism, in particular energy intake and glucose metabolism.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize recent developments of long-acting amylin analogues for the treatment of obesity and to outline their mode of action. RECENT FINDINGS Amylin is a pancreatic hormone acting to control energy homeostasis and body weight. Activity at the calcitonin and amylin receptors in the area postrema seems to - at least partly - be responsible for these effects of amylin. Both preclinical and early-stage clinical studies investigating long-acting amylin receptor analogues demonstrate beneficial effects on body weight in obesity. Cagrilintide, a novel amylin analogue suitable for once-weekly administration, is in phase II clinical development and has shown promising body weight reducing effects alone and in combination with the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist semaglutide. SUMMARY Long-acting amylin analogues have emerged as a possible pharmacotherapy against obesity, but more studies are needed to support the utility and long-term effects of this strategy in relevant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonatan I Bagger
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research
| | - Filip K Knop
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Lee S. Development of High Affinity Calcitonin Analog Fragments Targeting Extracellular Domains of Calcitonin Family Receptors. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11091364. [PMID: 34572577 PMCID: PMC8466238 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The calcitonin and amylin receptors (CTR and AMY receptors) are the drug targets for osteoporosis and diabetes treatment, respectively. Salmon calcitonin (sCT) and pramlintide were developed as peptide drugs that activate these receptors. However, next-generation drugs with improved receptor binding profiles are desirable for more effective pharmacotherapy. The extracellular domain (ECD) of CTR was reported as the critical binding site for the C-terminal half of sCT. For the screening of high-affinity sCT analog fragments, purified CTR ECD was used for fluorescence polarization/anisotropy peptide binding assay. When three mutations (N26D, S29P, and P32HYP) were introduced to the sCT(22–32) fragment, sCT(22–32) affinity for the CTR ECD was increased by 21-fold. CTR was reported to form a complex with receptor activity-modifying protein (RAMP), and the CTR:RAMP complexes function as amylin receptors with increased binding for the peptide hormone amylin. All three types of functional AMY receptor ECDs were prepared and tested for the binding of the mutated sCT(22–32). Interestingly, the mutated sCT(22–32) also retained its high affinity for all three types of the AMY receptor ECDs. In summary, the mutated sCT(22–32) showing high affinity for CTR and AMY receptor ECDs could be considered for developing the next-generation peptide agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangmin Lee
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fred Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point University, High Point, NC 27268, USA
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