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Ghauri MS, Reddy AJ, Tabaie E, Issagholian L, Brahmbhatt T, Seo Y, Dang A, Nawathey N, Bachir A, Patel R. Evaluating the Utilization of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid as a Treatment Supplement for Gliomas. Cureus 2022; 14:e31617. [DOI: 10.7759/cureus.31617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Ailuno G, Iacobazzi RM, Lopalco A, Baldassari S, Arduino I, Azzariti A, Pastorino S, Caviglioli G, Denora N. The Pharmaceutical Technology Approach on Imaging Innovations from Italian Research. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1214. [PMID: 34452175 PMCID: PMC8402236 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many modern therapeutic approaches are based on precise diagnostic evidence, where imaging procedures play an essential role. To date, in the diagnostic field, a plethora of agents have been investigated to increase the selectivity and sensitivity of diagnosis. However, the most common drawbacks of conventional imaging agents reside in their non-specificity, short imaging time, instability, and toxicity. Moreover, routinely used diagnostic agents have low molecular weights and consequently a rapid clearance and renal excretion, and this represents a limitation if long-lasting imaging analyses are to be conducted. Thus, the development of new agents for in vivo diagnostics requires not only a deep knowledge of the physical principles of the imaging techniques and of the physiopathological aspects of the disease but also of the relative pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical requirements. In this scenario, skills in pharmaceutical technology have become highly indispensable in order to respond to these needs. This review specifically aims to collect examples of newly developed diagnostic agents connoting the importance of an appropriate formulation study for the realization of effective products. Within the context of pharmaceutical technology research in Italy, several groups have developed and patented promising agents for fluorescence and radioactive imaging, the most relevant of which are described hereafter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Ailuno
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (G.A.); (S.B.)
| | - Rosa Maria Iacobazzi
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology, IRCCS Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II”, O. Flacco St., 70124 Bari, Italy; (R.M.I.); (A.A.)
| | - Antonio Lopalco
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Orabona St. 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (A.L.); (I.A.)
| | - Sara Baldassari
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (G.A.); (S.B.)
| | - Ilaria Arduino
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Orabona St. 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (A.L.); (I.A.)
| | - Amalia Azzariti
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology, IRCCS Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II”, O. Flacco St., 70124 Bari, Italy; (R.M.I.); (A.A.)
| | - Sara Pastorino
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, S. Andrea Hospital, via Vittorio Veneto 197, 19124 La Spezia, Italy;
| | - Gabriele Caviglioli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (G.A.); (S.B.)
| | - Nunzio Denora
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Orabona St. 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (A.L.); (I.A.)
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(S)-Ethyl 2-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-3-(2-iodo-4,5-methylenedioxyphenyl)propanoate. MOLBANK 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/m1049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A multistep gram-scale synthesis of (S)-ethyl 2-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-3-(2-iodo-4,5-methylenedioxyphenyl)propanoate (2) has been developed. The title compound was prepared starting from commercially available l-DOPA which was O- and N-protected before undergoing iodination by CF3CO2Ag/I2. The structure of the target compound was confirmed using IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, 2D (COSY, HSQC) NMR spectroscopy, as well as ESI-MS and HRMS.
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Cassano T, Lopalco A, de Candia M, Laquintana V, Lopedota A, Cutrignelli A, Perrone M, Iacobazzi RM, Bedse G, Franco M, Denora N, Altomare CD. Oxazepam-Dopamine Conjugates Increase Dopamine Delivery into Striatum of Intact Rats. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:3178-3187. [PMID: 28780872 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) was covalently linked to oxazepam (OXA), a well-known positive allosteric modulator of γ-aminobutyric acid type-A (GABAA) receptor, through a carbamate linkage (4) or a succinic spacer (6). These conjugates were synthesized with the aim of improving the delivery of DA into the brain and enhancing GABAergic transmission, which may be useful for the long-term treatment of Parkinson disease (PD). Structure-based permeability properties, in vitro stability, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability studies led to identify the OXA-DA carbamate conjugate 4a as the compound better combining sufficient stability and ability to cross BBB. Finally, in vivo microdialysis experiments in freely moving rats demonstrated that 4a (20 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly increases extracellular DA levels into striatum, with a peak (more than 15-fold increase over the baseline) at about 80 min after a single administration. The stability and delivery data proved that 4a may be a promising candidate for further pharmacological studies in animal models of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Cassano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia , Foggia 71100, Italy
| | - Antonio Lopalco
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro , Bari 70125, Italy
| | - Modesto de Candia
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro , Bari 70125, Italy
| | - Valentino Laquintana
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro , Bari 70125, Italy
| | - Angela Lopedota
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro , Bari 70125, Italy
| | - Annalisa Cutrignelli
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro , Bari 70125, Italy
| | - Mara Perrone
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro , Bari 70125, Italy
| | - Rosa M Iacobazzi
- Istituto tumori IRCCS "Giovanni Paolo II" , Flacco, St. 65, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Gaurav Bedse
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome , 00185 Rome, Italy.,Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Massimo Franco
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro , Bari 70125, Italy
| | - Nunzio Denora
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro , Bari 70125, Italy
| | - Cosimo D Altomare
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro , Bari 70125, Italy
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