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He B, Zhao Z, Cai Q, Zhang Y, Zhang P, Shi S, Xie H, Peng X, Yin W, Tao Y, Wang X. miRNA-based biomarkers, therapies, and resistance in Cancer. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:2628-2647. [PMID: 32792861 PMCID: PMC7415433 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.47203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) of about 22 nucleotides in size, play important roles in gene regulation, and their dysregulation is implicated in human diseases including cancer. A variety of miRNAs could take roles in the cancer progression, participate in the process of tumor immune, and function with miRNA sponges. During the last two decades, the connection between miRNAs and various cancers has been widely researched. Based on evidence about miRNA, numerous potential cancer biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis have been put forward, providing a new perspective on cancer screening. Besides, there are several miRNA-based therapies among different cancers being conducted, advanced treatments such as the combination of synergistic strategies and the use of complementary miRNAs provide significant clinical benefits to cancer patients potentially. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that many miRNAs are engaged in the resistance of cancer therapies with their complex underlying regulatory mechanisms, whose comprehensive cognition can help clinicians and improve patient prognosis. With the belief that studies about miRNAs in human cancer would have great clinical implications, we attempt to summarize the current situation and potential development prospects in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boxue He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Early Diagnosis and Precision Therapy, Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Early Diagnosis and Precision Therapy, Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Qidong Cai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Early Diagnosis and Precision Therapy, Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Yuqian Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Early Diagnosis and Precision Therapy, Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Early Diagnosis and Precision Therapy, Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Shuai Shi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Early Diagnosis and Precision Therapy, Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Hui Xie
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Early Diagnosis and Precision Therapy, Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Xiong Peng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Early Diagnosis and Precision Therapy, Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Wei Yin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Early Diagnosis and Precision Therapy, Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Yongguang Tao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Early Diagnosis and Precision Therapy, Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, 410078 China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University), Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078 China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Early Diagnosis and Precision Therapy, Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
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Järvinen E, Kidron H, Finel M. Human efflux transport of testosterone, epitestosterone and other androgen glucuronides. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 197:105518. [PMID: 31704245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Several drug-metabolizing enzymes are known to control androgen homeostasis in humans. UDP-glucuronosyltransferases convert androgens to glucuronide conjugates in the liver and intestine, which enables subsequent elimination of these conjugated androgens via urine. The most important androgen is testosterone, while others are the testosterone metabolites androsterone and etiocholanolone, and the testosterone precursor dehydroepiandrosterone. Epitestosterone is another endogenous androgen, which is included as a crucial marker in urine doping tests. Since glucuronide conjugates are hydrophilic, efflux transporters mediate their excretion from tissues. In this study, we employed the membrane vesicle assay to identify the efflux transporters for glucuronides of androsterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, epitestosterone, etiocholanolone and testosterone. The human hepatic and intestinal transporters MRP2 (ABCC2), MRP3 (ABCC3), MRP4 (ABCC4), BCRP (ABCG2) and MDR1 (ABCB1) were studied in vitro. Of these transporters, only MRP2 and MRP3 transported the androgen glucuronides investigated. In kinetic analyses, MRP3 transported glucuronides of androsterone, epitestosterone and etiocholanolone at low Km values, between 0.4 and 4 μM, while the Km values for glucuronides of testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone were 14 and 51 μM, respectively. MRP2 transported the glucuronides at lower affinity, as indicated by Km values over 100 μM. Interestingly, the MRP2-mediated transport of androsterone and epitestosterone glucuronides was best described by sigmoidal kinetics. The inability of BCRP to transport any of the androgen glucuronides investigated is drastically different from its highly active transport of several estrogen conjugates. Our results explain the transporter-mediated disposition of androgen glucuronides in humans, and shed light on differences between the human efflux transporters MRP2, MRP3, MRP4, BCRP and MDR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkka Järvinen
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Heidi Kidron
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Moshe Finel
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
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