Modified staging classification of gallbladder carcinoma on the basis of the 8th edition of the American Joint Commission on Cancer (AJCC) staging system

Establishment and validation of a novel prognostic nomogram for gallbladder cancer patients

BACKGROUND

Gallbladder cancer (GBC) arises from the malignant transformation of epithelial cells that line the gallbladder mucosa. The likelihood of developing GBC escalates with advancing age, and the condition generally presents a dismal prognosis. Despite this, there is a limited amount of research focusing on the prognostic determinants linked to GBC. As a result, this study sought to create a nomogram for evaluating GBC prognostic factors.

METHODS

In this investigation, a total of 8,615 cases of GBC from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database spanning from 2000 to 2020 were collected. In a 7:3 ratio, these instances were randomly assigned to one of two groups: training or internal validation. To assess the impact of clinical variables on overall survival (OS) in patients with GBC, both univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were utilized. The clinical criteria established were used to develop a nomogram. The effectiveness of the nomogram was evaluated through several approaches, such as receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, decision curve analysis (DCA), calibration curves, and Kaplan-Meier (KM) analysis.

RESULTS

To predict the prognosis of GBC patients, a nomogram was created based on the following criteria: sex, rural-urban continuum, marital status, nodes, histology, radiation, chemotherapy, metastasis, age, surgery, and grade. The training set had an area under the curve for 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year OS of 0.79, 0.78, and 0.78, respectively. The DCA curves demonstrated that the model was clinically useful and well-corrected. Patients with GBC were categorized into high-risk and low-risk groups based on the median risk score. KM curves revealed a significantly lower survival rate for the high-risk group in comparison with the low-risk group (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Our model demonstrated strong predictive capabilities for the prognosis of GBC patients, thereby aiding in the refinement of treatment strategies for these individuals.

Prognostic analysis of lymph node resection and liver resection for T1b and T2 gallbladder cancer: a multi-center retrospective study

BACKGROUND

Survival benefit of extended cholecystectomy including lymph node resection (LNR) and liver resection (LR) is still debating.

METHODS

Patients pathologically diagnosed with T1b and T2 stage GBC in 6 medical centers from 2012 to 2022 were included and retrospectively analyzed. Clinical variables, including patient characteristics, overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), surgical approaches, and adjuvant treatments were collected. Propensity score-matching was performed to compare the survival outcomes.

RESULTS

A total of 160 T1b/T2 GBC patients were included. 52 patients undergoing LNR were matched to 54 patients without LNR. After matching, LNR demonstrated significant survival benefit in OS (mOS 48.8 months vs not reached; p = 0.020) and DFS (mDFS 47.9 months vs 70.2 months; p = 0.038). Meanwhile, 61 patients undergoing LR were matched to 54 patients without LR. After matching, LR demonstrated no statistical difference in overall survival (mOS 68.2 months vs 78.5 months; p = 0.72) and disease-free survival (mDFS 67.1 months vs 42.6 months; p = 0.30).

CONCLUSIONS

Our results revealed that pathological T1b and T2 GBC patients benefit from radical cholecystectomy including lymph node resection and may not benefit from liver resection.

Evaluating the Incidence of Incidental Gallbladder Carcinoma in a Tertiary Care Centre: A Retrospective Analysis in North India

Background Incidental gallbladder carcinoma (IGBC) remains a significant clinical challenge, with its diagnosis often delayed due to the asymptomatic nature of the disease and its incidental discovery post-cholecystectomy. This study's aim is to calculate incidence in a high-risk, region-specific (North Indian) population and also to provide novel insights into clinical presentation as well as macroscopic and histopathological features of IGBC. Material and methods This retrospective observational study spanned four years (August 2013 to July 2016) and included a total of 3096 cases. Demographic, clinical, radiological, treatment and follow-up data were sourced from archived records. IGBC diagnoses were confirmed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Results  A total of 3,067 routine cholecystectomies were performed during this period, of which a total of 162 cases (18.93%) were diagnosed as gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) and 51 cases (1.74%) were identified as IGBC. The mean age was 49.8 years. Among the total IGBC cases, most patients underwent preoperative imaging of which eight cases (15.6%) showed findings on preoperative radiological evaluation suggestive of malignancy. Among these, five cases (9.8%) demonstrated subtle gallbladder wall thickening and three cases (5.8%) revealed suspicious small polypoidal lesions (less than 1 cm). Microscopy showed that majority of these tumours were well-differentiated adenocarcinomas (n=27; 52.94%), followed by moderately differentiated adenocarcinomas (n=17; 33.33%), mucinous adenocarcinomas (n=03; 5.88%), papillary adenocarcinomas (n=02; 3.92%), and neuroendocrine tumours (n=1; 1.96%). Staging revealed 26 (50.98%) cases as Stage IIA, 24 (47.0%) as Stage I, and one (1.9%) as Stage III. On follow-up, the median survival period was found to be 32 months. Conclusions Our study emphasizes the limitations of conventional imaging in detecting early-stage gallbladder cancer, and it advocated the critical importance of routine histopathological examination (HPE) of all gallbladder specimens. Additionally, our findings contribute to a growing body of evidence that suggests early-stage IGBC may offer improved survival outcomes if diagnosed timely and treated aggressively, prompting a re-evaluation of current diagnostic and management strategies.

Research progress on prognostic factors of gallbladder carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Gallbladder carcinoma is the most common malignant tumor of the biliary system, and has a poor overall prognosis. Poor prognosis in patients with gallbladder carcinoma is associated with the aggressive nature of the tumor, subtle clinical symptoms, ineffective adjuvant treatment, and lack of reliable biomarkers.

PURPOSE

Therefore, evaluating the prognostic factors of patients with gallbladder carcinoma can help improve diagnostic and treatment methods, allowing for tailored therapies that could benefit patient survival.

METHODS

This article systematically reviews the factors affecting the prognosis of gallbladder carcinoma, with the aim of evaluating prognostic risk in patients.

CONCLUSION

A comprehensive and in-depth understanding of prognostic indicators affecting patient survival is helpful for assessing patient survival risk and formulating personalized treatment plans.

Construction and validation of the predictive model for gallbladder cancer liver metastasis patients: a SEER-based study

BACKGROUND

The purpose of this present research was to construct a nomograph model to predict prognosis in gallbladder cancer liver metastasis (GCLM) patients so as to provide a basis for clinical decision-making.

METHODS

We surveyed patients diagnosed with GCLM in the Surveillance Epidemiology and the End Results database between 2010 and 2019. They were randomized 7 : 3 into a training set and a validation set. In the training set, meaningful prognostic factors were determined using univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses, and an individualized nomogram prediction model was generated. The prediction model was evaluated by C-index, calibration curve, ROC curve and DCA curve from the training set and the validation set.

RESULTS

A total of 727 confirmed cases were enrolled in the research, 510 in the training set and 217 in the validation set. Factors including bone metastasis, surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy were independent prognostic factors for cancer-specific survival (CSS) rates and were employed in the construction of the nomogram model. The C-index for the training set and validation set were 0.688 and 0.708, respectively. The calibration curve exhibited good consistency between predicted and actual CSS rates. ROC curve and DCA of the nomogram showed superior performance at 6 months CSS, 1-year CSS and 2 years CSS in both the training set and validation set.

CONCLUSION

We have successfully constructed a nomogram model that can predict CSS rates in patients with GCLM. This prediction model can help patients in counseling and guide clinicians in treatment decisions.

Prognostic Nomograms to Predict Survival of Patients with Resectable Gallbladder Cancer: A Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Based Analysis

Background

Gallbladder adenocarcinoma (GBAC) is globally acknowledged as one of the most common malignancies among all gastrointestinal cancers. Despite prognosis of GBAC patients remains poor, patients with early-stage disease can be observed with long-term survival.

Material/Methods

In this study, 2556 patients with pathological GBAC between 2010 and 2015 were derived from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. The prognostic nomograms containing all independent prognostic factors for predicting overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) were constructed to achieve superior prognostic discriminatory ability.

Results

Based on the AJCC 7^th TNM staging system, we found the TNM substaging was not accurate enough to predict the survival and stratify the risk. Based on the results of univariate and multivariate analyses, a more precise prognostic nomogram was constructed containing all significant independent prognostic factors (age, grade, TNM stage, bone metastasis, and chemotherapy) for OS, while age, grade, TNM stage, bone metastasis and radiotherapy significant independent prognostic factors for CSS. The C-index of the constructed nomogram for predicting OS and CSS was 0.740 and 0.737 higher than that of TNM staging alone (0.667 for OS and 0.689 for CSS), respectively. In addition, the calibration curves and decision curve analysis further showed its robust power in survival prediction.

Conclusions

The constructed nomograms showed better discrimination abilities to predict OS and CSS rates at 1, 3, and 5 years. In the future, these constructed models for this disease will assist in risk stratification to guide GBAC treatment.

Validation of the 8th Edition American Joint Commission on Cancer (AJCC) Gallbladder Cancer Staging System: Prognostic Discrimination and Identification of Key Predictive Factors

The scope of our study was to compare the predictive ability of American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 7th and 8th edition in gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) patients, investigate the effect of AJCC 8th nodal status on the survival, and identify risk factors associated with the survival after N reclassification using the National Cancer Database (NCDB) in the period 2005-2015. The cohort consisted of 7743 patients diagnosed with GBC; 202 patients met the criteria for reclassification and were denoted as stage ≥III by AJCC 7th and 8th edition criteria. Overall survival concordance indices were similar for patients when classified by AJCC 8th (OS c-index: 0.665) versus AJCC 7th edition (OS c-index: 0.663). Relative mortality was higher within strata of T1, T2, and T3 patients with N2 compared with N1 stage (T1 HR: 2.258, p < 0.001; T2 HR: 1.607, p < 0.001; Τ3 HR: 1.306, p < 0.001). The risk of death was higher in T1-T3 patients with Nx compared with N1 stage (T1 HR: 1.281, p = 0.043, T2 HR: 2.221, p < 0.001, T3 HR: 2.194, p < 0.001). In patients with AJCC 8th edition stage ≥IIIB GBC and an available grade, univariate analysis showed that higher stage, Charlson-Deyo score ≥ 2, higher tumor grade, and unknown nodal status were associated with an increased risk of death, while year of diagnosis after 2013, academic center, chemotherapy. and radiation therapy were associated with decreased risk of death. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy were associated with decreased risk of death in patients with T3-T4 and T2-T4 GBC, respectively. In conclusion, the updated AJCC 8th GBC staging system was comparable to the 7th edition, with the recently implemented changes in N classification assessment failing to improve the prognostic performance of the staging system. Further prospective studies are needed to validate the T2 stage subclassification as well as to clarify the association, if any is actually present, between advanced N staging and increased risk of death in patients of the same T stage.

The C-reactive protein to albumin ratio is an excellent prognostic predictor for gallbladder cancer

A number of inflammation indicators based on C-reactive protein (CRP) and albumin have been widely used to predict the prognosis in several types of tumors, but their functions in gallbladder cancer (GBC) have rarely been explored. The aim of our study is to evaluate and compare the prognostic values of the C-reactive protein to albumin ratio (CAR), Glasgow prognostic score (GPS), modified Glasgow prognostic score (mGPS) and high-sensitivity modified Glasgow prognostic score (HS-mGPS) in patients with GBC. 144 GBC patients who received curative surgery in our hospital from January 2010 to May 2017 were enrolled in this research. The Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the median OS of the patients in the high CAR group was significantly shorter than the patients in the low group (p < 0.001), and higher scores of GPS, mGPS and HS-mGPS were also associated with decreased OS, respectively. However, according to the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve, the CAR was superior to the other prognostic scores in determining the prognosis for the GBC patients. In the multivariate analysis, CAR was verified as an independent risk factor for poor prognosis, together with tumor differentiation, T stage and postoperative complications. All in all, compared to the other three CRP-albumin-related prognostic predictors, CRA is a better indicator in predicting poor long-term outcomes in GBC patients after radical surgery.