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Nanocomposite Membranes for PEM-FCs: Effect of LDH Introduction on the Physic-Chemical Performance of Various Polymer Matrices. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030502. [PMID: 36771803 PMCID: PMC9921102 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This is a comparative study to clarify the effect of the introduction of layered double hydroxide (LDH) into various polymer matrices. One perfluorosulfonic acid polymer, i.e., Nafion, and two polyaromatic polymers such as sulfonated polyether ether ketone (sPEEK) and sulfonated polysulfone (sPSU), were used for the preparation of nanocomposite membranes at 3 wt.% of LDH loading. Thereafter, the PEMs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) for their microstructural and thermomechanical features, whereas water dynamics and proton conductivity were investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance (PFG and T1) and EIS spectroscopies, respectively. Depending on the hosting matrix, the LDHs can simply provide additional hydrophilic sites or act as physical crosslinkers. In the latter case, an impressive enhancement of both dimensional stability and electrochemical performance was observed. While pristine sPSU exhibited the lowest proton conductivity, the sPSU/LDH nanocomposite was able to compete with Nafion, yielding a conductivity of 122 mS cm-1 at 120 °C and 90% RH with an activation energy of only 8.7 kJ mol-1. The outcome must be ascribed to the mutual and beneficial interaction of the LDH nanoplatelets with the functional groups of sPSU, therefore the choice of the appropriate filler is pivotal for the preparation of highly-performing composites.
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Kotp YH. Enhancement of Industrial Effluents Quality by Using Nanocomposite Mg/Al LDH Ultrafiltration Membranes. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-020-01608-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Transport Properties and Mechanical Features of Sulfonated Polyether Ether Ketone/Organosilica Layered Materials Nanocomposite Membranes for Fuel Cell Applications. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:membranes10050087. [PMID: 32365737 PMCID: PMC7281369 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10050087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we study the preparation of new sulfonated polyether ether ketone (sPEEK) nanocomposite membranes, containing highly ionic silica layered nanoadditives, as a low cost and efficient proton exchange membranes for fuel cell applications. To achieve the best compromise among mechanical strength, dimensional stability and proton conductivity, sPEEK polymers with different sulfonation degree (DS) were examined. Silica nanoplatelets, decorated with a plethora of sulfonic acid groups, were synthesized through the one-step process, and composite membranes at 1, 3 and 5 wt% of filler loadings were prepared by a simple casting procedure. The presence of ionic layered additives improves the mechanical strength, the water retention capacity and the transport properties remarkably. The nanocomposite membrane with 5% wt of nanoadditive exhibited an improvement of tensile strength almost 160% (68.32 MPa,) with respect to pristine sPEEK and a ten-times higher rate of proton conductivity (12.8 mS cm−1) under very harsh operative conditions (i.e., 90 °C and 30% RH), compared to a filler-free membrane. These findings represent a significant advance as a polymer electrolyte or a fuel cell application.
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Esmaeili N, Gray EM, Webb CJ. Non-Fluorinated Polymer Composite Proton Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cell Applications - A Review. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:2016-2053. [PMID: 31334917 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The critical component of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system is the proton exchange membrane (PEM). Perfluorosulfonic acid membranes such as Nafion are currently used for PEMFCs in industry, despite suffering from reduced proton conductivity due to dehydration at higher temperatures. However, operating at temperatures below 100 °C leads to cathode flooding, catalyst poisoning by CO, and complex system design with higher cost. Research has concentrated on the membrane material and on preparation methods to achieve high proton conductivity, thermal, mechanical and chemical stability, low fuel crossover and lower cost at high temperatures. Non-fluorinated polymers are a promising alternative. However, improving the efficiency at higher temperatures has necessitated modifications and the inclusion of inorganic materials in a polymer matrix to form a composite membrane can be an approach to reach the target performance, while still reducing costs. This review focuses on recent research in composite PEMs based on non-fluorinated polymers. Various inorganic fillers incorporated in the PEM structure are reviewed in terms of their properties and the effect on PEM fuel cell performance. The most reliable polymers and fillers with potential for high temperature proton exchange membranes (HTPEMs) are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazila Esmaeili
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Evan MacA Gray
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Colin J Webb
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111, Brisbane, Australia
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Simari C, Vecchio CL, Enotiadis A, Davoli M, Baglio V, Nicotera I. Toward optimization of a robust low‐cost sulfonated‐polyethersulfone containing layered double hydroxide for PEM fuel cells. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cataldo Simari
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical TechnologiesUniversity of Calabria 87036 Rende (CS) Italy
| | - Carmelo Lo Vecchio
- CNR‐Istituto di Tecnologie Avanzate per l'Energia “Nicola Giordano” (ITAE) Via Salita Santa Lucia Sopra Contesse 5, 98126 Messina Italy
| | | | - Mariano Davoli
- Department of BiologyEcology and Earth Science, University of Calabria 87036 Rende (CS) Italy
| | - Vincenzo Baglio
- CNR‐Istituto di Tecnologie Avanzate per l'Energia “Nicola Giordano” (ITAE) Via Salita Santa Lucia Sopra Contesse 5, 98126 Messina Italy
| | - Isabella Nicotera
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical TechnologiesUniversity of Calabria 87036 Rende (CS) Italy
- CNR‐Istituto di Tecnologie Avanzate per l'Energia “Nicola Giordano” (ITAE) Via Salita Santa Lucia Sopra Contesse 5, 98126 Messina Italy
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Saber O, Aljaafari A, Alomair HA, Alshoaibi A. Novel Strategy for Producing Nanoplatelets to be Used as Building Blocks for Shaping Nanofibers through Layered Double Hydroxides and Poly Vinyl Alcohol. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201900407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Osama Saber
- Physics DepartmentFaculty of ScienceKing Faisal University Al-Hassa 31982, P.O. Box 400 Saudi Arabia
- Petroleum RefiningEgyptian Petroleum Research Institute Nasr City P.O. Box 11727, Cairo Egypt
| | - Abdullah Aljaafari
- Physics DepartmentFaculty of ScienceKing Faisal University Al-Hassa 31982, P.O. Box 400 Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Adil Alshoaibi
- Physics DepartmentFaculty of ScienceKing Faisal University Al-Hassa 31982, P.O. Box 400 Saudi Arabia
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Quan W, Jiang C, Wang S, Li Y, Zhang Z, Tang Z, Favier F. New nanocomposite material as supercapacitor electrode prepared via restacking of Ni-Mn LDH and MnO2 nanosheets. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Sajid M, Basheer C. Layered double hydroxides: Emerging sorbent materials for analytical extractions. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Hu J, Lei G, Lu Z, Liu K, Sang S, Liu H. Alternating assembly of Ni-Al layered double hydroxide and graphene for high-rate alkaline battery cathode. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:9983-6. [PMID: 25997750 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc01767j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a Ni-Al layered double hydroxide (LDH)-graphene superlattice composite via alternating assembly of the exfoliated thin flakes with opposite charges that show stable high-rate performance for alkaline battery cathodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
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Vyalikh A, Wang DY, Wagenknecht U, Heinrich G, Scheler U. Molecular dynamics in aluminum layered double hydroxides as studied by 1H T1ρ NMR measurements. Chem Phys Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2011.04.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Kim TW, Sahimi M, Tsotsis TT. Hybrid Hydrotalcite−Sulfonated Poly(ether ether ketone) Cation-Exchange Membranes Prepared by in situ Sulfonation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ie1019563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tae Wook Kim
- The Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1211, United States
| | - Muhammad Sahimi
- The Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1211, United States
| | - Theodore T. Tsotsis
- The Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1211, United States
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Tadanaga K, Tatsumisago M. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2011; 79:630-633. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.79.630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Vyalikh A, Zesewitz K, Scheler U. Hydrogen bonds and local symmetry in the crystal structure of gibbsite. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2010; 48:877-881. [PMID: 20845364 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.2682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
First-principles quantum mechanical calculations of NMR chemical shifts and quadrupolar parameters have been carried out to assign the (27)Al MAS NMR resonances in gibbsite. The (27)Al NMR spectrum shows two signals for octahedral aluminum revealing two aluminum sites coordinated by six hydroxyl groups each, although the crystallographic positions of the two Al sites show little difference. The presence of two distinguished (27)Al NMR resonances characterized by rather similar chemical shifts but quadrupolar coupling constants differing by roughly a factor of two is explained by different character of the hydrogen bonds, in which the hydroxyls forming the corresponding octahedron around each aluminum site, are involved. The Al-I site characterized by a C(Q) = 4.6 MHz is surrounded by OH-groups participating in four intralayer and two interlayer hydrogen bonds, while the Al-II site with the smaller quadrupolar constant (2.2 MHz) is coordinated by hydroxides, of which two point toward the intralayer cavities and four OH-bonds are aligned toward the interlayer gallery. In high-resolution solid-state (1)H CRAMPS (combination of rotation and multiple-pulse spectroscopy) four signals with an intensity ratio of 1:2:2:1 are resolved which allow to distinguish six nonequivalent hydrogen sites reported in the gibbsite crystal structure and to ascribe them to two types of structural OH groups associated with intralayer and interlayer hydrogen bonds. This study can be applied to characterize the gibbsite-like layer-intergallery interactions associated with hydrogen bonding in the more complex systems, such as synthetic aluminum layered double hydroxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Vyalikh
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Str. 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
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Tadanaga K, Furukawa Y, Hayashi A, Tatsumisago M. Direct ethanol fuel cell using hydrotalcite clay as a hydroxide ion conductive electrolyte. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:4401-4404. [PMID: 20806267 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201001766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
An alkaline-type direct ethanol fuel cell (DEFC) using a natural clay electrolyte with non-platinum catalysts is proposed. So-called hydrotalcite clay, Mg–Al layered double hydroxide intercalated with CO₃²⁻, is shown to be a hydroxide ion conductor. An alkaline-type DEFC using this natural clay as the electrolyte and aqueous solution of ethanol and potassium hydroxide as a source of fuel exhibits excellent electrochemical performance from room temperature to 80 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoharu Tadanaga
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
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You CJ, Xu JG, Zeng YZ, Li Y, Jia DM, Nishi T. Morphology and performance of unsaturated polyester nanocomposites modified with organoclay and thermoplastic polyurethane. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-010-9173-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kim HK. Current Status and Roles of Proton Exchange Membrane in Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Systems. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY 2009. [DOI: 10.5229/jkes.2009.12.3.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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18
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Hussein M, Jaafar A, Yahaya A, Zainal Z. The Effect of Single, Binary and Ternary Anions of Chloride, Carbonate and Phosphate on the Release of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetate Intercalated into the Zn-Al-layered Double Hydroxide Nanohybrid. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2009; 4:1351-7. [PMID: 20628454 PMCID: PMC2893902 DOI: 10.1007/s11671-009-9404-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 07/17/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Intercalation of beneficial anion into inorganic host has lead to an opportunity to synthesize various combinations of new organic-inorganic nanohybrids with various potential applications; especially, for the controlled release formulation and storage purposes. Investigation on the release behavior of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4-D) intercalated into the interlayer of Zn-Al-layered double hydroxide (ZAN) have been carried out using single, binary and ternary aqueous systems of chloride, carbonate and phosphate. The release behavior of the active agent 2,4-D from its double-layered hydroxide nanohybrid ZANDI was found to be of controlled manner governed by pseudo-second order kinetics. It was found that carbonate medium yielded the highest accumulated release of 2,4-D, while phosphate in combination with carbonate and/or nitrate speeds up the release rate of 2,4-D. These results indicate that it is possible to design and develop new delivery system of latex stimulant compound with controlled release property based on 2,4-D that is known as a substance to increase latex production of rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- MohdZobir Hussein
- Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - AdilaMohamad Jaafar
- Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - AsmahHj Yahaya
- Centre of Foundation Studies for Agricultural Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Zulkarnain Zainal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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Kim TW, Sahimi M, Tsotsis TT. Preparation and Characterization of Hybrid Hydrotalcite-Sulfonated Polyetheretherketone (SPEEK) Cation-Exchange Membranes. Ind Eng Chem Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ie801839u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tae Wook Kim
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1211
| | - Muhammad Sahimi
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1211
| | - Theodore T. Tsotsis
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1211
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Lee PC, Han TH, Kim DO, Lee JH, Kang SJ, Chung CH, Lee Y, Cho SM, Choi HG, Kim T, Lee E, Nam JD. In situ formation of platinum nanoparticles in Nafion recast film for catalyst-incorporated ion-exchange membrane in fuel cell applications. J Memb Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2008.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Hong SH, Lee SA, Nam JD, Lee YK, Kim TS, Won S. Platinum-catalyzed and ion-selective polystyrene fibrous membrane by electrospinning andin-situ metallization techniques. Macromol Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03218854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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DeLuca NW, Elabd YA. Polymer electrolyte membranes for the direct methanol fuel cell: A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.20861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Au nanoparticles self-assembled onto Nafion membranes for use as methanol-blocking barriers. Electrochem commun 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2005.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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