1
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Switching ionic diode states with proton binding into intrinsically microporous polyamine films (PIM-EA-TB) immersed in ethanol. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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2
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Li Z, Pang T, Shen J, Fletcher PJ, Mathwig K, Marken F. Ionic diode desalination: Combining cationic Nafion™ and anionic Sustainion™ rectifiers. MICRO AND NANO ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mne.2022.100157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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3
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Li Z, Malpass-Evans R, McKeown NB, Carta M, Mathwig K, Lowe JP, Marken F. Effective electroosmotic transport of water in an intrinsically microporous polyamine (PIM-EA-TB). Electrochem commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2021.107110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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4
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Peng R, Pan Y, Liu B, Li Z, Pan P, Zhang S, Qin Z, Wheeler AR, Tang XS, Liu X. Understanding Carbon Nanotube-Based Ionic Diodes: Design and Mechanism. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2100383. [PMID: 34171160 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202100383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The rectification of ion transport through biological ion channels has attracted much attention and inspired the thriving invention and applications of ionic diodes. However, the development of high-performance ionic diodes is still challenging, and the working mechanisms of ionic diodes constructed by 1D ionic nanochannels have not been fully understood. This work reports the systematic investigation of the design and mechanism of a new type of ionic diode constructed from horizontally aligned multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with oppositely charged polyelectrolytes decorated at their two entrances. The major design and working parameters of the MWCNT-based ionic diode, including the ion channel size, the driven voltage, the properties of working fluids, and the quantity and length of charge modification, are extensively investigated through numerical simulations and/or experiments. An optimized ionic current rectification (ICR) ratio of 1481.5 is experimentally achieved on the MWCNT-based ionic diode. These results promise potential applications of the MWCNT-based ionic diode in biosensing and biocomputing. As a proof-of-concept, DNA detection and HIV-1 diagnosis is demonstrated on the ionic diode. This work provides a comprehensive understanding of the working principle of the MWCNT-based ionic diodes and will allow rational device design and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Peng
- Department of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, 1 Lingshui Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116026, China
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Yueyue Pan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Biwu Liu
- Department of Chemistry & Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Instrument for Life Science, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Chemistry & Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Peng Pan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Shuailong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Zhen Qin
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Aaron R Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Xiaowu Shirley Tang
- Department of Chemistry & Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada
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5
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Liu L, Aoki KJ, Chen J. Microhole‐voltammograms Controlled by Solution Reservoir at Cationic and Anionic Ion Exchange Membranes. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202100111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Liu
- Department of Applied Physics University of Fukui 3-9-1 Bunkyo Fukui 910-0017 Japan
| | | | - Jingyuan Chen
- Department of Applied Physics University of Fukui 3-9-1 Bunkyo Fukui 910-0017 Japan
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6
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Ryzhkov NV, Nikolaev KG, Ivanov AS, Skorb EV. Infochemistry and the Future of Chemical Information Processing. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2021; 12:63-95. [PMID: 33909470 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-122120-023514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, information processing is based on semiconductor (e.g., silicon) devices. Unfortunately, the performance of such devices has natural limitations owing to the physics of semiconductors. Therefore, the problem of finding new strategies for storing and processing an ever-increasing amount of diverse data is very urgent. To solve this problem, scientists have found inspiration in nature, because living organisms have developed uniquely productive and efficient mechanisms for processing and storing information. We address several biological aspects of information and artificial models mimicking corresponding bioprocesses. For instance, we review the formation of synchronization patterns and the emergence of order out of chaos in model chemical systems. We also consider molecular logic and ion fluxes as information carriers. Finally, we consider recent progress in infochemistry, a new direction at the interface of chemistry, biology, and computer science, considering unconventional methods of information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay V Ryzhkov
- Infochemistry Scientific Center of ITMO University, 191002 Saint Petersburg, Russia; , , ,
| | - Konstantin G Nikolaev
- Infochemistry Scientific Center of ITMO University, 191002 Saint Petersburg, Russia; , , ,
| | - Artemii S Ivanov
- Infochemistry Scientific Center of ITMO University, 191002 Saint Petersburg, Russia; , , ,
| | - Ekaterina V Skorb
- Infochemistry Scientific Center of ITMO University, 191002 Saint Petersburg, Russia; , , ,
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7
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Riza Putra B, Tshwenya L, Buckingham MA, Chen J, Jeremiah Aoki K, Mathwig K, Arotiba OA, Thompson AK, Li Z, Marken F. Microscale Ionic Diodes: An Overview. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202060614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Budi Riza Putra
- Department of Chemistry University of Bath Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY UK
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Bogor Agricultural University Bogor, West Java Indonesia
| | - Luthando Tshwenya
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Johannesburg Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028 South Africa
| | - Mark A. Buckingham
- Department of Chemistry Britannia House King's College London London SE1 1DB UK
| | - Jingyuan Chen
- University of Fukui Department of Applied Physics 3-9-1 Bunkyo Fukui 9100017 Japan
| | - Koichi Jeremiah Aoki
- University of Fukui Department of Applied Physics 3-9-1 Bunkyo Fukui 9100017 Japan
| | - Klaus Mathwig
- Stichting imec Nederland within OnePlanet Research Center Bronland 10 6708 WH Wageningen Netherlands
| | - Omotayo A. Arotiba
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Johannesburg Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028 South Africa
- Centre for Nanomaterials Science Research University of Johannesburg South Africa
| | | | - Zhongkai Li
- Department of Chemistry University of Bath Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Frank Marken
- Department of Chemistry University of Bath Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY UK
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8
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Marken F, Carta M, McKeown NB. Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity in the Design of Electrochemical Multicomponent and Multiphase Interfaces. Anal Chem 2021; 93:1213-1220. [PMID: 33369401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Polymers of intrinsic microporosity (or PIMs) provide porous materials due to their highly contorted and rigid macromolecular structures, which prevent space-efficient packing. PIMs are readily dissolved in solvents and can be cast into robust microporous coatings and membranes. With a typical micropore size range of around 1 nm and a typical surface area of 700-1000 m2 g-1, PIMs offer channels for ion/molecular transport and pores for gaseous species, solids, and liquids to coexist. Electrode surfaces are readily modified with coatings or composite films to provide interfaces for solid|solid|liquid or solid|liquid|liquid or solid|liquid|gas multiphase electrode processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Marken
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Mariolino Carta
- Department of Chemistry, Swansea University, College of Science, Grove Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, U.K
| | - Neil B McKeown
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3JF, U.K
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9
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Abstract
Micro-hole voltammetry exhibiting rectified current-voltage curves was performed in hydrochloric acid by varying the lengths and the diameters of the micro-holes on one end of which a Nafion film was mounted. Some voltammetric properties were compared with those in NaCl solution. The voltammograms were composed of two line-segments, the slope of one segment being larger than the other. They were controlled by electric migration partly because of the linearity of the voltammograms and partly the independence of the scan rates. Since the low conductance which appeared in the current from the hole to the Nafion film was proportional to the cross section area of the hole and the inverse of the length of the hole, it should be controlled by the geometry of the hole. The conductance of the hydrogen ion in the Nafion film was observed to be smaller than that in the bulk, because the transport rate of hydrogen ion by the Grotthuss mechanism was hindered by the destruction of hydrogen bonds in the film. In contrast, the conductance for the current from the Nafion to the hole, enhancing by up to 30 times in magnitude from the opposite current, was controlled by the cell geometry rather than the hole geometry except for very small holes. A reason for the enhancement is a supply of hydrogen ions from the Nafion to increase the concentration in the hole. The concentration of the hydrogen ion was five times smaller than that of sodium ion because of the blocking of transport of the hydrogen ion in the Nafion film. However, the rectification ratio of H+ was twice as large as that of Na+.
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Aoki KJ, Liu L, Marken F, Chen J. Rectification effects of Nafion-backed micropore-voltammograms by difference in migrational modes. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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11
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Wang L, Malpass-Evans R, Carta M, McKeown NB, Marken F. The immobilisation and reactivity of Fe(CN)63−/4− in an intrinsically microporous polyamine (PIM-EA-TB). J Solid State Electrochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-020-04603-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AbstractProtonation of the molecularly rigid polymer of intrinsic microporosity PIM-EA-TB can be coupled to immobilisation of Fe(CN)63−/4− (as well as immobilisation of Prussian blue) into 1–2 nm diameter channels. The resulting films provide redox-active coatings on glassy carbon electrodes. Uptake, transport, and retention of Fe(CN)63−/4− in the microporous polymer are strongly pH dependent requiring protonation of the PIM-EA-TB (pKA ≈ 4). Both Fe(CN)64− and Fe(CN)63− can be immobilised, but Fe(CN)64− appears to bind tighter to the polymer backbone presumably via bridging protons. Loss of Fe(CN)63−/4− by leaching into the aqueous solution phase becomes significant only at pH > 9 and is likely to be associated with hydroxide anions directly entering the microporous structure to combine with protons. This and the interaction of Fe(CN)63−/4− and protons within the molecularly rigid PIM-EA-TB host are suggested to be responsible for retention and relatively slow leaching processes. Electrocatalysis with immobilised Fe(CN)63−/4− is demonstrated for the oxidation of ascorbic acid.
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12
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Doi K, Asano N, Kawano S. Development of glass micro-electrodes for local electric field, electrical conductivity, and pH measurements. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4110. [PMID: 32139704 PMCID: PMC7058011 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60713-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In micro- and nanofluidic devices, liquid flows are often influenced by ionic currents generated by electric fields in narrow channels, which is an electrokinetic phenomenon. Various technologies have been developed that are analogous to semiconductor devices, such as diodes and field effect transistors. On the other hand, measurement techniques for local electric fields in such narrow channels have not yet been established. In the present study, electric fields in liquids are locally measured using glass micro-electrodes with 1-μm diameter tips, which are constructed by pulling a glass tube. By scanning a liquid poured into a channel by glass micro-electrodes, the potential difference in a liquid can be determined with a spatial resolution of the size of the glass tip. As a result, the electrical conductivity of sample solutions can be quantitatively evaluated. Furthermore, combining two glass capillaries filled with buffer solutions of different concentrations, an ionic diode that rectifies the proton conduction direction is constructed, and the possibility of pH measurement is also demonstrated. Under constant-current conditions, pH values ranging from 1.68 to 9.18 can be determined more quickly and stably than with conventional methods that depend on the proton selectivity of glass electrodes under equilibrium conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Doi
- Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan.
| | - Naoki Asano
- Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Satoyuki Kawano
- Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan.
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13
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Tshwenya L, Marken F, Mathwig K, Arotiba OA. Switching Anionic and Cationic Semipermeability in Partially Hydrolyzed Polyacrylonitrile: A pH-Tunable Ionic Rectifier. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:3214-3224. [PMID: 31850740 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b18583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Membrane materials with semipermeability for anions or for cations are of interest in electrochemical and nanofluidic separation and purification technologies. In this study, partially hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile (phPAN) is investigated as a pH-switchable anion/cation conductor. When switching from anionic to cationic semipermeability, also the ionic current rectification effect switches for phPAN materials deposited asymmetrically onto a 5, 10, 20, or 40 μm diameter microhole in a 6 μm thick polyethylene-terephthalate (PET) film substrate. Therefore, ionic rectifier behavior can be tuned and used to monitor and characterize semipermeability. Effects of electrolyte type and concentration and pH (relative to the zeta potential at approximately 3.1) are investigated by voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and impedance spectroscopy. A computational model provides good qualitative agreement with the observed electrolyte concentration data. High rectification effects are observed for both cations (pH > 3.1) and anions (pH < 3.1) but only at relatively low ionic strengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luthando Tshwenya
- Department of Chemical Sciences Formerly known as the Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg , Doornfontein 2028 , South Africa
| | - Frank Marken
- Department of Chemistry , University of Bath , Claverton Down , Bath BA2 7AY , U.K
| | - Klaus Mathwig
- Groningen Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Analysis , The University of Groningen , P.O. Box 196, AD Groningen 9700 , The Netherlands
| | - Omotayo A Arotiba
- Department of Chemical Sciences Formerly known as the Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg , Doornfontein 2028 , South Africa
- Centre for Nanomaterials Science Research , University of Johannesburg , Doornfontein 2028 , Johannesburg , South Africa
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14
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Marken F, Madrid E, Zhao Y, Carta M, McKeown NB. Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity in Triphasic Electrochemistry: Perspectives. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201900717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Marken
- Department of Chemistry University of Bath Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Elena Madrid
- Department of Chemistry University of Bath Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Yuanzhu Zhao
- Department of Chemistry University of Bath Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Mariolino Carta
- Department of Chemistry Swansea University, College of Science Grove Building Singleton Park Swansea SA2 8PP UK
| | - Neil B. McKeown
- EAstChem School of Chemistry University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building David Brewster Rd. Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3FJ UK
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15
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Tshwenya L, Marken F, Arotiba OA. Carbon Nanofibers Provide a Cationic Rectifier Material: Specific Electrolyte Effects, Bipolar Reactivity, and Prospect for Desalination. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201900546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luthando Tshwenya
- Department of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Johannesburg Doornfontein 2028 South Africa
| | - Frank Marken
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Bath Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Omotayo A. Arotiba
- Department of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Johannesburg Doornfontein 2028 South Africa
- Centre for Nanomaterials Science ResearchUniversity of Johannesburg South Africa
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16
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Processes associated with ionic current rectification at a 2D-titanate nanosheet deposit on a microhole poly(ethylene terephthalate) substrate. J Solid State Electrochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-019-04199-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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17
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Putra BR, Aoki KJ, Chen J, Marken F. Cationic Rectifier Based on a Graphene Oxide-Covered Microhole: Theory and Experiment. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:2055-2065. [PMID: 30638383 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cation transport through nanochannels in graphene oxide can be rectified to give ionic diode devices for future applications, for example, in desalination. A film of graphene oxide is applied to a 6 μm thick poly(ethylene terephthalate) substrate with a 20 μm diameter microhole and immersed in aqueous HCl solution. Strong diode effects are observed even at high ionic strength (0.5 M). Switching between open and closed states, microhole size effects, and time-dependent phenomena are explained on the basis of a simplified theoretical model focusing on the field-driven transport within the microhole region. In aqueous NaCl, competition between Na+ transport and field-driven heterolytic water splitting is observed but shown to be significant only at low ionic strength. Therefore, nanostructured graphene oxide is demonstrated to exhibit close to ideal behavior for future application in ionic diode desalination of seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Budi Riza Putra
- Department of Chemistry , University of Bath , Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY , U.K
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences , Bogor Agricultural University , Bogor , West Java , Indonesia
| | - Koichi Jeremiah Aoki
- Department of Applied Physics , University of Fukui , 3-9-1, Bunkyo , Fukui-shi 910-8507 , Japan
| | - Jingyuan Chen
- Department of Applied Physics , University of Fukui , 3-9-1, Bunkyo , Fukui-shi 910-8507 , Japan
| | - Frank Marken
- Department of Chemistry , University of Bath , Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY , U.K
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18
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Adamik RK, Hernández-Ibáñez N, Iniesta J, Edwards JK, Howe AGR, Armstrong RD, Taylor SH, Roldan A, Rong Y, Malpass-Evans R, Carta M, McKeown NB, He D, Marken F. Platinum Nanoparticle Inclusion into a Carbonized Polymer of Intrinsic Microporosity: Electrochemical Characteristics of a Catalyst for Electroless Hydrogen Peroxide Production. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 8:E542. [PMID: 30021972 PMCID: PMC6071093 DOI: 10.3390/nano8070542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The one-step vacuum carbonization synthesis of a platinum nano-catalyst embedded in a microporous heterocarbon (Pt@cPIM) is demonstrated. A nitrogen-rich polymer of an intrinsic microporosity (PIM) precursor is impregnated with PtCl₆2- to give (after vacuum carbonization at 700 °C) a nitrogen-containing heterocarbon with embedded Pt nanoparticles of typically 1⁻4 nm diameter (with some particles up to 20 nm diameter). The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of this hybrid material is 518 m² g-1 (with a cumulative pore volume of 1.1 cm³ g-1) consistent with the surface area of the corresponding platinum-free heterocarbon. In electrochemical experiments, the heterocarbon-embedded nano-platinum is observed as reactive towards hydrogen oxidation, but essentially non-reactive towards bigger molecules during methanol oxidation or during oxygen reduction. Therefore, oxygen reduction under electrochemical conditions is suggested to occur mainly via a 2-electron pathway on the outer carbon shell to give H₂O₂. Kinetic selectivity is confirmed in exploratory catalysis experiments in the presence of H₂ gas (which is oxidized on Pt) and O₂ gas (which is reduced on the heterocarbon surface) to result in the direct formation of H₂O₂.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Adamik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Naiara Hernández-Ibáñez
- Departamento de Química Física e Instituto Universitario de Electroquímica, Universidad de Alicante, Apartado 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Jesus Iniesta
- Departamento de Química Física e Instituto Universitario de Electroquímica, Universidad de Alicante, Apartado 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Jennifer K Edwards
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Alexander G R Howe
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Robert D Armstrong
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Stuart H Taylor
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Alberto Roldan
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Yuanyang Rong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Richard Malpass-Evans
- East Chem, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Mariolino Carta
- Department of Chemistry, Swansea University, College of Science, Grove Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Neil B McKeown
- East Chem, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Daping He
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of RF-Microwave Technology and Application, School of Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Frank Marken
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
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Madrid E, Lowe JP, Msayib KJ, McKeown NB, Song Q, Attard GA, Düren T, Marken F. Triphasic Nature of Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity Induces Storage and Catalysis Effects in Hydrogen and Oxygen Reactivity at Electrode Surfaces. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201800177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Madrid
- Department of Chemistry; University of Bath; Claverton Down Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - John P. Lowe
- Department of Chemistry; University of Bath; Claverton Down Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Kadhum J. Msayib
- EAstChem School of Chemistry; University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building; David Brewster Rd. Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3FJ UK
| | - Neil B. McKeown
- EAstChem School of Chemistry; University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building; David Brewster Rd. Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3FJ UK
| | - Qilei Song
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Gary A. Attard
- Department of Physics, The Oliver Lodge Laboratory; University of Liverpool; Oxford Street Liverpool L69 7ZE UK
| | - Tina Düren
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Centre for Advanced Separation Engineering; University of Bath; Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Frank Marken
- Department of Chemistry; University of Bath; Claverton Down Bath BA2 7AY UK
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20
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Tshwenya L, Arotiba O, Putra BR, Madrid E, Mathwig K, Marken F. Cationic diodes by hot-pressing of Fumasep FKS-30 ionomer film onto a microhole in polyethylene terephthalate (PET). J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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21
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Abstract
Bioinspired smart asymmetric nanochannel membranes (BSANM) have been explored extensively to achieve the delicate ionic transport functions comparable to those of living organisms. The abiotic system exhibits superior stability and robustness, allowing for promising applications in many fields. In view of the abundance of research concerning BSANM in the past decade, herein, we present a systematic overview of the development of the state-of-the-art BSANM system. The discussion is focused on the construction methodologies based on raw materials with diverse dimensions (i.e. 0D, 1D, 2D, and bulk). A generic strategy for the design and construction of the BSANM system is proposed first and put into context with recent developments from homogeneous to heterogeneous nanochannel membranes. Then, the basic properties of the BSANM are introduced including selectivity, gating, and rectification, which are associated with the particular chemical and physical structures. Moreover, we summarized the practical applications of BSANM in energy conversion, biochemical sensing and other areas. In the end, some personal opinions on the future development of the BSANM are briefly illustrated. This review covers most of the related literature reported since 2010 and is intended to build up a broad and deep knowledge base that can provide a solid information source for the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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22
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Riza Putra B, Carta M, Malpass-Evans R, McKeown NB, Marken F. Potassium cation induced ionic diode blocking for a polymer of intrinsic microporosity | nafion “heterojunction” on a microhole substrate. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.11.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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23
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Mathwig K, Aaronson BDB, Marken F. Ionic Transport in Microhole Fluidic Diodes Based on Asymmetric Ionomer Film Deposits. ChemElectroChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201700464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Mathwig
- University of Groningen, Groningen Institute of Pharmacy; Pharmaceutical Analysis; P.O. Box 196, 9700 AD Groningen The Netherlands
| | | | - Frank Marken
- Department of Chemistry; University of Bath; Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY UK
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24
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Putra BR, Aaronson BD, Madrid E, Mathwig K, Carta M, Malpass-Evans R, McKeown NB, Marken F. Ionic Diode Characteristics at a Polymer of Intrinsic Microporosity (PIM) | Nafion “Heterojunction” Deposit on a Microhole Poly(ethylene-terephthalate) Substrate. ELECTROANAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201700247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Budi Riza Putra
- Department of Chemistry; University of Bath; Claverton Down BA2 7AY UK
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences; Bogor Agricultural University; Bogor, West Java Indonesia
| | | | - Elena Madrid
- Department of Chemistry; University of Bath; Claverton Down BA2 7AY UK
| | - Klaus Mathwig
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Analysis; University of Groningen; P.O. Box 196 9700 AD Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Mariolino Carta
- School of Chemistry; University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building; West Mains Road Edinburgh Scotland EH9 3JJ, UK
| | - Richard Malpass-Evans
- School of Chemistry; University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building; West Mains Road Edinburgh Scotland EH9 3JJ, UK
| | - Neil B. McKeown
- School of Chemistry; University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building; West Mains Road Edinburgh Scotland EH9 3JJ, UK
| | - Frank Marken
- Department of Chemistry; University of Bath; Claverton Down BA2 7AY UK
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25
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He D, Madrid E, Aaronson BDB, Fan L, Doughty J, Mathwig K, Bond AM, McKeown NB, Marken F. A Cationic Diode Based on Asymmetric Nafion Film Deposits. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:11272-11278. [PMID: 28287696 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b01774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A thin film of Nafion, of approximately 5 μm thickness, asymmetrically deposited onto a 6 μm thick film of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fabricated with a 5, 10, 20, or 40 μm microhole, is shown to exhibit prominent ionic diode behavior involving cation charge carrier ("cationic diode"). The phenomenon is characterized via voltammetric, chronoamperometric, and impedance methods. Phenomenologically, current rectification effects are comparable to those observed in nanocone devices where space-charge layer effects dominate. However, for microhole diodes a resistive, a limiting, and an overlimiting potential domain can be identified and concentration polarization in solution is shown to dominate in the closed state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daping He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath , Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Elena Madrid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath , Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Barak D B Aaronson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath , Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Lian Fan
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath , Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - James Doughty
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath , Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Klaus Mathwig
- Pharmaceutical Analysis, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen , P.O. Box 196, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alan M Bond
- Monash University , School of Chemistry, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia
| | - Neil B McKeown
- EastChem School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh , David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - Frank Marken
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath , Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
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26
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Aaronson BDB, He D, Madrid E, Johns MA, Scott JL, Fan L, Doughty J, Kadowaki MAS, Polikarpov I, McKeown NB, Marken F. Ionic Diodes Based on Regenerated α-Cellulose Films Deposited Asymmetrically onto a Microhole. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201601974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daping He
- Department of Chemistry; University of Bath; Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Elena Madrid
- Department of Chemistry; University of Bath; Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Marcus A. Johns
- EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Sustainable Chemical Technologies and Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Bath; Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Janet L. Scott
- Department of Chemistry; University of Bath; Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Lian Fan
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry; University of Bath; Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - James Doughty
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry; University of Bath; Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Marco A. S. Kadowaki
- São Carlos Institute of Physics-IFSC; University of São Paulo- USP; 13566-590 São Carlos, SP Brazil
| | - Igor Polikarpov
- São Carlos Institute of Physics-IFSC; University of São Paulo- USP; 13566-590 São Carlos, SP Brazil
| | - Neil B. McKeown
- School of Chemistry; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3JJ UK
| | - Frank Marken
- Department of Chemistry; University of Bath; Bath BA2 7AY UK
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27
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Aaronson BDB, Wigmore D, Johns MA, Scott JL, Polikarpov I, Marken F. Cellulose ionics: switching ionic diode responses by surface charge in reconstituted cellulose films. Analyst 2017; 142:3707-3714. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an00918f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose films as well as chitosan-modified cellulose films of approximately 5 μm thickness, reconstituted from ionic liquid media onto a poly(ethylene-terephthalate) (PET, 6 μm thickness) film with a 5, 10, 20, or 40 μm diameter laser-drilled microhole, show significant current rectification in aqueous NaCl.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Wigmore
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Bath
- Bath BA2 7AY
- UK
| | - Marcus A. Johns
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Bath
- Bath BA2 7AY
- UK
- Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies
| | | | - Igor Polikarpov
- São Carlos Institute of Physics-IFSC
- University of São Paulo- USP
- 13566-590 São Carlos
- Brazil
| | - Frank Marken
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Bath
- Bath BA2 7AY
- UK
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