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Sportelli G, Grando G, Bevilacqua M, Filippini G, Melchionna M, Fornasiero P. Graphitic Carbon Nitride as Photocatalyst for the Direct Formylation of Anilines. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301718. [PMID: 37439718 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The use of graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN) for the photocatalytic radical formylation of anilines, which represents a more sustainable and attractive alternative to the currently used approaches, is reported herein. Our operationally simple method occurs under mild conditions, employing air as an oxidant. In particular, the chemistry is driven by the ability of g-CN to reach an electronically excited state upon visible-light absorption, which has a suitable potential energy to trigger the formation of reactive α-amino radical species from anilines. Mechanistic investigations also proved the key role of the g-CN to form reactive superoxide radicals from O2 via single electron transfer. Importantly, this photocatalytic transformation provides a variety of functionalized formamides (15 examples, up to 89 % yield).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Sportelli
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gaia Grando
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Manuela Bevilacqua
- Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds (ICCOM-CNR), via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Center for Energy, Environment and, Transport Giacomo Ciamician and ICCOM-CNR Trieste Research Unit, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giacomo Filippini
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Michele Melchionna
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
- Center for Energy, Environment and, Transport Giacomo Ciamician and ICCOM-CNR Trieste Research Unit, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo Fornasiero
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
- Center for Energy, Environment and, Transport Giacomo Ciamician and ICCOM-CNR Trieste Research Unit, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
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The influence of physicochemical properties on the processibility of conducting polymers: A bioelectronics perspective. Acta Biomater 2022; 139:259-279. [PMID: 34111518 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Conducting polymers (CPs) possess unique electrical and electrochemical properties and hold great potential for different applications in the field of bioelectronics. However, the widespread implementation of CPs in this field has been critically hindered by their poor processibility. There are four key elements that determine the processibility of CPs, which are thermal tunability, chemical stability, solvent compatibility and mechanical robustness. Recent research efforts have focused on enhancing the processibility of these materials through pre- or post-synthesis chemical modifications, the fabrication of CP-based complexes and composites, and the adoption of additive manufacturing techniques. In this review, the physicochemical and structural properties that underlie the performance and processibility of CPs are examined. In addition, current research efforts to overcome technical limitations and broaden the potential applications of CPs in bioelectronics are discussed. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This review details the inherent properties of CPs that have hindered their use in additive manufacturing for the creation of 3D bioelectronics. A fundamental approach is presented with consideration of the chemical structure and how this contributes to their electrical, thermal and mechanical properties. The review then considers how manipulation of these properties has been addressed in the literature including areas where improvements can be made. Finally, the review details the use of CPs in additive manufacturing and the future scope for the use of CPs and their composites in the development of 3D bioelectronics.
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Nicolini T, Marquez AV, Goudeau B, Kuhn A, Salinas G. In Situ Spectroelectrochemical-Conductance Measurements as an Efficient Tool for the Evaluation of Charge Trapping in Conducting Polymers. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:10422-10428. [PMID: 34672581 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In situ UV-vis-NIR spectroelectrochemistry has been intensively used to evaluate the electronic transitions during the charging/discharging process of π-conjugated polymers. However, the type of charge carrier and the mechanisms of their transport, remains still a point of discussion. Herein, the coupling between UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy and in situ electrochemical-conductance measurements is proposed to compare the doping process of three different thiophene-based conducting polymers. The simultaneous monitoring of electrical and absorption properties, associated with low energy electronic transitions characteristic for polarons and bipolarons, was achieved. In addition, this method allows evaluating the reversible charge trapping mechanism of poly-3,4-o-xylendioxythiophene (PXDOT), caused by the formation of σ-dimers, making it a very useful tool to determine relevant physicochemical properties of conductive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Nicolini
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, ENSCBP, F-33607 Pessac, France
| | | | - Bertrand Goudeau
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, ENSCBP, F-33607 Pessac, France
| | - Alexander Kuhn
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, ENSCBP, F-33607 Pessac, France
| | - Gerardo Salinas
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, ENSCBP, F-33607 Pessac, France
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Schulz M, Hagmeyer N, Wehmeyer F, Lowe G, Rosenkranz M, Seidler B, Popov A, Streb C, Vos JG, Dietzek B. Photoinduced Charge Accumulation and Prolonged Multielectron Storage for the Separation of Light and Dark Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:15722-15728. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c03779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schulz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Nina Hagmeyer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Frerk Wehmeyer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Grace Lowe
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Marco Rosenkranz
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Bianca Seidler
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Alexey Popov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Carsten Streb
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Johannes G. Vos
- SRC for Solar Energy Conversion, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Benjamin Dietzek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Centre for Energy and Environmental Chemistry (CEEC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Torriero AAJ, Morda J, Saw J. Electrocatalytic Dealkylation of Amines Mediated by Ferrocene. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angel A. J. Torriero
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
| | - Joanne Morda
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
| | - Jessica Saw
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
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Zhu S, Li M, Tang S, Zhang YM, Yang B, Zhang SXA. Electrochromic Switching and Microkinetic Behaviour of Oxazine Derivatives and Their Applications. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201301182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Yurchenko O, Freytag D, zur Borg L, Zentel R, Heinze J, Ludwigs S. Electrochemically Induced Reversible and Irreversible Coupling of Triarylamines. J Phys Chem B 2011; 116:30-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp208076z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olena Yurchenko
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies & Institut für Makromolekulare Chemie, Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum, Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - David Freytag
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies & Institut für Makromolekulare Chemie, Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum, Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lisa zur Borg
- Fachbereich Chemie, Pharmazie und Geowissenschaften, Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10 −14, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Rudolf Zentel
- Fachbereich Chemie, Pharmazie und Geowissenschaften, Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10 −14, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jürgen Heinze
- Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum, Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie I, Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Ludwigs
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies & Institut für Makromolekulare Chemie, Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum, Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Pagels M, Götz G, Fischer T, Bäuerle P, Heinze J. Electrochemistry with alkyl-linked oligothiophenes. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Heinze J, Frontana-Uribe BA, Ludwigs S. Electrochemistry of conducting polymers--persistent models and new concepts. Chem Rev 2010; 110:4724-71. [PMID: 20557047 DOI: 10.1021/cr900226k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 632] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Heinze
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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