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Yang L, Zhang Y, Cai W, Tan J, Hansen H, Wang H, Chen Y, Zhu M, Mu J. Electrochemically-driven actuators: from materials to mechanisms and from performance to applications. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:5956-6010. [PMID: 38721851 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00906h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Soft actuators, pivotal for converting external energy into mechanical motion, have become increasingly vital in a wide range of applications, from the subtle engineering of soft robotics to the demanding environments of aerospace exploration. Among these, electrochemically-driven actuators (EC actuators), are particularly distinguished by their operation through ion diffusion or intercalation-induced volume changes. These actuators feature notable advantages, including precise deformation control under electrical stimuli, freedom from Carnot efficiency limitations, and the ability to maintain their actuated state with minimal energy use, akin to the latching state in skeletal muscles. This review extensively examines EC actuators, emphasizing their classification based on diverse material types, driving mechanisms, actuator configurations, and potential applications. It aims to illuminate the complicated driving mechanisms of different categories, uncover their underlying connections, and reveal the interdependencies among materials, mechanisms, and performances. We conduct an in-depth analysis of both conventional and emerging EC actuator materials, casting a forward-looking lens on their trajectories and pinpointing areas ready for innovation and performance enhancement strategies. We also navigate through the challenges and opportunities within the field, including optimizing current materials, exploring new materials, and scaling up production processes. Overall, this review aims to provide a scientifically robust narrative that captures the current state of EC actuators and sets a trajectory for future innovation in this rapidly advancing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixue Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Yiyao Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Wenting Cai
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Junlong Tan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Heather Hansen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Hongzhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
- Shanghai Dianji University, 201306, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Tianjin 300350, China.
- Key Laboratory of Mechanism Theory and Equipment Design of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Meifang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
| | - Jiuke Mu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Tianjin 300350, China.
- Key Laboratory of Mechanism Theory and Equipment Design of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Tianjin 300350, China.
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2
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Tan F, Yu B, Wang Y, Bai Q, Zhang Z. Hierarchically Structured Nanoporous Palladium with Ordered/Disordered Channels for Ultrahigh and Fast Strain. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:505-513. [PMID: 36630150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Metallic actuators have increasingly shown the potential to replace conventional piezoelectric ceramics and conducting polymers. However, it is still a great challenge to achieve strain amplitudes over 4% while maintaining fast strain responses. Herein, we fabricated bulk nanoporous palladium (NP-Pd) with microsheet-array-like hierarchically nanoporous (MAHNP) structure by dealloying a eutectic Al-Pd precursor. The hierarchical structure consists of array-like microsized channels/sheets and disordered nanosized networks. The locally ordered channels play a critical role in fast mass transport while nanoligaments accumulate a large surface area for hydrogen adsorption/absorption and desorption. Therefore, the MAHNP-Pd not only obtains a fast strain rate with the maximum value close to 1 × 10-4 s-1 but also exhibits an ultrahigh strain amplitude of 4.68%, exceeding all reported values for bulk electrochemical metallic actuators to date. Additionally, the superiority of the MAHNP structure is demonstrated in transport kinetics as benchmarked with the scenario of unimodal NP-Pd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuquan Tan
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jingshi Road 17923, Jinan250061, P. R. China
| | - Bin Yu
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jingshi Road 17923, Jinan250061, P. R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, West Road of Nan Xinzhuang 336, Jinan250022, P. R. China
| | - Qingguo Bai
- School of Applied Physics and Materials, Wuyi University, Dongcheng Village 22, Jiangmen529020, P. R. China
| | - Zhonghua Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jingshi Road 17923, Jinan250061, P. R. China
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3
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Sheyfer D, Mariano RG, Kawaguchi T, Cha W, Harder RJ, Kanan MW, Hruszkewycz SO, You H, Highland MJ. Operando Nanoscale Imaging of Electrochemically Induced Strain in a Locally Polarized Pt Grain. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:1-7. [PMID: 36541700 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Developing new methods that reveal the structure of electrode materials under polarization is key to constructing robust structure-property relationships. However, many existing methods lack the spatial resolution in structural changes and fidelity to electrochemical operating conditions that are needed to probe catalytically relevant structures. Here, we combine a nanopipette electrochemical cell with three-dimensional X-ray Bragg coherent diffractive imaging to study how strain in a single Pt grain evolves in response to applied potential. During polarization, marked changes in surface strain arise from the Coulombic attraction between the surface charge on the electrode and the electrolyte ions in the electrochemical double layers, while the strain in the bulk of the crystal remains unchanged. The concurrent surface redox reactions have a strong influence on the magnitude and nature of the strain changes under polarization. Our studies provide a powerful blueprint to understand how structural evolution influences electrochemical performance at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Sheyfer
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois60439, United States
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Ruperto G Mariano
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02141, United States
| | - Tomoya Kawaguchi
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois60439, United States
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, 9808577, Japan
| | - Wonsuk Cha
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Ross J Harder
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Matthew W Kanan
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States
| | - Stephan O Hruszkewycz
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Hoydoo You
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Matthew J Highland
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois60439, United States
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4
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Raciti D, Schwarz KA, Vinson J, Stafford GR. Compressive Stress and Charge Redistribution during CO Adsorption onto Pt. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2022; 126:10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c00134. [PMID: 38487392 PMCID: PMC10938457 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The change in surface stress associated with the adsorption and oxidative stripping of carbon monoxide (CO) on (111)-textured Pt is examined using the wafer curvature method in 0.1 mol/L KHCO3 electrolyte. The curvature of the Pt cantilever electrode was monitored as a function of potential in both CO-free and CO-saturated electrolytes. Although CO adsorbs as a neutral molecule, significant compressive stress, up to -1.3 N/m, is induced in the Pt. The magnitude of the stress change correlates directly with the CO coverage and, within the detection limits of the stress measurement, is elastically reversible. Density functional theory calculations of a CO-bound Pt surface indicate that charge redistribution from the first atomic layer of Pt to subsurface layers accounts for the observed compressive stress induced by the charge neutral adsorption of CO. A better understanding of adsorbate-induced surface stress is critical for the development of material platforms for sensing and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Raciti
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Kathleen A Schwarz
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - John Vinson
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Gery R Stafford
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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5
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Bai Q, Zhang C, Tan F, Wu F, Zhang Z. Nanoporous copper as an inexpensive electrochemical actuator responsive to sub-volt voltages. Electrochem commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2021.106940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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6
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Miskin MZ, Cortese AJ, Dorsey K, Esposito EP, Reynolds MF, Liu Q, Cao M, Muller DA, McEuen PL, Cohen I. Electronically integrated, mass-manufactured, microscopic robots. Nature 2020; 584:557-561. [PMID: 32848225 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2626-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Fifty years of Moore's law scaling in microelectronics have brought remarkable opportunities for the rapidly evolving field of microscopic robotics1-5. Electronic, magnetic and optical systems now offer an unprecedented combination of complexity, small size and low cost6,7, and could be readily appropriated for robots that are smaller than the resolution limit of human vision (less than a hundred micrometres)8-11. However, a major roadblock exists: there is no micrometre-scale actuator system that seamlessly integrates with semiconductor processing and responds to standard electronic control signals. Here we overcome this barrier by developing a new class of voltage-controllable electrochemical actuators that operate at low voltages (200 microvolts), low power (10 nanowatts) and are completely compatible with silicon processing. To demonstrate their potential, we develop lithographic fabrication-and-release protocols to prototype sub-hundred-micrometre walking robots. Every step in this process is performed in parallel, allowing us to produce over one million robots per four-inch wafer. These results are an important advance towards mass-manufactured, silicon-based, functional robots that are too small to be resolved by the naked eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Z Miskin
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA. .,Laboratory of Atomic and Solid-State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA. .,Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Alejandro J Cortese
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid-State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Kyle Dorsey
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Edward P Esposito
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid-State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Michael F Reynolds
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid-State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Qingkun Liu
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid-State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Michael Cao
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - David A Muller
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Paul L McEuen
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA. .,Laboratory of Atomic and Solid-State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Itai Cohen
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA. .,Laboratory of Atomic and Solid-State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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7
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Gößler M, Steyskal EM, Stütz M, Enzinger N, Würschum R. Hydrogen-induced plasticity in nanoporous palladium. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 9:3013-3024. [PMID: 30591849 PMCID: PMC6296432 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.9.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical strain response of nanoporous palladium (npPd) upon electrochemical hydrogenation using an in situ dilatometric technique is investigated. NpPd with an average ligament diameter of approximately 20 nm is produced via electrochemical dealloying. A hydrogen-induced phase transition from PdHβ to PdHα is found to enable internal-stress plasticity (or transformation-mismatch plasticity) in nanoporous palladium, which leads to exceptionally high strains without fracture as a result of external forces. The high surface stress in the nanoporous structure in combination with the internal-stress plasticity mechanism leads to a peculiar strain response upon hydrogen sorption and desorption. Critical potentials for the formation of PdHα and PdHβ in npPd are determined. The theoretical concepts to assess the plastic strain response of nanoporous samples are elucidated, taking into account characteristics of structure and deformation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Gößler
- Institute of Materials Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Eva-Maria Steyskal
- Institute of Materials Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Markus Stütz
- Institute of Materials Science, Joining and Forming, Graz University of Technology, Kopernikusgasse 24/I, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Norbert Enzinger
- Institute of Materials Science, Joining and Forming, Graz University of Technology, Kopernikusgasse 24/I, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Roland Würschum
- Institute of Materials Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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8
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In situ surface stress measurement and computational analysis examining the oxygen reduction reaction on Pt and Pd. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Yang M, Zhang H, Deng Q. Understanding the copper underpotential deposition process at strained gold surface. Electrochem commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2017.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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10
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Cheng C, Lührs L, Krekeler T, Ritter M, Weissmüller J. Semiordered Hierarchical Metallic Network for Fast and Large Charge-Induced Strain. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:4774-4780. [PMID: 28737931 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b01526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanoporous metallic actuators for artificial muscle applications are distinguished by combining the low operating voltage, which is otherwise reserved for polymer-based actuators with interesting values of strain amplitude, strength, and stiffness that are comparable of those of piezoceramics. We report a nanoporous metal actuator with enhanced strain amplitude and accelerated switching. Our 3D macroscopic metallic muscle has semiordered and hierarchical nanoporous structure, in which μm-sized tubes align perpendicular with the sample surface, while nm-sized ligaments consist of the tube walls. This nanoarchitecture combines channels for fast ion transportation with large surface area for charge storage and strain generation. The result is a record reversible strain amplitude of 1.59% with a strain rate of 8.83 × 10-6 s-1 in the field of metallic based actuators. A passive hydroxide layer is self-grown on the metal surface, which not only contributes a supercapacitive layer, but also stabilizes the nanoporous structure against coarsening, which guarantees sustainable actuation beyond ten-thousand cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jörg Weissmüller
- Institute of Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht , 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
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11
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12
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Liu F, Ye XL, Jin HJ. Anomalous low strain induced by surface charge in nanoporous gold with low relative density. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:19217-19224. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03033a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The surface charge induced macroscopic strain decreases dramatically with decreasing relative density of NPG, in contrast to the theoretical prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science
- Institute of Metal Research
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shenyang 110016
- P. R. China
| | - Xing-Long Ye
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science
- Institute of Metal Research
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shenyang 110016
- P. R. China
| | - Hai-Jun Jin
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science
- Institute of Metal Research
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shenyang 110016
- P. R. China
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13
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Zhang J, Wang Y, Si C, Bai Q, Ma W, Gao H, Zhang Z. Electrochemical actuation behaviors of bulk nanoporous palladium in acid and alkaline solutions. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.10.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Haag AL, Schumacher Z, Grutter P. Sensitivity measurement of a cantilever-based surface stress sensor. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:154704. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4964922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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15
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Zinola C, Teliz E, Camargo A. Direct estimation of surface pressures by hydrogen adsorbates on platinum surfaces in perchloric acid. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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16
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Steyskal EM, Wiednig C, Enzinger N, Würschum R. In situ characterization of hydrogen absorption in nanoporous palladium produced by dealloying. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 7:1197-1201. [PMID: 27826493 PMCID: PMC5082345 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.7.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Palladium is a frequently used model system for hydrogen storage. During the past few decades, particular interest was placed on the superior H-absorption properties of nanostructured Pd systems. In the present study nanoporous palladium (np-Pd) is produced by electrochemical dealloying, an electrochemical etching process that removes the less noble component from a master alloy. The volume and electrical resistance of np-Pd are investigated in situ upon electrochemical hydrogen loading and unloading. These properties clearly vary upon hydrogen ad- and absorption. During cyclic voltammetry in the hydrogen regime the electrical resistance changes reversibly by almost 10% upon absorbing approximately 5% H/Pd (atomic ratio). By suitable loading procedures, hydrogen concentrations up to almost 60% H/Pd were obtained, along with a sample thickness increase of about 5%. The observed reversible actuation clearly exceeds the values found in the literature, which is most likely due to the unique structure of np-Pd with an extraordinarily high surface-to-volume ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Steyskal
- Institute of Materials Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christopher Wiednig
- Institute of Materials Science and Welding, Graz University of Technology, Kopernikusgasse 24, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Norbert Enzinger
- Institute of Materials Science and Welding, Graz University of Technology, Kopernikusgasse 24, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Roland Würschum
- Institute of Materials Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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17
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Steyskal EM, Qi Z, Pölt P, Albu M, Weissmüller J, Würschum R. Electrochemically Tunable Resistance of Nanoporous Platinum Produced by Dealloying. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:7757-7764. [PMID: 27406856 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The extremely high surface-to-volume ratio of nanoporous platinum (np-Pt) produced by dealloying was applied for tuning electrical resistance by surface charging. In the as-dealloyed state, a characteristic sign-inversion of the charging-induced resistance variation occurs, which can be associated with the electronic structure of PtO. After electrochemical reduction, the relative resistance variations of np-Pt of up to 58% could be generated by electrochemically induced adsorption and desorption, which was 1 order of magnitude larger compared with that of cluster-assembled nanocrystalline Pt. Although the maximum resistance variation was also higher than that of dealloyed nanoporous gold (np-Au), the resistance variation related to the imposed charge was reduced owing to the higher bulk resistance of Pt compared with that of Au. The sign-inversion behavior of the resistance could be recovered by re-oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Steyskal
- Institute of Materials Physics, Graz University of Technology , Petersgasse 16, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Zhen Qi
- Institute of Materials Physics and Technology, Hamburg-Harburg University of Technology , Eißendorfer Straße 42, D-21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter Pölt
- Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology , Steyrergasse 17, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Mihaela Albu
- Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology , Steyrergasse 17, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jörg Weissmüller
- Institute of Materials Physics and Technology, Hamburg-Harburg University of Technology , Eißendorfer Straße 42, D-21073 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht , Max-Planck-Straße 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Roland Würschum
- Institute of Materials Physics, Graz University of Technology , Petersgasse 16, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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18
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Cheng C, Weissmüller J, Ngan AHW. Fast and Reversible Actuation of Metallic Muscles Composed of Nickel Nanowire-Forest. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:5315-5321. [PMID: 27146431 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201600286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Surface-charge-induced reversible and millimeter-scale deflection is found in a bilayered Ni cantilever upon cyclic potential triggering. The nanowire-forest structure, in which unidirectional primary nanowires are evenly separated by cross-linking subnanowires, ensures fast ion transport leading to a record-high strain response time ≈0.1 s. The actuation is sustainable beyond 800 cycles; the strain energy is compatible with human skeletal muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Cheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- Institut für Werkstoffphysik und Werkstofftechnologie, Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg, 21073, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Weissmüller
- Institut für Werkstoffphysik und Werkstofftechnologie, Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg, 21073, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alfonso H W Ngan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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19
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Nanoporous-Gold-Based Hybrid Cantilevered Actuator Dealloyed and Driven by A Modified Rotary Triboelectric Nanogenerator. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24092. [PMID: 27063987 PMCID: PMC4827063 DOI: 10.1038/srep24092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We firstly designed an electrochemical system for dealloying to synthesize nanoporous gold (NPG) and also driving the novel NPG based actuator by utilizing a modified rotary triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG). Compared to the previous reported TENG whose outputs decline due to temperature rising resulting from electrodes friction, the modified TENG with a cooling system has stable output current and voltage increased by 14% and 20%, respectively. The novel cantilevered hybrid actuator characterised by light-weight (ca. 3 mg) and small volume (ca. 30 mm × 2 mm × 10 μm) is driven by a microcontroller modulated TENG with the displacement of 2.2 mm, which is about 106 times larger than that of traditional cantilever using planar surfaces. The energy conversion efficiencies defined as the energy consumed during dealloying and actuation compared with the output of TENG are 47% and 56.7%, respectively.
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20
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Zhang J, Bai Q, Zhang Z. Dealloying-driven nanoporous palladium with superior electrochemical actuation performance. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:7287-7295. [PMID: 26975834 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr00427j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Metal-hydrogen (in particular, Pd-H) interactions have been receiving considerable attention over the past 150 years within the scope of hydrogen storage, catalytic hydrogenation, hydrogen embrittlement and hydrogen-induced interfacial failure. Here, for the first time, we show that the coupling of hydrogen adsorption and absorption could trigger giant reversible strain in bulk nanoporous Pd (np-Pd) in a weakly adsorbed NaF electrolyte. The bulk np-Pd with a hierarchically porous structure and a ligament/channel size of ∼10 nm was fabricated using a dealloying strategy with compositional/structural design of the precursor. The np-Pd actuator exhibits a giant reversible strain of up to 3.28% (stroke of 137.8 μm), which is a 252% enhancement in comparison to the state-of-the-art value of 1.3% in np-AuPt. The strain rate (∼10(-5) s(-1)) of np-Pd is two orders of magnitude higher than that of current metallic actuators. Moreover, the volume-/mass-specific strain energy density (10.71 MJ m(-3)/3811 J kg(-1)) of np-Pd reaches the highest level compared with that of previously reported actuator materials. The outstanding actuation performance of np-Pd could be attributed to the coupling of hydrogen adsorption/absorption and its unique hierarchically nanoporous structure. Our findings provide valuable information for the design of novel high-performance metallic actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jingshi Road 17923, Jinan, 250061, P.R. China.
| | - Qingguo Bai
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jingshi Road 17923, Jinan, 250061, P.R. China.
| | - Zhonghua Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jingshi Road 17923, Jinan, 250061, P.R. China.
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21
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Detsi E, Cook JB, Lesel B, Turner C, Liang YL, Robbennolt S, Tolbert SH. Mesoporous Ni 60Fe 30Mn 10-alloy based metal/metal oxide composite thick films as highly active and robust oxygen evolution catalysts †. ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2016; 9:540-549. [PMID: 30976318 PMCID: PMC6456064 DOI: 10.1039/c5ee02509e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge in the field of water electrolysis is the scarcity of oxygen-evolving catalysts that are inexpensive, highly corrosion-resistant, suitable for large-scale applications and able to oxidize water at high current densities and low overpotentials. Most unsupported, non-precious metals oxygen-evolution catalysts require at least ~350 mV overpotential to oxidize water with a current density of 10 mA/cm2 in 1 M alkaline solution. Here we report on a robust nanostructured porous NiFe-based oxygen evolution catalyst made by selective alloy corrosion. In 1 M KOH, our material exhibits a catalytic activity towards water oxidation of 500 mA/cm2 at 360 mV overpotential and is stable for over eleven days. This exceptional performance is attributed to three factors. First, the small size of the ligaments and pores in our mesoporous catalyst (~10 nm) results in a high BET surface area (43 m2/g) and therefore a high density of oxygen-evolution catalytic sites per unit mass. Second, the open porosity facilitates effective mass transfer at the catalyst/electrolyte interface. Third and finally, the high bulk electrical conductivity of the mesoporous catalyst allows for effective current flow through the electrocatalyst, making it possible to use thick films with a high density of active sites and ~3×104 cm2 of catalytic area per cm2 of electrode area. Our mesoporous catalyst is thus attractive for alkaline electrolyzers where water-based solutions are decomposed into hydrogen and oxygen as the only products, driven either conventionally or by photovoltaics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Detsi
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, USA
| | - John B Cook
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, USA
| | - Benjamin Lesel
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, USA
| | - Chris Turner
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, USA
| | - Yu-Lun Liang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, USA
| | - Shauna Robbennolt
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, USA
| | - Sarah H Tolbert
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering and the California NanoSystems Institute, University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, USA
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22
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Bai Q, Si C, Zhang J, Zhang Z. Sign inversion of surface stress–charge response of bulk nanoporous nickel actuators with different surface states. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:19798-806. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp02535h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bulk nanoporous nickel exhibits different electrochemical actuation behaviors and associated stress–charge response in strongly (NaOH) and weakly (NaF) adsorbed electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingguo Bai
- Key Laboratory for Liquid–Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education)
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250061
- P. R. China
| | - Conghui Si
- Key Laboratory for Liquid–Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education)
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250061
- P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid–Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education)
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250061
- P. R. China
| | - Zhonghua Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid–Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education)
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250061
- P. R. China
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23
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Lakshmanan C, Viswanath R, Polaki S, Rajaraman R, Dash S, Tyagi A. Surface area of nanoporous gold: Effect on temperature. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.09.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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24
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Cheng C, Ngan AHW. Reversible electrochemical actuation of metallic nanohoneycombs induced by pseudocapacitive redox processes. ACS NANO 2015; 9:3984-3995. [PMID: 25758028 DOI: 10.1021/nn507466n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Current metallic-based electrochemical actuators are limited to nanoporous gold/platinum with randomly distributed pores, where the charge-induced reversible strain is mainly due to the nonfaradic charging/discharging processes along the capacitive electrochemical double layer. Here, we report an electrochemical actuating property of nanohoneycomb-structured nickel, with the actuation mechanism mainly due to a pseudocapacitive behavior by means of reversible faradic redox reactions. By using a dual-template synthesis method, a bilayered cantilever, comprising a nanohoneycomb layer backed by a solid layer of the same metal, was fabricated. Reversible bending of the cantilever upon cyclic potential triggering was observed. The strain of the cantilever increases nonlinearly with both potential and charge due to redox reactions. The maximum strain that can be achieved under a certain scan rate complies with a linear relationship with the capacity. Benefiting from the stable Ni(II)/Ni(III) redox couples at the electrode surface, the reversible actuation is very stable in hydroxide solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Cheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Alfonso H W Ngan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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25
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Deng Q, Gosslar DH, Smetanin M, Weissmüller J. Electrocapillary coupling at rough surfaces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:11725-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp00167f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The surface roughness of an electrode has a strong impact on the apparent value of electrocapillary coupling coefficient, ςeff, which relates the response of electrode potential to tangential strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qibo Deng
- Institut für Werkstoffphysik und Werkstofftechnologie
- Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg
- Hamburg
- Germany
| | - Daniel-Hendrik Gosslar
- Institut für Werkstoffphysik und Werkstofftechnologie
- Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg
- Hamburg
- Germany
| | | | - Jörg Weissmüller
- Institut für Werkstoffphysik und Werkstofftechnologie
- Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg
- Hamburg
- Germany
- Institut für Werkstoffforschung
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26
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Hoang TTH, Cohen Y, Gewirth AA. In Situ Electrochemical Stress Measurements Examining the Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Basic Electrolytes. Anal Chem 2014; 86:11290-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5030717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thao T. H. Hoang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801 United States
| | - Yair Cohen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801 United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Nuclear Research Center-Negev, Beer-Sheva 84190 Israel
| | - Andrew A. Gewirth
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801 United States
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27
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Deng Q, Weissmüller J. Electrocapillary coupling during electrosorption. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:10522-10530. [PMID: 25142913 DOI: 10.1021/la501353g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The electrocapillary coupling coefficient, ς, measures the response of the electrode potential, E, to tangential elastic strain at the surface of an electrode. Using dynamic electro-chemo-mechanical analysis, we study ς(E) simultaneously with cyclic voltammetry. The study covers extended potential intervals on Au, Pt, and Pd, including the electrosorption of oxygen species and of hydrogen. The magnitude and sign of ς vary during the scans, and quite generally the graphs of ς(E) emphasize details which are less obvious or missing in the cyclic voltammograms (CVs). Capacitive processes on the clean electrode surfaces exhibit ς < 0, whereas capacitive processes on oxygen-covered surfaces are characterized by ς < 0 on Au but ς > 0 on Pt and Pd. The findings of ς < 0 during the initial stages of oxygen species adsorption and ς > 0 for hydrogen electrosorption agree with the trend that tensile strain makes surfaces more binding for adsorbates. However, the large hysteresis of oxygen electrosorption on all electrodes raises the question: is the exchange current associated with that process sufficient for its measurement by potential response during small cyclic strain?
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Affiliation(s)
- Qibo Deng
- Institut für Werkstoffphysik und Werkstofftechnologie, Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg , Hamburg, 21073 Germany
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28
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Weissmüller J. Electrocapillarity of Solids and its Impact on Heterogeneous Catalysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527680436.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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30
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Michl A, Weissmüller J, Müller S. Sign-inverted response of aluminum work function to tangential strain. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2013; 25:445012. [PMID: 24131930 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/25/44/445012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the response of the work function, W, of low-index aluminum surfaces to tangential strain by using first-principles calculations based on density functional theory. This response parameter is a central quantity in electrocapillary coupling of metal electrodes relating to the performance of porous metal actuators and surface stress based sensing devices. We find that Al surfaces exhibit a positive response for all orientations considered. By contrast, previous studies reported negative-valued response parameters for clean surfaces of several transition metals. We discuss separately the response of W to different types of strain and the impact of the strain on the Fermi energy and the surface dipole. We argue that the reason for the abnormal positive sign of the Al response parameter lies in its high valence electron density.
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31
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Steyskal EM, Topolovec S, Landgraf S, Krenn H, Würschum R. In situ monitoring magnetism and resistance of nanophase platinum upon electrochemical oxidation. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 4:394-399. [PMID: 23844345 PMCID: PMC3701430 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.4.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Controlled tuning of material properties by external stimuli represents one of the major topics of current research in the field of functional materials. Electrochemically induced property tuning has recently emerged as a promising pathway in this direction making use of nanophase materials with a high fraction of electrode-electrolyte interfaces. The present letter reports on electrochemical property tuning of porous nanocrystalline Pt. Deeper insight into the underlying processes could be gained by means of a direct comparison of the charge-induced response of two different properties, namely electrical resistance and magnetic moment. For this purpose, four-point resistance measurements and SQUID magnetometry were performed under identical in situ electrochemical control focussing on the regime of electrooxidation. Fully reversible variations of the electrical resistance and the magnetic moment of 6% and 1% were observed upon the formation or dissolution of a subatomic chemisorbed oxygen surface layer, respectively. The increase of the resistance, which is directly correlated to the amount of deposited oxygen, is considered to be primarily caused by charge-carrier scattering processes at the metal-electrolyte interfaces. In comparison, the decrease of the magnetic moment upon positive charging appears to be governed by the electric field at the nanocrystallite-electrolyte interfaces due to spin-orbit coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Steyskal
- Institute of Materials Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Stefan Topolovec
- Institute of Materials Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Stephan Landgraf
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Heinz Krenn
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 5, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Roland Würschum
- Institute of Materials Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
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32
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Detsi E, Onck P, De Hosson JTM. Metallic muscles at work: high rate actuation in nanoporous gold/polyaniline composites. ACS NANO 2013; 7:4299-306. [PMID: 23582044 DOI: 10.1021/nn400803x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Metallic muscles made of nanoporous metals suffer from serious drawbacks caused by the usage of an aqueous electrolyte for actuation. An aqueous electrolyte prohibits metallic muscles from operating in dry environments and hampers a high actuation rate due to the low ionic conductivity of electrolytes. In addition, redox reactions involved in electrochemical actuation severely coarsen the ligaments of nanoporous metals, leading to a substantial loss in performance of the actuator. Here we present an electrolyte-free approach to put metallic muscles to work via a metal/polymer interface. A nanocoating of polyaniline doped with sulfuric acid was grown onto the ligaments of nanoporous gold. Dopant sulfate anions coadsorbed into the polymer coating matrix were exploited to tune the nanoporous metal surface stress and subsequently generate macroscopic dimensional changes in the metal. Strain rates achieved in the single-component nanoporous metal/polymer composite actuator are 3 orders of magnitude higher than that of the standard three-component nanoporous metal/electrolyte hybrid actuator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Detsi
- Department of Applied Physics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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33
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Weissmüller J, Viswanath RN, Kibler LA, Kolb DM. Impact of surface mechanics on the reactivity of electrodes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:2114-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp01742f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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Smetanin M, Deng Q, Weissmüller J. Dynamic electro-chemo-mechanical analysis during cyclic voltammetry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:17313-22. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21781j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Godin M, Tabard-Cossa V, Miyahara Y, Monga T, Williams PJ, Beaulieu LY, Bruce Lennox R, Grutter P. Cantilever-based sensing: the origin of surface stress and optimization strategies. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 21:75501. [PMID: 20081290 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/7/075501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Many interactions drive the adsorption of molecules on surfaces, all of which can result in a measurable change in surface stress. This article compares the contributions of various possible interactions to the overall induced surface stress for cantilever-based sensing applications. The surface stress resulting from adsorption-induced changes in the electronic density of the underlying surface is up to 2-4 orders of magnitude larger than that resulting from intermolecular electrostatic or Lennard-Jones interactions. We reveal that the surface stress associated with the formation of high quality alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers on gold surfaces is independent of the molecular chain length, supporting our theoretical findings. This provides a foundation for the development of new strategies for increasing the sensitivity of cantilever-based sensors for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Godin
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
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36
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Jin HJ, Wang XL, Parida S, Wang K, Seo M, Weissmüller J. Nanoporous Au-Pt alloys as large strain electrochemical actuators. NANO LETTERS 2010; 10:187-194. [PMID: 20000673 DOI: 10.1021/nl903262b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Nanoporous Au-Pt alloys with pore- and ligament size down to few nanometers were fabricated by dealloying Ag-Au-Pt. Owing to the small structure size and large specific surface area, the surface stress and its variation give rise to significant stress and strain in the bulk of these materials. In fact, dilatometry experiments find electrochemical actuation with large reversible strain amplitude. The linear strain reaches approximately 1.3% and strain energy density is up to 6.0 MJ/m(3). The associated stresses may approach the elastic limit of the alloy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Jun Jin
- Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie, Institut fur Nanotechnologie, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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37
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Shao LH, Biener J, Kramer D, Viswanath RN, Baumann TF, Hamza AV, Weissmüller J. Electrocapillary maximum and potential of zero charge of carbon aerogel. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:7580-7. [DOI: 10.1039/b916331j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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Biener J, Wittstock A, Baumann TF, Weissmüller J, Bäumer M, Hamza AV. Surface Chemistry in Nanoscale Materials. MATERIALS 2009. [PMCID: PMC5513586 DOI: 10.3390/ma2042404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although surfaces or, more precisely, the surface atomic and electronic structure, determine the way materials interact with their environment, the influence of surface chemistry on the bulk of the material is generally considered to be small. However, in the case of high surface area materials such as nanoporous solids, surface properties can start to dominate the overall material behavior. This allows one to create new materials with physical and chemical properties that are no longer determined by the bulk material, but by their nanoscale architectures. Here, we discuss several examples, ranging from nanoporous gold to surface engineered carbon aerogels that demonstrate the tuneability of nanoporous solids for sustainable energy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Biener
- Nanoscale Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, USA; E-Mails: (T.F.B.); (A.V.H.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-925-422-9081; Fax: +1-925-422-7098
| | - Arne Wittstock
- Institut für Angewandte und Physikalische Chemie, Universität Bremen, Bremen, Germany; E-Mails: (A.W.); (M.B.)
| | - Theodore F. Baumann
- Nanoscale Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, USA; E-Mails: (T.F.B.); (A.V.H.)
| | - Jörg Weissmüller
- Institut für Nanotechnologie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Karlsruhe, Germany; E-Mail: (J.W.)
- Technische Physik, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Marcus Bäumer
- Institut für Angewandte und Physikalische Chemie, Universität Bremen, Bremen, Germany; E-Mails: (A.W.); (M.B.)
| | - Alex V. Hamza
- Nanoscale Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, USA; E-Mails: (T.F.B.); (A.V.H.)
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39
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Smetanin M, Kramer D, Mohanan S, Herr U, Weissmüller J. Response of the potential of a gold electrode to elastic strain. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:9008-12. [DOI: 10.1039/b913448d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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40
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Biener J, Wittstock A, Zepeda-Ruiz LA, Biener MM, Zielasek V, Kramer D, Viswanath RN, Weissmüller J, Bäumer M, Hamza AV. Surface-chemistry-driven actuation in nanoporous gold. NATURE MATERIALS 2009; 8:47-51. [PMID: 19043420 DOI: 10.1038/nmat2335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 10/27/2008] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Although actuation in biological systems is exclusively powered by chemical energy, this concept has not been realized in man-made actuator technologies, as these rely on generating heat or electricity first. Here, we demonstrate that surface-chemistry-driven actuation can be realized in high-surface-area materials such as nanoporous gold. For example, we achieve reversible strain amplitudes of the order of a few tenths of a per cent by alternating exposure of nanoporous Au to ozone and carbon monoxide. The effect can be explained by adsorbate-induced changes of the surface stress, and can be used to convert chemical energy directly into a mechanical response, thus opening the door to surface-chemistry-driven actuator and sensor technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Biener
- Nanoscale Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA.
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41
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Characterisation of the electrochemical redox behaviour of Pt electrodes by potentiodynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. J Solid State Electrochem 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-008-0663-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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42
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Smetanin M, Viswanath RN, Kramer D, Beckmann D, Koch T, Kibler LA, Kolb DM, Weissmüller J. Surface stress-charge response of a (111)-textured gold electrode under conditions of weak ion adsorption. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:8561-8567. [PMID: 18616224 DOI: 10.1021/la704067z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We report a cantilever bending investigation into the variation of surface stress, f, with surface charge density, q, for (111)-textured thin films of gold in aqueous NaF and HClO 4. The graphs of f(q) are highly linear, and the surface stress-charge coefficients, d f/d q, are -1.95 V for 7 mM NaF and -2.0 V for 10 mM HClO 4 near the potential of zero charge. These values exceed some previously published experimental data by a factor of 2, but they agree with recent ab initio calculations of the surface stress-charge response of gold in vacuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Smetanin
- Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institut fur Nanotechnologie, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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43
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Kramer D. Dependence of surface stress, surface energy and surface tension on potential and charge. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2008; 10:168-77. [DOI: 10.1039/b710065e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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