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Zhou M, Qian Y, Zhu Y, Matson J. Elastase-triggered H 2S delivery from polymer hydrogels. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:1085-1088. [PMID: 31894779 PMCID: PMC7001589 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc08752d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We report an elastase-responsive, H2S-releasing hydrogel prepared by covalently crosslinking a mixture of carboxymethylcellulose and poly(ethylene glycol) with an elastase-degradable peptide functionalized with an H2S-releasing S-aroylthiooxime (SATO) unit. Addition of elastase triggered a gel-to-sol transition, which exposed SATOs, leading to more and longer H2S release compared to untriggered gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.
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2
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Ahmad N, Colak B, Gibbs MJ, Zhang DW, Gautrot JE, Watkinson M, Becer CR, Krause S. Peptide Cross-Linked Poly(2-oxazoline) as a Sensor Material for the Detection of Proteases with a Quartz Crystal Microbalance. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:2506-2514. [PMID: 31244015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory conditions are frequently accompanied by increased levels of active proteases, and there is rising interest in methods for their detection to monitor inflammation in a point of care setting. In this work, new sensor materials for disposable single-step protease biosensors based on poly(2-oxazoline) hydrogels cross-linked with a protease-specific cleavable peptide are described. The performance of the sensor material was assessed targeting the detection of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), a protease that has been shown to be an indicator of inflammation in multiple sclerosis and other inflammatory conditions. Films of the hydrogel were formed on gold-coated quartz crystals using thiol-ene click chemistry, and the cross-link density was optimized. The degradation rate of the hydrogel was monitored using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and showed a strong dependence on the MMP-9 concentration. A concentration range of 0-160 nM of MMP-9 was investigated, and a lower limit of detection of 10 nM MMP-9 was determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norlaily Ahmad
- School of Engineering and Materials Science , Queen Mary University of London , London , E1 4NS , United Kingdom.,Centre of Foundation Studies , Universiti Teknologi MARA , Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Dengkil , 43800 Dengkil , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Burcu Colak
- School of Engineering and Materials Science , Queen Mary University of London , London , E1 4NS , United Kingdom
| | - Martin John Gibbs
- School of Engineering and Materials Science , Queen Mary University of London , London , E1 4NS , United Kingdom
| | - De-Wen Zhang
- Institute of Medical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences , Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center , Xi'an , 710061 , China
| | - Julien E Gautrot
- School of Engineering and Materials Science , Queen Mary University of London , London , E1 4NS , United Kingdom
| | - Michael Watkinson
- The Lennard-Jones Laboratories, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences , Keele University , Staffordshire , ST5 5BG , United Kingdom
| | - C Remzi Becer
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry , CV47AL , United Kingdom
| | - Steffi Krause
- School of Engineering and Materials Science , Queen Mary University of London , London , E1 4NS , United Kingdom
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3
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Ahmad N, Colak B, Zhang DW, Gibbs MJ, Watkinson M, Becer CR, Gautrot JE, Krause S. Peptide Cross-Linked Poly (Ethylene Glycol) Hydrogel Films as Biosensor Coatings for the Detection of Collagenase. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E1677. [PMID: 30965649 PMCID: PMC6479908 DOI: 10.3390/s19071677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Peptide cross-linked poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel has been widely used for drug delivery and tissue engineering. However, the use of this material as a biosensor for the detection of collagenase has not been explored. Proteases play a key role in the pathology of diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. The detection of this class of enzyme using the degradable hydrogel film format is promising as a point-of-care device for disease monitoring. In this study, a protease biosensor was developed based on the degradation of a peptide cross-linked poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel film and demonstrated for the detection of collagenase. The hydrogel was deposited on gold-coated quartz crystals, and their degradation in the presence of collagenase was monitored using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). The biosensor was shown to respond to concentrations between 2 and 2000 nM in less than 10 min with a lower detection limit of 2 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norlaily Ahmad
- School of Engineering and Material Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK.
- Centre of Foundation Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Dengkil, Dengkil, Selangor 43800, Malaysia.
| | - Burcu Colak
- School of Engineering and Material Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK.
| | - De-Wen Zhang
- Institute of Medical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Martin John Gibbs
- School of Engineering and Material Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK.
| | - Michael Watkinson
- The Lennard-Jones Laboratories, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - C Remzi Becer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Julien E Gautrot
- School of Engineering and Material Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK.
| | - Steffi Krause
- School of Engineering and Material Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK.
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4
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Yeo CK, Vikhe YS, Li P, Guo Z, Greenberg P, Duan H, Tan NS, Chan-Park MB. Hydrogel Effects Rapid Biofilm Debridement with ex situ Contact-Kill to Eliminate Multidrug Resistant Bacteria in vivo. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:20356-20367. [PMID: 29806938 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b06262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance and the refractory character of bacterial biofilms are among the most difficult challenges in infection treatment. Current antimicrobial strategies typically are much more effective for prevention of biofilm formation than for eradication of established biofilms; these strategies also leave dead bacteria and endotoxin in the infection site, which impairs healing. We report a novel hydrogel that eradicates biofilm bacteria by non-leaching-based debridement followed by ex situ contact-killing (DESCK) away from the infection site. The debridement effect is likely due to the high water swellability and microporosity of the cross-linked network which is made from polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate tethered with a dangling polyethylenimine (PEI) star copolymer. The large pore size of the hydrogel makes the cationic pore walls highly accessible to bacteria. The hydrogel also degrades in the presence of infection cells, releasing star cationic PEI into the infection site to contact-kill bacteria remaining there. DESCK hydrogel effectively kills (>99.9% reduction) biofilms of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CR-PA) and Acinetobacter baumannii in a murine excisional wound infection model. Silver-based wound dressings (controls) showed almost no killing of CR-PA and MRSA biofilms. This DESCK hydrogel greatly reduces the bioburden and inflammation and promotes wound healing. It has great potential for diverse infection treatment applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Kiat Yeo
- NTU Institute for Health Technologies, Interdisciplinary Graduate School , Nanyang Technological University , 637553 , Singapore
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 62 Nanyang Drive , 637459 , Singapore
| | - Yogesh Shankar Vikhe
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 62 Nanyang Drive , 637459 , Singapore
- Centre for Antimicrobial Bioengineering , Nanyang Technological University , 637459 , Singapore
| | - Peng Li
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 62 Nanyang Drive , 637459 , Singapore
| | - Zanru Guo
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 62 Nanyang Drive , 637459 , Singapore
| | - Peter Greenberg
- Department of Microbiology , University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle , Washington 98195-7735 , United States
| | - Hongwei Duan
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 62 Nanyang Drive , 637459 , Singapore
- Centre for Antimicrobial Bioengineering , Nanyang Technological University , 637459 , Singapore
| | - Nguan Soon Tan
- School of Biological Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , 637551 , Singapore
| | - Mary B Chan-Park
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 62 Nanyang Drive , 637459 , Singapore
- Centre for Antimicrobial Bioengineering , Nanyang Technological University , 637459 , Singapore
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5
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Detection of human neutrophil elastase by aptamer affinity capillary electrophoresis coupled with laser-induced fluorescence using specified site fluorescently labeled aptamer. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:6843-6849. [PMID: 28963578 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0645-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As a multifunctional serine protease, human neutrophil elastase (HNE) plays critical roles in a variety of physiopathological processes, such as acute lung injury, emphysema, atherosclerosis, and arthritis. The quantification of HNE is important in many applications. In this paper, we report an aptamer affinity capillary electrophoresis coupled with laser-induced fluorescence (CE-LIF) assay for detection of HNE using a tetramethylrhodamine (TMR)-labeled DNA aptamer probe. The affinity complex of HNE and DNA aptamer probe was well separated from the unbound aptamer probe in CE separation based on the difference of electrophoretic mobility. Broad complex peaks appeared due to possible multiple binding. The 45-mer aptamer having TMR labeling on the 40th T base was used as affinity probe, as larger complex peaks were obtained. We investigated the effects of various metal cations (Na+, K+, and Mg2+) in sample buffer on the binding of HNE and the aptamer in CE-LIF analysis. The presence of Na+, K+, or Mg2+ in sample buffer caused a decrease of complex peaks, and Mg2+ showed a larger effect. Under optimized conditions, this aptamer CE-LIF assay enabled the detection of HNE at 0.5 nM. This assay showed good specificity and allowed for detection of HNE spiked in diluted human serum sample. Graphical abstract The complex of HNE and DNA aptamer probe was isolated from the unbound aptamer probe in CE separation due to difference of electrophoretic mobility, allowing a CE-LIF assay for HNE.
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Wignarajah S, Suaifan GARY, Bizzarro S, Bikker FJ, Kaman WE, Zourob M. Colorimetric Assay for the Detection of Typical Biomarkers for Periodontitis Using a Magnetic Nanoparticle Biosensor. Anal Chem 2015; 87:12161-8. [PMID: 26631371 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic disease which affects at least 10% of the population. If untreated, periodontitis can lead to teeth loss. Unfortunately, current diagnostic tests are limited in their sensitivity and specificity. In this study, a novel multiplex hand-held colorimetric diagnostic biosensor, using two typical inflammatory salivary biomarkers, Human Neutrophil Elastase (HNE) and Cathepsin-G, was constructed as proof of concept to potentially detect periodontitis. The biosensing method was based on the measurement of proteolytic activity using specific proteases probes. These probes consist of specific proteases substrates covalently bound to a magnetic bead from one end and to the gold sensor surface by the other end. When intact, this renders the golden sensor black. Upon proteolysis, the cleaved magnetic beads will be attracted by an external magnet revealing the golden color of the sensor surface observable by the naked eye. The biosensor was capable of specific and quantitative detection of HNE and Cathepsin-G in solution and in spiked saliva samples with a lower detection limit of 1 pg/mL and 100 fg/mL for HNE and Cathepsin-G, respectively. Examination of periodontitis patients' sample and a healthy control showed the potential of the multiplex biosensor to detect the presence of HNE and Cathepsin-G activity in situ. This approach is anticipated to be a useful biochip array amenable to low-cost point-of-care devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayalini Wignarajah
- Centre of Biomedical Engineering, Cranfield University , Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, U.K.,Department of Chemistry, Alfasal University , Al Zahrawi Street, Al Maather, Al Takhassusi Road, Riyadh 11533, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghadeer A R Y Suaifan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan , Amman, 11942 Jordan
| | - Sergio Bizzarro
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam , Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Floris J Bikker
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam , Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wendy E Kaman
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam , Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center , Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mohammed Zourob
- Department of Chemistry, Alfasal University , Al Zahrawi Street, Al Maather, Al Takhassusi Road, Riyadh 11533, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Barker K, Rastogi SK, Dominguez J, Cantu T, Brittain W, Irvin J, Betancourt T. Biodegradable DNA-enabled poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels prepared by copper-free click chemistry. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2015; 27:22-39. [DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2015.1103590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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8
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Schyrr B, Boder-Pasche S, Ischer R, Smajda R, Voirin G. Fiber-optic protease sensor based on the degradation of thin gelatin films. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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9
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Heras-Bautista CO, Katsen-Globa A, Schloerer NE, Dieluweit S, Abd El Aziz OM, Peinkofer G, Attia WA, Khalil M, Brockmeier K, Hescheler J, Pfannkuche K. The influence of physiological matrix conditions on permanent culture of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Biomaterials 2014; 35:7374-85. [PMID: 24889032 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes (CMs) from induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells mark an important achievement in the development of in vitro pharmacological, toxicological and developmental assays and in the establishment of protocols for cardiac cell replacement therapy. Using CMs generated from murine embryonic stem cells and iPS cells we found increased cell-matrix interaction and more matured embryoid body (EB) structures in iPS cell-derived EBs. However, neither suspension-culture in form of purified cardiac clusters nor adherence-culture on traditional cell culture plastic allowed for extended culture of CMs. CMs grown for five weeks on polystyrene exhibit signs of massive mechanical stress as indicated by α-smooth muscle actin expression and loss of sarcomere integrity. Hydrogels from polyacrylamide allow adapting of the matrix stiffness to that of cardiac tissue. We were able to eliminate the bottleneck of low cell adhesion using 2,5-Dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl-6-acrylamidohexanoate as a crosslinker to immobilize matrix proteins on the gels surface. Finally we present an easy method to generate polyacrylamide gels with a physiological Young's modulus of 55 kPa and defined surface ligand, facilitating the culture of murine and human iPS-CMs, removing excess mechanical stresses and reducing the risk of tissue culture artifacts exerted by stiff substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos O Heras-Bautista
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alisa Katsen-Globa
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, St. Ingbert, Germany
| | | | - Sabine Dieluweit
- Institute of Complex Systems, ICS-7: Biomechanics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Osama M Abd El Aziz
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Pediatrics, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Paediatric Cardiology, University Clinics of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gabriel Peinkofer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Clinics of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wael A Attia
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Pediatrics, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Paediatric Cardiology, University Clinics of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus Khalil
- Department of Paediatric Cardiology, University Clinics of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Giessen, Germany
| | - Konrad Brockmeier
- Department of Paediatric Cardiology, University Clinics of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hescheler
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kurt Pfannkuche
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Paediatric Cardiology, University Clinics of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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10
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Aptamer-capture based assays for human neutrophil elastase. Talanta 2012; 106:315-20. [PMID: 23598134 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Human neutrophil elastase (HNE) is a multifunctional serine protease, involved in infection defense, inflammatory process regulation, and physiopathological processes of several diseases. We developed aptamer-capture based assays for human neutrophil elastase with different substrates and solid supports to meet different demands, such as simplicity, sensitivity, and high throughput. Aptamers against HNE were immobilized on magnetic beads or microplates as affinity ligands to capture HNE, and then the enriched HNE catalyzed the conversion of chromogenic substrates or fluorogenic substrates to products. The measurement of the generated enzymatic products enabled the final detection of HNE. In the assay using chromogenic substrates and aptamer modified magnetic beads, 0.4 pM HNE could be successfully detected. The sensitivity of the assay was further improved by using fluorogenic substrates, and a detection limit of HNE at 20 fM was achieved. The use of aptamer-coated microplates instead of aptamer modified magnetic beads in the assays also allowed the sensitive detection of HNE, offering advantages in fast sample handling and measurement. The established assays for HNE displayed good specificity, and proteins including serum albumin, transferrin, immunoglobulin G, thrombin, porcine pancreatic elastase, trypsin, proteinase K, chymotrypsin, lysozyme, cathepsin G, and proteinase 3 did not cause interference in the detection of HNE.
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11
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Bird SP, Baker LA. An Abiotic Analogue of the Nuclear Pore Complex Hydrogel. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:3119-23. [DOI: 10.1021/bm200820x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean P. Bird
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Lane A. Baker
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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12
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Milanesi L, Hunter CA, Tzokova N, Waltho JP, Tomas S. Versatile low-molecular-weight hydrogelators: achieving multiresponsiveness through a modular design. Chemistry 2011; 17:9753-61. [PMID: 21793058 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201100640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Multiresponsive low-molecular-weight hydrogelators (LMWHs) are ideal candidates for the development of smart, soft, nanotechnology materials. The synthesis is however very challenging. On the one hand, de novo design is hampered by our limited ability to predict the assembly of small molecules in water. On the other hand, modification of pre-existing LMWHs is limited by the number of different stimuli-sensitive chemical moieties that can be introduced into a small molecule without seriously disrupting the ability to gelate water. Herein we report the synthesis and characterization of multistimuli LMWHs, based on a modular design, composed of a hydrophobic, disulfide, aromatic moiety, a maleimide linker, and a hydrophilic section based on an amino acid, here N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). As most LMWHs, these gelators experience reversible gel-to-sol transition following temperature changes. Additionally, the NAC moiety allows reversible control of the assembly of the gel by pH changes. The reduction of the aromatic disulfide triggers a gel-to-sol transition that, depending on the design of the particular LMWH, can be reverted by reoxidation of the resulting thiol. Finally, the hydrolysis of the cyclic imide moieties provides an additional trigger for the gel-to-sol transition with a timescale that is appropriate for use in drug-delivery applications. The efficient response to the multiple external stimuli, coupled to the modular design makes these LMWHs an excellent starting point for the development of smart nanomaterials with applications that include controlled drug release. These hydrogelators, which were discovered by serendipity rather than design, suggest nonetheless a general strategy for the introduction of multiple stimuli-sensitive chemical moieties, to offset the introduction of hydrophilic moieties with additional hydrophobic ones, in order to minimize the upsetting of the critical hydrophobic-hydrophilic balance of the LMWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia Milanesi
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, Birkbeck University of London, London, UK.
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Becker B, Cooper MA. A survey of the 2006-2009 quartz crystal microbalance biosensor literature. J Mol Recognit 2011; 24:754-87. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.1117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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14
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Hasmann A, Gewessler U, Hulla E, Schneider KP, Binder B, Francesko A, Tzanov T, Schintler M, Van der Palen J, Guebitz GM, Wehrschuetz-Sigl E. Sensor materials for the detection of human neutrophil elastase and cathepsin G activity in wound fluid. Exp Dermatol 2011; 20:508-13. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01256.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Bird SP, Baker LA. Biologically modified hydrogels for chemical and biochemical analysis. Analyst 2011; 136:3410-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an00871k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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