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Zhang D, Li Y, Dong L, Chen X, Guan Y, Liu W, Wang Z. Efficient degradation of PFOA in water by persulfate-assisted and UV-activated electrocoagulation technique using Fe foam electrode. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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2
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Asaithambi P, Yesuf MB, Govindarajan R, Hariharan NM, Thangavelu P, Alemayehu E. Distillery industrial wastewater(DIW) treatment by the combination of sono(US), photo(UV) and electrocoagulation(EC) process. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 320:115926. [PMID: 35940007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The color and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) reduction in distillery industrial effluent (DIW) was investigated utilizing photo (UV), sono (US), electrocoagulation (EC), UV + US, UV + EC, US + EC, and US + UV + EC technologies. The empirical study demonstrated that the UV + US + EC process removed almost 100% of color and 95.63% of COD from DIW while consuming around 6.97 kWh m-3 of electrical energy at the current density of 0.175 A dm-2, COD of 3600 mg L-1, UV power of 32 W, US power of 100 W, electrode pairings of Fe/Fe, inter-electrode distance of 0.75 cm, pH of 7, and reaction time of 4 h, respectively. The values found were much greater than those produced using UV, US, EC, UV + US, UV + EC, and US + EC methods. The influence of various control variables such as treatment time (1-5 h), current density (0.075-2.0 A dm-2), COD (1800-6000 mg L-1), inter-electrode distance (0.75-3.0 cm), electrode pairings (Fe/Fe, Fe/Al, Al/Fe, Al/Al), UV (8-32 W), and US (20-100 W) on the color and COD reduction were investigated to determine the optimum operating conditions. It was observed that, an increase in treatment time, current density, UV and US power, decrease in the COD, and inter-electrode distance with Fe/Fe electrode combination improved the COD removal efficiency. The UV and US + EC processes' synergy index was investigated and reported. The results showed that, the US + UV + EC treatment combination was effective in treating industrial effluent and wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perumal Asaithambi
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Jimma Institute of Technology, Jimma University, Jimma, Po Box - 378, Ethiopia.
| | - Mamuye Busier Yesuf
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Jimma Institute of Technology, Jimma University, Jimma, Po Box - 378, Ethiopia
| | - Rajendran Govindarajan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science, Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Padur, Chennai, 603103, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - N M Hariharan
- Department of Biotechnology, Sree Sastha Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chembarambakkam, Chennai, 600123, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Perarasu Thangavelu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, AC Tech Campus, Anna University, Chennai, 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Esayas Alemayehu
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Jimma Institute of Technology, Jimma University, Jimma, Po Box - 378, Ethiopia; Africa Center of Excellence for Water Management, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Po Box-1176, Ethiopia
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A Review of Hybrid Process Development Based on Electrochemical and Advanced Oxidation Processes for the Treatment of Industrial Wastewater. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/1105376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, increased human activity, industrialization, and urbanization result in the production of enormous quantities of wastewater. Generally, physicochemical and biological methods are employed to treat industrial effluent and wastewater and have demonstrated high efficacy in removing pollutants. However, some industrial effluent and wastewater contain contaminants that are extremely difficult to remove using standard physicochemical and biological processes. Previously, electrochemical and hybrid advanced oxidation processes (AOP) were considered a viable and promising alternative for achieving an adequate effluent treatment strategy in such instances. These processes rely on the production of hydroxyl radicals, which are highly reactive oxidants that efficiently break down contaminants found in wastewater and industrial effluent. This review focuses on the removal of contaminants from industrial effluents and wastewater through the integration of electrochemical and advanced oxidation techniques. These processes include electrooxidation, electrocoagulation/electroflocculation, electroflotation, photo-Fenton, ozone-photo-Fenton, sono-photo-Fenton, photo-electro-Fenton, ozone/electrocoagulation, sono-electrocoagulation, and peroxi/photo/electrocoagulation. The data acquired from over 150 published articles, most of which were laboratory experiments, demonstrated that the hybrid process is more effective in removing contaminants from industrial effluent and wastewater than standalone processes.
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Nichols F, Ozoemena KI, Chen S. Electrocatalytic generation of reactive species and implications in microbial inactivation. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(21)63941-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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García-Espinoza JD, Robles I, Durán-Moreno A, Godínez LA. Photo-assisted electrochemical advanced oxidation processes for the disinfection of aqueous solutions: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 274:129957. [PMID: 33979920 PMCID: PMC8121763 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection is usually the final step in water treatment and its effectiveness is of paramount importance in ensuring public health. Chlorination, ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and ozone (O3) are currently the most common methods for water disinfection; however, the generation of toxic by-products and the non-remnant effect of UV and O3 still constitute major drawbacks. Photo-assisted electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs) on the other hand, appear as a potentially effective option for water disinfection. In these processes, the synergism between electrochemically produced active species and photo-generated radicals, improve their performance when compared with the corresponding separate processes and with other physical or chemical approaches. In photo-assisted EAOPs the inactivation of pathogens takes place by means of mechanisms that occur at different distances from the anode, that is: (i) directly at the electrode's surface (direct oxidation), (ii) at the anode's vicinity by means of electrochemically generated hydroxyl radical species (quasi-direct), (iii) or at the bulk solution (away from the electrode surface) by photo-electrogenerated active species (indirect oxidation). This review addresses state of the art reports concerning the inactivation of pathogens in water by means of photo-assisted EAOPs such as photo-electrocatalytic process, photo-assisted electrochemical oxidation, photo-electrocoagulation and cathodic processes. By focusing on the oxidation mechanism, it was found that while quasi-direct oxidation is the preponderant inactivation mechanism, the photo-electrocatalytic process using semiconductor materials is the most studied method as revealed by numerous reports in the literature. Advantages, disadvantages, trends and perspectives for water disinfection in photo-assisted EAOPs are also analyzed in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué Daniel García-Espinoza
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica, Parque Tecnológico Querétaro Sanfandila, 76703, Pedro Escobedo, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Irma Robles
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica, Parque Tecnológico Querétaro Sanfandila, 76703, Pedro Escobedo, Querétaro, Mexico
| | | | - Luis A Godínez
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica, Parque Tecnológico Querétaro Sanfandila, 76703, Pedro Escobedo, Querétaro, Mexico.
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Çalışkan Y, Öztürk H, Bektaş N, Yatmaz HC. UVA enhanced electrocoagulation comparing Al and Fe electrodes for reclamation of greywater. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2020.1786701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin Çalışkan
- Environmental Engineering Department, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Turkey
| | - Hülya Öztürk
- Environmental Engineering Department, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Turkey
| | - Nihal Bektaş
- Environmental Engineering Department, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Turkey
| | - H. Cengiz Yatmaz
- Environmental Engineering Department, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Turkey
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Fallahzadeh RA, Ehrampoush MH, Nabi Meybodi M, Ghaneian MT, Dalvand A, Omidi F, Salmani MH, Fallahzadeh H, Mahvi AH. Application of photoelectro-fenton process modified with porous cathode electrode in removing resistant organic compounds from aquatic solutions: modeling, toxicity and kinetics. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-020-0514-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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Colades JI, Huang CP, Retumban JD, Garcia-Segura S, de Luna MDG. Electrochemically-driven dosing of iron (II) for autonomous electro-Fenton processes with in situ generation of H2O2. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.113639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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9
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Fallahzadeh RA, Mahvi AH, Meybodi MN, Ghaneian MT, Dalvand A, Salmani MH, Fallahzadeh H, Ehrampoush MH. Application of photo-electro oxidation process for amoxicillin removal from aqueous solution: Modeling and toxicity evaluation. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-019-0259-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Gonzalez‐Rivas N, Reyes‐Pérez H, Barrera‐Díaz CE. Recent Advances in Water and Wastewater Electrodisinfection. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201801746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Gonzalez‐Rivas
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química SustentableUAEM-UNAM Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, Km 14.5, Campus San Cayetano, C. P. 50200 Toluca México
| | - Horacio Reyes‐Pérez
- División de Ingeniería QuímicaTecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Jocotitlán Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco km 44.8, Ejido de San Juan y San Agustin Jocotitlán, Edo. México
| | - Carlos E. Barrera‐Díaz
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química SustentableUAEM-UNAM Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, Km 14.5, Campus San Cayetano, C. P. 50200 Toluca México
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Martín de Vidales MJ, Castro MP, Sáez C, Cañizares P, Rodrigo MA. Radiation-assisted electrochemical processes in semi-pilot scale for the removal of clopyralid from soil washing wastes. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.04.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Malakootian M, Heidari MR. Removal of phenol from steel wastewater by combined electrocoagulation with photo-Fenton. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2018; 78:1260-1267. [PMID: 30388082 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2018.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phenol and its derivatives are available in various industries such as refineries, coking plants, steel mills, drugs, pesticides, paints, plastics, explosives and herbicides industries. This substance is carcinogenic and highly toxic to humans. The purpose of the study was to investigate the removal of phenol from wastewater of the steel industry using the electrocoagulation-photo-Fenton (EC-PF) process. Phenol and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency were investigated using the parameters pH, Fe2+/H2O2, reaction time and current density. The highest removal efficiency rates of phenol and COD were 100 and 98%, respectively, for real wastewater under optimal conditions of pH = 4, current density = 1.5 mA/cm2, Fe2+/H2O2 = 1.5 and reaction time of 25 min. Combination of the two effective methods for the removal of phenol and COD, photocatalytic electrocoagulation photo-Fenton process is a suitable alternative for the removal of organic pollutants in industry wastewater because of the low consumption of chemicals, absence of sludge and other side products, and its high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Malakootian
- Environmental Health Engineering Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran and Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Heidari
- Environmental Health Engineering, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran E-mail:
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Garcia-Segura S, Eiband MMS, de Melo JV, Martínez-Huitle CA. Electrocoagulation and advanced electrocoagulation processes: A general review about the fundamentals, emerging applications and its association with other technologies. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Giannakopoulos E, Isari E, Bourikas K, Karapanagioti HK, Psarras G, Oron G, Kalavrouziotis IK. Oxidation of municipal wastewater by free radicals mechanism. A UV/Vis spectroscopy study. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 195:186-194. [PMID: 27492877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the oxidation of municipal wastewater (WW) by complexation with natural polyphenols having radical scavenging activity, such as (3,4,5 tri-hydroxy-benzoic acid) gallic acid (GA) in alkaline pH (>7), under ambient O2 and temperature. Physicochemical and structural characteristics of GA-WW complex-forming are evaluated by UV/Vis spectroscopy. The comparative analysis among UV/Vis spectra of GA monomer, GA-GA polymer, WW compounds, and GA-WW complex reveals significant differences within 350-450 and 500-900 nm. According to attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), these spectra differences correspond to distinct complexes formed. This study suggests a novel role of natural polyphenols on the degradation and humification of wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Giannakopoulos
- School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University, Tsamadou 13-15 & Saint Andrea, 262 22, Patras, Greece
| | - E Isari
- School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University, Tsamadou 13-15 & Saint Andrea, 262 22, Patras, Greece
| | - K Bourikas
- School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University, Tsamadou 13-15 & Saint Andrea, 262 22, Patras, Greece
| | - H K Karapanagioti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras, 26504, Greece
| | - G Psarras
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization-"DIMITRA"-Institute for Olive Tree, Subtropical Crops and Viticulture, Lab. of Plant Mineral Nutrition & Physiology, Chania, 73 100, Greece
| | - G Oron
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Zuckerberg Water Research Center, Kiryat Sde Boker, 8499000, Israel
| | - I K Kalavrouziotis
- School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University, Tsamadou 13-15 & Saint Andrea, 262 22, Patras, Greece.
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López A, Valero D, García-Cruz L, Sáez A, García-García V, Expósito E, Montiel V. Characterization of a new cartridge type electrocoagulation reactor (CTECR) using a three-dimensional steel wool anode. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Muñoz M, Llanos J, Raschitor A, Cañizares P, Rodrigo MA. Electrocoagulation as the Key for an Efficient Concentration and Removal of Oxyfluorfen from Liquid Wastes. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martín Muñoz
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Enrique Costa Novella Building,
Campus Universitario s/n, Ciudad Real 13005, Spain
| | - Javier Llanos
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Enrique Costa Novella Building,
Campus Universitario s/n, Ciudad Real 13005, Spain
| | - Alexandra Raschitor
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Enrique Costa Novella Building,
Campus Universitario s/n, Ciudad Real 13005, Spain
| | - Pablo Cañizares
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Enrique Costa Novella Building,
Campus Universitario s/n, Ciudad Real 13005, Spain
| | - Manuel A. Rodrigo
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Enrique Costa Novella Building,
Campus Universitario s/n, Ciudad Real 13005, Spain
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Cotillas S, de Vidales MJM, Llanos J, Sáez C, Cañizares P, Rodrigo MA. Electrolytic and electro-irradiated processes with diamond anodes for the oxidation of persistent pollutants and disinfection of urban treated wastewater. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 319:93-101. [PMID: 26832074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper analyzes the advantages and drawbacks of the combination of UV irradiation with electrolysis with the aim to give insight about the feasibility of the application of this technology for the reclaiming of conventionally-treated wastewater. The oxidation of synthetic solutions containing five selected model complex pollutants has been compared, showing that UV irradiation improves the results of electrolysis for progesterone, metoprolol and caffeine and deteriorates the performance for the degradation of sulfamethoxazole and dimethyl-phthalate. Differences observed becomes lower when mineralization is compared showing that the effects of UV irradiation are diluted when a mixture of species is oxidized. Results suggest that high ThOD/TOC (Theoretical Oxygen Demand/Total Organic Carbon) ratios improve the synergistic coupling of technologies while low values lead to a clear antagonistic effect. Because during oxidation progress this ratio is decreased, the observed effect on mineralization is much lower than in the oxidation of the raw molecule. Opposite to this low effect on the oxidation of organics, the improvement in the performance of the disinfection by coupling UV to electrolysis is much clearer. In addition, UV irradiation modifies significantly the chlorine speciation and helps to prevent the formation of hazardous species such as chlorate and perchlorate during the electrochemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Cotillas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technology, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio E. Costa, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - María J Martín de Vidales
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technology, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio E. Costa, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Javier Llanos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technology, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio E. Costa, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Cristina Sáez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technology, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio E. Costa, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Pablo Cañizares
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technology, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio E. Costa, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Manuel A Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technology, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio E. Costa, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
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18
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Sari MA, Chellam S. Mechanisms of boron removal from hydraulic fracturing wastewater by aluminum electrocoagulation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2015.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Symonds EM, Cook MM, McQuaig SM, Ulrich RM, Schenck RO, Lukasik JO, Van Vleet ES, Breitbart M. Reduction of nutrients, microbes, and personal care products in domestic wastewater by a benchtop electrocoagulation unit. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9380. [PMID: 25797885 PMCID: PMC4369739 DOI: 10.1038/srep09380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To preserve environmental and human health, improved treatment processes are needed to reduce nutrients, microbes, and emerging chemical contaminants from domestic wastewater prior to discharge into the environment. Electrocoagulation (EC) treatment is increasingly used to treat industrial wastewater; however, this technology has not yet been thoroughly assessed for its potential to reduce concentrations of nutrients, a variety of microbial surrogates, and personal care products found in domestic wastewater. This investigation's objective was to determine the efficiency of a benchtop EC unit with aluminum sacrificial electrodes to reduce concentrations of the aforementioned biological and chemical pollutants from raw and tertiary-treated domestic wastewater. EC treatment resulted in significant reductions (p < 0.05, α = 0.05) in phosphate, all microbial surrogates, and several personal care products from raw and tertiary-treated domestic wastewater. When wastewater was augmented with microbial surrogates representing bacterial, viral, and protozoan pathogens to measure the extent of reduction, EC treatment resulted in up to 7-log10 reduction of microbial surrogates. Future pilot and full-scale investigations are needed to optimize EC treatment for the following: reducing nitrogen species, personal care products, and energy consumption; elucidating the mechanisms behind microbial reductions; and performing life cycle analyses to determine the appropriateness of implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Symonds
- University of South Florida, College of Marine Science, 140 7th Avenue South, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA
| | - M M Cook
- University of South Florida, College of Marine Science, 140 7th Avenue South, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA
| | - S M McQuaig
- St. Petersburg College, 2465 Drew Street, Clearwater, Florida, USA
| | - R M Ulrich
- University of South Florida, College of Marine Science, 140 7th Avenue South, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA
| | - R O Schenck
- University of South Florida, College of Marine Science, 140 7th Avenue South, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA
| | - J O Lukasik
- BCS Laboratories, Inc., 4609-A NW 6th Street, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - E S Van Vleet
- University of South Florida, College of Marine Science, 140 7th Avenue South, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA
| | - M Breitbart
- University of South Florida, College of Marine Science, 140 7th Avenue South, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA
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