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Wang Q, Tang Q, Li P, Bai X. Recent advances in scanning electrochemical microscopy for energy applications. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:502001. [PMID: 39312900 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad7e30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 09/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is a scanning probe technique capable of imaging substrate topography and measuring the local electrochemical reactivity of interfaces. Since introduced by Allen J. Bard and co-workers in 1989, it has expanded into a wide variety of fields, such as nanomaterial characterization, energy, kinetics, electrocatalysis, metal anti-corrosion, biology and instrumental development. SECM uses an ultra-microelectrode as the probe to record redox current during probe scanning across sample surfaces to obtain local topography and electrochemical reactivity of samples. Specifically, three main topics are reviewed and discussed: (1) the working principles and operating modes of SECM; (2) the recent developments in the application of SECM in energy science, including solar cell, rechargeable batteries, fuel cells and supercapacitors, with an emphasis on the last five years (2019-2023); (3) the perspectives and outlook of SECM in various energy devices. We anticipate that a wider adoption of SECM by the energy community will allow for the operando characterization of many types of reactions, and hold the potential to provide new insights into the structure/activity and composition/activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710126, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of High-Orbits-Electron Materials and Protection Technology for Aerospace, School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710126, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianlin Tang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710126, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of High-Orbits-Electron Materials and Protection Technology for Aerospace, School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710126, People's Republic of China
| | - Peipei Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710126, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of High-Orbits-Electron Materials and Protection Technology for Aerospace, School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710126, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxia Bai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710126, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of High-Orbits-Electron Materials and Protection Technology for Aerospace, School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710126, People's Republic of China
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2
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Kawashima K, Márquez RA, Smith LA, Vaidyula RR, Carrasco-Jaim OA, Wang Z, Son YJ, Cao CL, Mullins CB. A Review of Transition Metal Boride, Carbide, Pnictide, and Chalcogenide Water Oxidation Electrocatalysts. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37967475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal borides, carbides, pnictides, and chalcogenides (X-ides) have emerged as a class of materials for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Because of their high earth abundance, electrical conductivity, and OER performance, these electrocatalysts have the potential to enable the practical application of green energy conversion and storage. Under OER potentials, X-ide electrocatalysts demonstrate various degrees of oxidation resistance due to their differences in chemical composition, crystal structure, and morphology. Depending on their resistance to oxidation, these catalysts will fall into one of three post-OER electrocatalyst categories: fully oxidized oxide/(oxy)hydroxide material, partially oxidized core@shell structure, and unoxidized material. In the past ten years (from 2013 to 2022), over 890 peer-reviewed research papers have focused on X-ide OER electrocatalysts. Previous review papers have provided limited conclusions and have omitted the significance of "catalytically active sites/species/phases" in X-ide OER electrocatalysts. In this review, a comprehensive summary of (i) experimental parameters (e.g., substrates, electrocatalyst loading amounts, geometric overpotentials, Tafel slopes, etc.) and (ii) electrochemical stability tests and post-analyses in X-ide OER electrocatalyst publications from 2013 to 2022 is provided. Both mono and polyanion X-ides are discussed and classified with respect to their material transformation during the OER. Special analytical techniques employed to study X-ide reconstruction are also evaluated. Additionally, future challenges and questions yet to be answered are provided in each section. This review aims to provide researchers with a toolkit to approach X-ide OER electrocatalyst research and to showcase necessary avenues for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Kawashima
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Raúl A Márquez
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Lettie A Smith
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Rinish Reddy Vaidyula
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Omar A Carrasco-Jaim
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Ziqing Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yoon Jun Son
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Chi L Cao
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - C Buddie Mullins
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Center for Electrochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- H2@UT, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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3
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Santana Santos C, Jaato BN, Sanjuán I, Schuhmann W, Andronescu C. Operando Scanning Electrochemical Probe Microscopy during Electrocatalysis. Chem Rev 2023; 123:4972-5019. [PMID: 36972701 PMCID: PMC10168669 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical probe microscopy (SEPM) techniques can disclose the local electrochemical reactivity of interfaces in single-entity and sub-entity studies. Operando SEPM measurements consist of using a SEPM tip to investigate the performance of electrocatalysts, while the reactivity of the interface is simultaneously modulated. This powerful combination can correlate electrochemical activity with changes in surface properties, e.g., topography and structure, as well as provide insight into reaction mechanisms. The focus of this review is to reveal the recent progress in local SEPM measurements of the catalytic activity of a surface toward the reduction and evolution of O2 and H2 and electrochemical conversion of CO2. The capabilities of SEPMs are showcased, and the possibility of coupling other techniques to SEPMs is presented. Emphasis is given to scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM), electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM), and scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Santana Santos
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Bright Nsolebna Jaato
- Technical Chemistry III, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Ignacio Sanjuán
- Technical Chemistry III, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Corina Andronescu
- Technical Chemistry III, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
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4
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Chanda V, Junqueira JRC, Sikdar N, Sanjuán I, Braun M, Dieckhöfer S, Seisel S, Andronescu C. A CuO
x
/Cu/C electrocatalyst‐based gas diffusion electrode for the electroreduction of CO
2
with high selectivity to C
2
H
4. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vimanshu Chanda
- Chemical Technology III Faculty of Chemistry and CENIDE Center for Nanointegration University of Duisburg‐Essen Universitätsstraße 7 D‐45141 Essen Germany
| | - João R. C. Junqueira
- Analytical Chemistry, Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES) Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 D‐44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Nivedita Sikdar
- Analytical Chemistry, Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES) Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 D‐44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Ignacio Sanjuán
- Chemical Technology III Faculty of Chemistry and CENIDE Center for Nanointegration University of Duisburg‐Essen Universitätsstraße 7 D‐45141 Essen Germany
| | - Michael Braun
- Chemical Technology III Faculty of Chemistry and CENIDE Center for Nanointegration University of Duisburg‐Essen Universitätsstraße 7 D‐45141 Essen Germany
| | - Stefan Dieckhöfer
- Analytical Chemistry, Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES) Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 D‐44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Sabine Seisel
- Analytical Chemistry, Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES) Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 D‐44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Corina Andronescu
- Chemical Technology III Faculty of Chemistry and CENIDE Center for Nanointegration University of Duisburg‐Essen Universitätsstraße 7 D‐45141 Essen Germany
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5
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Duan Z, Jiang J, Zhao H, Hu Q, Wan J, Zhou J, Wang W, Zhang L. Different nanostructured CoP microcubes derived from metal formate frameworks with enhanced oxygen evolution reaction performance. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce00874b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Different nanostructured CoP microcubes derived from metal formate frameworks with enhanced oxygen evolution reaction performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Duan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Jiahui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Hang Zhao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Qidi Hu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Jian Wan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Jingbo Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, Xinjiang, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, Xinjiang, PR China
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6
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Oswald E, Gaus AL, Kund J, Küllmer M, Romer J, Weizenegger S, Ullrich T, Mengele AK, Petermann L, Leiter R, Unwin PR, Kaiser U, Rau S, Kahnt A, Turchanin A, von Delius M, Kranz C. Cobaloxime Complex Salts: Synthesis, Patterning on Carbon Nanomembranes and Heterogeneous Hydrogen Evolution Studies. Chemistry 2021; 27:16896-16903. [PMID: 34713512 PMCID: PMC9299159 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cobaloximes are promising, earth‐abundant catalysts for the light‐driven hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Typically, these cobalt(III) complexes are prepared in situ or employed in their neutral form, for example, [Co(dmgH)2(py)Cl], even though related complex salts have been reported previously and could, in principle, offer improved catalytic activity as well as more efficient immobilization on solid support. Herein, we report an interdisciplinary investigation into complex salts [Co(dmgH)2(py)2]+[Co(dmgBPh2)2Cl2]−, TBA+[Co(dmgBPh2)2Cl2]-
and [Co(dmgH)2(py)2]+BArF−. We describe their strategic syntheses from the commercially available complex [Co(dmgH)2(py)Cl] and demonstrate that these double and single complex salts are potent catalysts for the light‐driven HER. We also show that scanning electrochemical cell microscopy can be used to deposit arrays of catalysts [Co(dmgH)2(py)2]+[Co(dmgBPh2)2Cl2]−, TBA+[Co(dmgBPh2)2Cl2]-
and [Co(dmgH)2(py)Cl] on supported and free‐standing amino‐terminated ∼1‐nm‐thick carbon nanomembranes (CNMs). Photocatalytic H2 evolution at such arrays was quantified with Pd microsensors by scanning electrochemical microscopy, thus providing a new approach for catalytic evaluation and opening up novel routes for the creation and analysis of “designer catalyst arrays”, nanoprinted in a desired pattern on a solid support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Oswald
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anna-Laurine Gaus
- Institute of Organic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Julian Kund
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Maria Küllmer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Jan Romer
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Simon Weizenegger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tobias Ullrich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander K Mengele
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lydia Petermann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Robert Leiter
- Central Facility Electron Microscopy, Materials Science Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CV4 7AL, Coventry, UK
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Central Facility Electron Microscopy, Materials Science Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sven Rau
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Axel Kahnt
- Leibniz-Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrey Turchanin
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Max von Delius
- Institute of Organic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christine Kranz
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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7
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A Review: Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM) for Visualizing the Real-Time Local Catalytic Activity. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11050594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is a powerful scanning probe technique for measuring the in situ electrochemical reactions occurring at various sample interfaces, such as the liquid-liquid, solid-liquid, and liquid-gas. The tip/probe of SECM is usually an ultramicroelectrode (UME) or a nanoelectrode that can move towards or over the sample of interest controlled by a precise motor positioning system. Remarkably, electrocatalysts play a crucial role in addressing the surge in global energy consumption by providing sustainable alternative energy sources. Therefore, the precise measurement of catalytic reactions offers profound insights for designing novel catalysts as well as for enhancing their performance. SECM proves to be an excellent tool for characterization and screening catalysts as the probe can rapidly scan along one direction over the sample array containing a large number of different compositions. These features make SECM more appealing than other conventional methodologies for assessing bulk solutions. SECM can be employed for investigating numerous catalytic reactions including the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), water oxidation, glucose oxidation reaction (GOR), and CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) with high spatial resolution. Moreover, for improving the catalyst design, several SECM modes can be applied based on the catalytic reactions under evaluation. This review aims to present a brief overview of the recent applications of electrocatalysts and their kinetics as well as catalytic sites in electrochemical reactions, such as oxygen reduction, water oxidation, and methanol oxidation.
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Limani N, Boudet A, Blanchard N, Jousselme B, Cornut R. Local probe investigation of electrocatalytic activity. Chem Sci 2020; 12:71-98. [PMID: 34163583 PMCID: PMC8178752 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04319b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As the world energy crisis remains a long-term challenge, development and access to renewable energy sources are crucial for a sustainable modern society. Electrochemical energy conversion devices are a promising option for green energy supply, although the challenge associated with electrocatalysis have caused increasing complexity in the materials and systems, demanding further research and insights. In this field, scanning probe microscopy (SPM) represents a specific source of knowledge and understanding. Thus, our aim is to present recent findings on electrocatalysts for electrolysers and fuel cells, acquired mainly through scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and other related scanning probe techniques. This review begins with an introduction to the principles of several SPM techniques and then proceeds to the research done on various energy-related reactions, by emphasizing the progress on non-noble electrocatalytic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Limani
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN Gif-sur-Yvette 91191 France
| | - A Boudet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN Gif-sur-Yvette 91191 France
| | - N Blanchard
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN Gif-sur-Yvette 91191 France
| | - B Jousselme
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN Gif-sur-Yvette 91191 France
| | - R Cornut
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN Gif-sur-Yvette 91191 France
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9
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Möller S, Barwe S, Dieckhöfer S, Masa J, Andronescu C, Schuhmann W. Differentiation between Carbon Corrosion and Oxygen Evolution Catalyzed by Ni
x
B/C Hybrid Electrocatalysts in Alkaline Solution using Differential Electrochemical Mass Spectrometry. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Möller
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES)Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr- University BochumUniversitätstr. 150 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Stefan Barwe
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES)Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr- University BochumUniversitätstr. 150 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Stefan Dieckhöfer
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES)Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr- University BochumUniversitätstr. 150 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Justus Masa
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Stiftstr. 34–36 D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Corina Andronescu
- Technical Chemistry III and CENIDEFaculty of ChemistryUniversity Duisburg-EssenUniversitätstr. 7 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES)Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr- University BochumUniversitätstr. 150 44780 Bochum Germany
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10
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Medina D, Barwe S, Masa J, Seisel S, Schuhmann W, Andronescu C. Optimizing the synthesis of Co/Co–Fe nanoparticles/N-doped carbon composite materials as bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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