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Chen X, Wu Y, Holze R. Ag(e)ing and Degradation of Supercapacitors: Causes, Mechanisms, Models and Countermeasures. Molecules 2023; 28:5028. [PMID: 37446693 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The most prominent and highly visible advantage attributed to supercapacitors of any type and application, beyond their most notable feature of high current capability, is their high stability in terms of lifetime, number of possible charge/discharge cycles or other stability-related properties. Unfortunately, actual devices show more or less pronounced deterioration of performance parameters during time and use. Causes for this in the material and component levels, as well as on the device level, have only been addressed and discussed infrequently in published reports. The present review attempts a complete coverage on these levels; it adds in modelling approaches and provides suggestions for slowing down ag(e)ing and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuecheng Chen
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Piastów Ave. 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Yuping Wu
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Rudolf Holze
- Chemnitz University of Technology, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Energy Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
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2
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Ishita I, Sahoo P, Sow PK, Singhal R. Unlocking the potential of KI as redox additive in supercapacitor through synergistic enhancement with H2SO4 as a co-electrolyte. Electrochim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.142286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
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Slesinski A, Sroka S, Fic K, Frackowiak E, Menzel J. Operando Monitoring of Local pH Value Changes at the Carbon Electrode Surface in Neutral Sulfate-Based Aqueous Electrochemical Capacitors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:37782-37792. [PMID: 35946232 PMCID: PMC9412948 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c09920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The operando monitoring of pH during the charging and discharging of an electrochemical capacitor in an aqueous neutral salt solution is presented. Proper knowledge of transient and limiting pH values allows for a better understanding of the phenomena that take place during capacitor operation. It also enables the proper assignment of the reaction potentials responsible for water decomposition. It is shown that the pH inside the capacitor is strongly potential-dependent and different for individual electrodes; therefore, the values of the evolution potentials of hydrogen and oxygen cannot be precisely calculated based only on the initial pH of the electrolyte. The operando measurements indicate that the pH at the positive electrode reaches 4, while at the negative electrode, it is 8.5, which in theory could shift the theoretical operating voltage well beyond 1.23 V. On the other hand, high voltage cannot be easily maintained since the electrolyte of both electrode vicinities is subjected to mixing. Operando gas monitoring measurements show that the evolution of electrolysis byproducts occurs even below the theoretical decomposition voltage. These reactions are important in maintaining a voltage-advantaged pH difference within the cell. At the same time, the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) measurements indicated that the ions governing the pH (OH-) that initially accumulated in the vicinity of the positive electrode enter the carbon porosity, losing their pH-governing abilities. pH fluctuations in the cell are important and play a vital role in the description of its performance during the cyclability at a given voltage. This is especially noticeable in cell floating at 1.3 V, where the pH difference between electrodes is the highest (6 units). The increase of the electrode separation distance acts similarly to the introduction of a semipermeable membrane toward the increase of the capacitor cycle life. During floating at 1.6 V, where the pH difference is not as high anymore (4 units), the influence of separation in terms of electrode stability, although present, is less notable.
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Calcagno G, Evanko B, Stucky GD, Ahlberg E, Yoo SJ, Palmqvist AEC. Understanding the Operating Mechanism of Aqueous Pentyl Viologen/Bromide Redox-Enhanced Electrochemical Capacitors with Ordered Mesoporous Carbon Electrodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:20349-20357. [PMID: 34590838 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c13378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Compared to traditional electric double-layer capacitors, redox-enhanced electrochemical capacitors (redox-ECs) show increased energy density and steadier power output thanks to the use of redox-active electrolytes. The aim of this study is to understand the electrochemical mechanisms of the aqueous pentyl viologen/bromide dual redox system at the interface of an ordered mesoporous carbon (CMK-8) and improve the device performance. Cells with CMK-8 carbon electrodes were investigated in several configurations using different charging rates and potential windows. The pentyl viologen electrochemistry shows a mixed behavior between solution-based diffusion and adsorption phenomena, with the reversible formation of an adsorbed layer. The extension of the voltage window allows for full reduction of the viologen molecules during charge and a consequent increase in the specific discharge energy delivered by the cell. Investigation of the mechanism indicates that a 1.5 V charging voltage with a 0.5 A g-1 charging rate and fast discharge rate produces the best overall performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Calcagno
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 41296, Sweden
| | - Brian Evanko
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Galen D Stucky
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Elisabet Ahlberg
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg 41296, Sweden
| | - Seung Joon Yoo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Anders E C Palmqvist
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 41296, Sweden
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Skunik‐Nuckowska M, Lubera J, Rączka P, Mroziewicz AA, Dyjak S, Kulesza PJ. Conducting Polymer‐Based Hybrid Electrochemical Capacitor Utilizing Potassium Iodide Redox Electrolyte with Controlled Self‐Discharge. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202101222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Justyna Lubera
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Warsaw Pasteura 1 02-093 Warsaw Poland
| | - Patryk Rączka
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Warsaw Pasteura 1 02-093 Warsaw Poland
| | | | - Sławomir Dyjak
- Institute of Chemistry Military University of Technology Kaliskiego 2 00-908 Warsaw Poland
| | - Pawel J. Kulesza
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Warsaw Pasteura 1 02-093 Warsaw Poland
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6
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Rajak R, Saraf M, Kumar P, Natarajan K, Mobin SM. Construction of a Cu-Based Metal-Organic Framework by Employing a Mixed-Ligand Strategy and Its Facile Conversion into Nanofibrous CuO for Electrochemical Energy Storage Applications. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:16986-16995. [PMID: 34699204 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recently, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been widely employed as a sacrificial template for the construction of nanostructured materials for a range of applications including energy storage. Herein, we report a facile mixed-ligand strategy for the synthesis of a Cu-MOF, [Cu3(Azopy)3(BTTC)3(H2O)3·2H2O]n (where BTTC = 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylic acid and Azopy = 4,4'-azopyridine), via a slow-diffusion method at room temperature. X-ray analysis authenticates the two-dimensional (2D)-layered framework of Cu-MOF. Topologically, this 2D-layered structure is assigned as a 4-connected unimodal net with sql topology. Further, nanostructured CuO is obtained via a simple precipitation method by employing Cu-MOF as a precursor. After analysis of their physicochemical properties through various techniques, both materials are used as surface modifiers of glassy carbon electrodes for a comparative electrochemical study. The results reveal a superior charge storage performance of CuO (244.2 F g-1 at a current density of 0.8 A g-1) with a high rate capability compared to Cu-MOF. This observation paves the pathway for the strategic design of high-performing supercapacitor electrode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Rajak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Indore, Simrol, Khandwa Road, Indore 453552, India
| | - Mohit Saraf
- Department of Metallurgy Engineering and Materials Science, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Khandwa Road, Indore 453552, India.,A. J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Praveen Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Indore, Simrol, Khandwa Road, Indore 453552, India
| | - Kaushik Natarajan
- Department of Metallurgy Engineering and Materials Science, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Khandwa Road, Indore 453552, India
| | - Shaikh M Mobin
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Indore, Simrol, Khandwa Road, Indore 453552, India.,Department of Metallurgy Engineering and Materials Science, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Khandwa Road, Indore 453552, India.,Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Khandwa Road, Indore 453552, India.,Center for Electric Vehicle and Intelligent Transport Systems, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Khandwa Road, Indore 453552, India
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7
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Znaniecki S, Szwabińska K, Wojciechowski J, Skrzypczak A, Lota G. Ionic Liquid Modified Electrochemical Capacitor with Long‐Term Performance. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Znaniecki
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry Poznan University of Technology Berdychowo 4 60-965 Poznan Poland
| | - Katarzyna Szwabińska
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry Poznan University of Technology Berdychowo 4 60-965 Poznan Poland
| | - Jarosław Wojciechowski
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry Poznan University of Technology Berdychowo 4 60-965 Poznan Poland
| | - Andrzej Skrzypczak
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry Poznan University of Technology Berdychowo 4 60-965 Poznan Poland
| | - Grzegorz Lota
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry Poznan University of Technology Berdychowo 4 60-965 Poznan Poland
- Łukasiewicz Research Network Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals Division in Poznan Central Laboratory of Batteries and Cells Forteczna 12 61-362 Poznan Poland
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8
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Huang Y, Weng M, Gong Q, Du K, Wang D, Zhang S, Wu C, Zhao M, Zhuang D, Zhu H, Nan CW. Degeneration of Key Structural Components Resulting in Ageing of Supercapacitors and the Related Chemical Ageing Mechanism. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:39379-39393. [PMID: 34374282 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c10369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The research on supercapacitors (SCs) is one of the hot topics in the field of energy storage, and the intrinsic ageing mechanism of SCs is significant from both the economic and the scientific point of view. In this paper, the negative effects of decay of the key structural components on ageing of SCs were investigated by factorial design and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The ANOVA results showed that the degree of the negative influence on ageing of SCs could be ranked in descending order as anode > separator > cathode. The ageing would be accelerated due to the interaction between the electrode and separator, especially at a high charge-discharge current density. Further, the intrinsic chemical ageing mechanism of SCs was revealed by the morphology, microstructure, and chemical composition analyses of the fresh and aged key components (the electrode carbon materials, current collectors, and separators) with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS), time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS), wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), etc. Moreover, the minimum pore width of electrode carbon materials suitable for electrolyte ion diffusion was obtained by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, which corroborated the assumption that the pore structure deterioration was one of the direct causes of capacitance loss for aged SCs. Generally, the ageing mechanism of key components of SCs could be a reference to develop advanced electrode materials and separators for SCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilun Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- SINOPEC Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Beijing 100013, P. R. China
| | - Mouyi Weng
- School of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Nanjing Long-Xun Quantum Technology Co., Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, P. R. China
| | - Qianming Gong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Kai Du
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Dazhi Wang
- Beijing HCC Energy Technol Co., Ltd., Beijing 100085, P. R. China
| | - Shijun Zhang
- SINOPEC Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Beijing 100013, P. R. China
| | - Changjiang Wu
- SINOPEC Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Beijing 100013, P. R. China
| | - Ming Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Daming Zhuang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Ce-Wen Nan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- State Key Lab New Ceram & Fine Proc, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
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9
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Buckypapers of carbon nanotubes and cellulose nanofibrils: Foldable and flexible electrodes for redox supercapacitors. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Dsoke S, Abbas Q. Benefits of Organo-Aqueous Binary Solvents for Redox Supercapacitors Based on Polyoxometalates. ChemElectroChem 2020; 7:2466-2476. [PMID: 32612902 PMCID: PMC7319425 DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A novel redox electrolyte is proposed based on organo-aqueous solvent and a polyoxometalate (POM) redox moiety. The presence of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) plays multiple roles in this system. Firstly, it enhances the cathodic electrochemical stability window by shifting the H2 evolution to lower potentials with respect to pure aqueous systems; secondly, it improves the reversibility of the redox reaction of the PW12O40 3- anion at low potentials. The presence of DMSO suppresses the Al corrosion, thus enabling the use of this metal as the current collector. An activated carbon-based supercapacitor is investigated in 1 M LiNO3/10 mM H3PW12O40 in a mixed DMSO/H2O solvent and compared with a POM-free electrolyte. In the presence of POMs, the device achieves better stability under floating conditions at 1.8 V. At 1 kW kg-1, it delivers a specific energy of 8 Wh kg-1 vs. 4.5 Wh kg-1 delivered from the POM-free device. The H2 evolution is further shifted by the POMs adsorbed on the activated carbon, which is one reason for the improved stability. The POM-containing cell demonstrates a mitigated self-discharge, owing to strong POMs adsorption into the carbon pores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Dsoke
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm for Electrochemical Energy Storage (HIU)Helmholtzstraße 1189081UlmGermany
- Institute for Applied MaterialsKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyHermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Qamar Abbas
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of MaterialsGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 98010GrazAustria
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Qin W, Zhou N, Wu C, Xie M, Sun H, Guo Y, Pan L. Mini-Review on the Redox Additives in Aqueous Electrolyte for High Performance Supercapacitors. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:3801-3808. [PMID: 32149206 PMCID: PMC7057331 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b04063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Supercapacitors, also known as electrochemical capacitors, are attracting much research attention owing to their high power density, long-term cycling stability, as well as exceptional safety compared with rechargeable batteries, although the globally accepted quantitative benchmarks on the power density, cycling stability, and safety are yet to be established. However, it should be noted that the supercapacitors generally exhibit low energy density, which cannot satisfy the demands where both high energy density and power density are needed. To date, various methods have been employed to improve the electrochemical performances of supercapacitors. Among them, introducing redox additives (or redox mediators) into conventional aqueous electrolyte is regarded as one of the most promising strategies. The redox additives in aqueous electrolyte are widely demonstrated to be able to increase the charge storage capability via redox transformation and thus enhance the electrochemical performances. Herein, we present a brief review on the classification, state-of-the-art progress, challenges, and perspectives of the redox additives in aqueous electrolyte for high performance supercapacitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qin
- College
of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha
University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Ningfang Zhou
- College
of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha
University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Chun Wu
- College
of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha
University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Mingming Xie
- College
of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha
University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Hengchao Sun
- Beijing
Smart-Chip Microelectronics Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Beijing
Smart-Chip Microelectronics Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
| | - Likun Pan
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic
Science, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
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12
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Interfacial aspects induced by saturated aqueous electrolytes in electrochemical capacitor applications. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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