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Akyilmaz I, Celebi-Birand D, Demir NY, Bas D, Elbuken C, Duman M. An electrochemical sensor integrated lab-on-a-CD system for phenylketonuria diagnostics. LAB ON A CHIP 2025; 25:1512-1520. [PMID: 39757873 DOI: 10.1039/d4lc00912f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2025]
Abstract
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is characterized by an autosomal recessive mutation in the phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) gene. Impaired PAH enzyme activity leads to the accumulation of phenylalanine (Phe) and its metabolites in the bloodstream, which disrupts the central nervous system and causes psychomotor retardation. Early diagnosis of PKU is essential for timely intervention. Moreover, continuous monitoring of blood Phe levels is indispensable for prognosis, requiring a robust and reliable monitoring system. This study presents an automated lab-on-a-CD-based system for early diagnosis and monitoring of PKU treatment. This miniaturised system contains CD-shaped disposable cartridges, a mini centrifuge, and an electrochemical sensing unit. Modified screen-printed gold electrodes were used for the electrochemical measurements in cartridges. Electrode modification was conducted by electrochemical graphene oxide reduction and deposition on the electrode surface, which increased the sensitivity of the measurement 1.5 fold. The system used amperometric detection to measure Phe in the blood through oxidation of NAD+ to NADH by the enzyme phenylalanine dehydrogenase. The limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), and sensitivity of the system were 0.0524, 0.1587 mg dL-1 and 0.3338 μA mg-1 dL, respectively, within the 0-20 mg dL-1 measurement range (R2 = 0.9955). The performance of the lab-on-a-CD system was compared to the gold standard HPLC method. The accuracy was 83.1% for HPLC and 84.1% for the lab-on-a-CD system. In conclusion, this study successfully developed a portable diagnostic device for rapid (under 20 min), accurate and highly sensitive detection of Phe in whole blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipek Akyilmaz
- Hacettepe University, Institute of Science, Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine Division, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Dilan Celebi-Birand
- Hacettepe University, Institute of Science, Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine Division, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Naim Yagiz Demir
- Hacettepe University, Institute of Science, Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine Division, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Deniz Bas
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cankiri Karatekin University, Cankiri, Turkey
| | - Caglar Elbuken
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Finland
| | - Memed Duman
- Hacettepe University, Institute of Science, Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine Division, Ankara, Turkey.
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Jarić S, Schobesberger S, Velicki L, Milovančev A, Nikolić S, Ertl P, Bobrinetskiy I, Knežević NŽ. Direct electrochemical reduction of graphene oxide thin film for aptamer-based selective and highly sensitive detection of matrix metalloproteinase 2. Talanta 2024; 274:126079. [PMID: 38608631 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Simple and low-cost biosensing solutions are suitable for point-of-care applications aiming to overcome the gap between scientific concepts and technological production. To compete with sensitivity and selectivity of golden standards, such as liquid chromatography, the functionalization of biosensors is continuously optimized to enhance the signal and improve their performance, often leading to complex chemical assay development. In this research, the efforts are made on optimizing the methodology for electrochemical reduction of graphene oxide to produce thin film-modified gold electrodes. Under the employed specific conditions, 20 cycles of cyclic voltammetry (CV) are shown to be optimal for superior electrical activation of graphene oxide into electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO). This platform is further used to develop a matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) biosensor, where specific anti-MMP2 aptamers are utilized as a biorecognition element. MMP-2 is a protein which is typically overexpressed in tumor tissues, with important roles in tumor invasion, metastasis as well as in tumor angiogenesis. Based on impedimetric measurements, we were able to detect as low as 3.32 pg mL-1 of MMP-2 in PBS with a dynamic range of 10 pg mL-1 - 10 ng mL-1. Further experiments with real blood samples revealed a promising potential of the developed sensor for direct measurement of MMP-2 in complex media. High specificity of detection is demonstrated - even to the closely related enzyme MMP-9. Finally, the potential of reuse was demonstrated by signal restoration after experimental detection of MMP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Jarić
- Biosense Institute - Research and Development Institute for Information Technologies in Biosystems, University of Novi Sad, Dr Zorana Đinđića 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | | | - Lazar Velicki
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia; Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of Vojvodina, Put Doktora Goldmana 4, 21204, Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Milovančev
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia; Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of Vojvodina, Put Doktora Goldmana 4, 21204, Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | - Stanislava Nikolić
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia; Center of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Hajduk Veljkova 1, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Peter Ertl
- TU Wien, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ivan Bobrinetskiy
- Biosense Institute - Research and Development Institute for Information Technologies in Biosystems, University of Novi Sad, Dr Zorana Đinđića 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nikola Ž Knežević
- Biosense Institute - Research and Development Institute for Information Technologies in Biosystems, University of Novi Sad, Dr Zorana Đinđića 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
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Jun D, Sammis G, Rezazadeh-Azar P, Ginoux E, Bizzotto D. Development of a Graphene-Oxide-Deposited Carbon Electrode for the Rapid and Low-Level Detection of Fentanyl and Derivatives. Anal Chem 2022; 94:12706-12714. [PMID: 36082424 PMCID: PMC9494301 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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The opioid overdose
crisis in North America worsened during the
COVID-19 pandemic, with multiple jurisdictions reporting more deaths
per day due to the fentanyl-contaminated drug supply than COVID-19.
The rapid quantitative detection of fentanyl in the illicit opioid
drug supply or in bodily fluids at biologically relevant concentrations
(i.e., <80 nM) remains a significant challenge. Electroanalytical
techniques are inexpensive and can be used to rapidly detect fentanyl,
but detection limits need to be improved. Herein, we detail the development
of an electrochemical-based fentanyl analytical detection strategy
that used a glassy carbon electrode modified with electrochemically
reduced graphene oxide (ERGO) via electrophoretic deposition. The
resulting surface was further electrochemically reduced in the presence
of fentanyl to enhance the sensitivity. Multiple ERGO thicknesses
were prepared in order to prove the versatility and ability to fine-tune
the layer to the desired response. Fentanyl was detected at <10
ppb (<30 nM) with a limit of detection of 2 ppb and a calibration
curve that covered 4 orders of concentration (from 1 ppb to 10 ppm).
This method was sensitive to fentanyl analogues such as carfentanil.
Interference from the presence of 100-fold excess of other opioids
(heroin, cocaine) or substances typically found in illicit drug samples
(e.g. caffeine and sucrose) was not significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Jun
- AMPEL, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T1Z4, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver V6T1Z1, Canada
| | - Glenn Sammis
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver V6T1Z1, Canada
| | - Pouya Rezazadeh-Azar
- Complex Pain and Addiction Services, Department of Psychiatry, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver V5Z 1M9, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T2A1, Canada
| | - Erwann Ginoux
- AMPEL, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Dan Bizzotto
- AMPEL, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T1Z4, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver V6T1Z1, Canada
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Nanocomposite Materials Based on Electrochemically Synthesized Graphene Polymers: Molecular Architecture Strategies for Sensor Applications. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9060149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of graphene and its derivatives in the development of electrochemical sensors has been growing in recent decades. Part of this success is due to the excellent characteristics of such materials, such as good electrical and mechanical properties and a large specific surface area. The formation of composites and nanocomposites with these two materials leads to better sensing performance compared to pure graphene and conductive polymers. The increased large specific surface area of the nanocomposites and the synergistic effect between graphene and conducting polymers is responsible for this interesting result. The most widely used methodologies for the synthesis of these materials are still based on chemical routes. However, electrochemical routes have emerged and are gaining space, affording advantages such as low cost and the promising possibility of modulation of the structural characteristics of composites. As a result, application in sensor devices can lead to increased sensitivity and decreased analysis cost. Thus, this review presents the main aspects for the construction of nanomaterials based on graphene oxide and conducting polymers, as well as the recent efforts made to apply this methodology in the development of sensors and biosensors.
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