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Bheemireddy SR, Li Z, Zhang J, Agarwal G, Robertson LA, Shkrob IA, Assary RS, Zhang Z, Wei X, Cheng L, Zhang L. Fluorination Enables Simultaneous Improvements of a Dialkoxybenzene-Based Redoxmer for Nonaqueous Redox Flow Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:28834-28841. [PMID: 35709493 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Redoxmers or redox-active organic materials, are one critical component for nonaqueous redox flow batteries (RFBs), which hold high promise in enabling the time domain of the grid. While tuning redox potentials of redoxmers is a very effective way to enhance energy densities of NRFBs, those improvements often accompany accelerated kinetics of the charged species, undermining stability and cycling performance. Herein, a strategy for designing redoxmers with simultaneous improvements in redox potential and stability is proposed. Specifically, the redoxmer 1,4-di-tert-butyl-2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzene (ANL-C46) is developed by incorporating fluorinated substitutions into the dialkoxybenzene-based platform. Compared to the non-fluorinated analogue, ANL-C46 demonstrates not only an increased (∼0.41 V) redox potential but also much enhanced stability (1.6 times) and cyclability (4 times) evidenced by electron paramagnetic resonance kinetic study, H-cell and flow cell cycling. In fact, the cycling performance of ANL-C46 is among the best of high potential (>1.0 V vs Ag/Ag+) redoxmers ever reported. Density functional theory calculations suggest that while the introduced fluorine substitutions elevate the redox potentials, they also help to depress the decomposition reactions of the charged redoxmers, affording excellent stability. The findings represent an interesting strategy for simultaneously improving energy density and stability, which could further prompt the development of high-performance redoxmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sambasiva R Bheemireddy
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439-4837, United States
| | - Zhiguang Li
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439-4837, United States
- Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5143, United States
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439-4837, United States
| | - Garvit Agarwal
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439-4837, United States
| | - Lily A Robertson
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439-4837, United States
| | - Ilya A Shkrob
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439-4837, United States
| | - Rajeev S Assary
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5143, United States
| | - Zhengcheng Zhang
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439-4837, United States
| | - Xiaoliang Wei
- Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5143, United States
| | - Lei Cheng
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5143, United States
| | - Lu Zhang
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439-4837, United States
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