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Anishchenko DV, Vereshchagin AA, Kalnin AY, Novoselova JV, Rubicheva LG, Potapenkov VV, Lukyanov DA, Levin OV. Thermodynamic model for voltammetric responses in conducting redox polymers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:11893-11909. [PMID: 38568204 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00222a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Electroactive polymer materials are known to play important roles in a vast spectrum of modern applications such as in supercapacitors, fuel cells, batteries, medicine, and smart materials, etc. They are usually divided into two main groups: first, conducting π-conjugated organic polymers, which conduct electricity by cation-radicals delocalized over a polymer chain; second, redox polymers, which conduct electricity via an electron-hopping mechanism. Polymer materials belonging to these two main groups have been thoroughly studied and their thermodynamic and kinetic models have been built. However, in recent decades a lot of mixed-type materials have been discovered and investigated. To the best of our knowledge, a thermodynamic-based description of conducting redox polymers (CRPs) has not been provided yet. In this work, we present a thermodynamic model for voltammetric responses of conducting redox polymers. The derived model allows one to extract thermodynamic parameters of a CRP including the polaron delocalization degree and redox active groups interaction constant. The model was verified with voltammetric experiments on three recently synthesized CRPs and showed a satisfactory predictive ability. The simulated data are in good agreement with the experiment. We believe that developing theoretical descriptions for CRPs and other types of electroactive materials with the ability to simulate their electrochemical responses may help in future realization of new systems with superior characteristics for electrochemical energy storage, chemical sensors, pharmacological applications, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii V Anishchenko
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia.
| | - Anatoliy A Vereshchagin
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia.
- Berlin Joint EPR Lab, Fachbereich Physik Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Arseniy Y Kalnin
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia.
| | - Julia V Novoselova
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia.
| | - Lyubov G Rubicheva
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Vasiliy V Potapenkov
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia.
| | - Daniil A Lukyanov
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia.
| | - Oleg V Levin
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia.
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Alekseeva EV, Novoselova JV, Anischenko DV, Potapenkov VV, Levin OV. Mass and Charge Transfer in a Polymeric NiSalen Complex at Subzero Temperatures. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051323. [PMID: 36904564 PMCID: PMC10007232 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical energy storage systems have a wide range of commercial applications. They keep energy and power even at temperatures up to +60 °C. However, the capacity and power of such energy storage systems reduce sharply at negative temperatures due to the difficulty of counterion injection into the electrode material. The application of organic electrode materials based on salen-type polymers is a prospective approach to the development of materials for low-temperature energy sources. Poly[Ni(CH3Salen)]-based electrode materials synthesized from different electrolytes were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and quartz crystal microgravimetry at temperatures from -40 °C to 20 °C. By analyzing data obtained in various electrolyte solutions, it was shown that at subzero temperatures, the process of injection into the polymer film, together with slow diffusion within the film, predominantly limit the electrochemical performance of electrode materials based on poly[Ni(CH3Salen)]. It was shown that the deposition of the polymer from solutions with larger cations allow the enhancement of the charge transfer due to the formation of porous structures facilitating the counter-ion diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V. Alekseeva
- Correspondence: (E.V.A.); (O.V.L.); Tel.: +7-812-428-69-00 (E.V.A.); +7-812-428-69-00 (O.V.L.)
| | | | | | | | - Oleg V. Levin
- Correspondence: (E.V.A.); (O.V.L.); Tel.: +7-812-428-69-00 (E.V.A.); +7-812-428-69-00 (O.V.L.)
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Novozhilova M, Polozhentseva J, Karushev M. Asymmetric Monomer Design Enables Structural Control of M(Salen)-Type Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051127. [PMID: 36904368 PMCID: PMC10007425 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Conductive and electrochemically active polymers consisting of Salen-type metal complexes as building blocks are of interest for energy storage and conversion applications. Asymmetric monomer design is a powerful tool for fine-tuning the practical properties of conductive electrochemically active polymers but has never been employed for polymers of M(Salen)]. In this work, we synthesize a series of novel conducting polymers composed of a nonsymmetrical electropolymerizable copper Salen-type complex (Cu(3-MeOSal-Sal)en). We show that asymmetrical monomer design provides easy control of the coupling site via polymerization potential control. With in-situ electrochemical methods such as UV-vis-NIR (ultraviolet-visible-near infrared) spectroscopy, EQCM (electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance), and electrochemical conductivity measurements, we elucidate how the properties of these polymers are defined by chain length, order, and cross-linking. We found that the highest conductivity in the series has a polymer with the shortest chain length, which emphasizes the importance of intermolecular iterations in polymers of [M(Salen)].
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Novozhilova
- Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Ioffe Institute), 26 Polytekhnicheskaya Str., 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Julia Polozhentseva
- Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Ioffe Institute), 26 Polytekhnicheskaya Str., 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mikhail Karushev
- Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Ioffe Institute), 26 Polytekhnicheskaya Str., 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Independent Researcher, Astana 020000, Kazakhstan
- Correspondence:
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In-Situ EC-AFM Study of Electrochemical P-Doping of Polymeric Nickel(II) Complexes with Schiff base Ligands. INORGANICS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics11010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Conductive electrochemically active metallopolymers are outstanding materials for energy storage and conversion, electrocatalysis, electroanalysis, and other applications. The hybrid inorganic–organic nature of these materials ensures their rich chemistry and offers wide opportunities for fine-tuning their functional properties. The electrochemical modulation of the nanomechanical properties of metallopolymers is rarely investigated, and the correlations between the structure, stiffness, and capacitive properties of these materials have not yet been reported. We use electrochemical atomic force microscopy (EC-AFM) to perform in-situ quantitative nanomechanical measurements of two Schiff base metallopolymers, poly[NiSalphen] and its derivative that contains two methoxy substituents in the bridging phenylene diimine unit poly[NiSalphen(CH3O)2], during their polarization in the electrolyte solution to the undoped and fully doped states. We also get insight into the electrochemical p-doping of these polymers using electrochemical quartz crystal microgravimetry (EQCM) coupled with cyclic voltammetry (CV). Combined findings for the structurally similar polymers with different interchain interactions led us to propose a correlation between Young’s modulus of the material, its maximum doping level, and ion and solvent fluxes in the polymer films upon electrochemical oxidation.
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Yue YN, Zhang T, La YT, Dong WK. AN EXPLORATION OF STRUCTURALLY CHARACTERIZED HETERO-TRINUCLEAR [Cu(II)2Ca(II)] FLEXIBLE-BIS(SALAMO)-TYPE COMPLEX. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022476622060026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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A Novel Cobalt Metallopolymer with Redox-Matched Conjugated Organic Backbone via Electropolymerization of a Readily Available N 4 Cobalt Complex. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13101667. [PMID: 34065450 PMCID: PMC8161072 DOI: 10.3390/polym13101667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fast and reversible cobalt-centered redox reactions in metallopolymers are the key to using these materials in energy storage, electrocatalytic, and sensing applications. Metal-centered electrochemical activity can be enhanced via redox matching of the conjugated organic backbone and cobalt centers. In this study, we present a novel approach to redox matching via modification of the cobalt coordination site: a conductive electrochemically active polymer was electro-synthesized from [Co(Amben)] complex (Amben = N,N′-bis(o-aminobenzylidene)ethylenediamine) for the first time. The poly-[Co(Amben)] films were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM), in situ UV-vis-NIR spectroelectrochemistry, and in situ conductance measurements between −0.9 and 1.3 V vs. Ag/Ag+. The polymer displayed multistep redox processes involving reversible transfer of the total of 1.25 electrons per repeat unit. The findings indicate consecutive formation of three redox states during reversible electrochemical oxidation of the polymer film, which were identified as benzidine radical cations, Co(III) ions, and benzidine di-cations. The Co(II)/Co(III) redox switching is retained in the thick polymer films because it occurs at potentials of high polymer conductivity due to the optimum redox matching of the Co(II)/Co(III) redox pair with the organic conjugated backbone. It makes poly-[Co(Amben)] suitable for various practical applications based on cobalt-mediated redox reactions.
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Xu X, Wang JF, Bian RN, Zhao L. Synthesis, structure, Hirshfeld analysis and fluorescence properties of a new asymmetric salamo-based ligand and its Cu(II) complex involving oxime oxygen coordination. J COORD CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2020.1822524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ji-Fa Wang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruo-Nan Bian
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Zhao
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, People’s Republic of China
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