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Junaid M, Sultan M, Liu S, Hamid N, Yue Q, Pei DS, Wang J, Appenzeller BMR. A meta-analysis highlighting the increasing relevance of the hair matrix in exposure assessment to organic pollutants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 917:170535. [PMID: 38307287 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Owing to a wide range of advantages, such as stability, non-invasiveness, and ease of sampling, hair has been used progressively for comprehensive biomonitoring of organic pollutants for the last three decades. This has led to the development of new analytical and multi-class analysis methods for the assessment of a broad range of organic pollutants in various population groups, ranging from small-scale studies to advanced studies with a large number of participants based on different exposure settings. This meta-analysis summarizes the existing literature on the assessment of organic pollutants in hair in terms of residue levels, the correlation of hair residue levels with those of other biological matrices and socio-demographic factors, the reliability of hair versus other biomatrices for exposure assessment, the use of segmental hair analysis for chronic exposure evaluation and the effect of external contamination on hair residue levels. Significantly high concentrations of organic pollutants such as pesticides, flame retardants, polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon were reported in human hair samples from different regions and under different exposure settings. Similarly, high concentrations of pesticides (from agricultural activities), flame retardants (E-waste dismantling activities), dioxins and furans were observed in various occupational settings. Moreover, significant correlations (p < 0.05) for hair and blood concentrations were observed in majority of studies featuring pesticides and flame retardants. While among sociodemographic factors, gender and age significantly affected the hair concentrations in females and children in general exposure settings, whereas adult workers in occupational settings. Furthermore, the assessment of the hair burden of persistent organic pollutants in domestic and wild animals showed high concentrations for pesticides such as HCHs and DDTs whereas the laboratory-based studies using animals demonstrated strong correlations between exposure dose, exposure duration, and measured organic pollutant levels, mainly for chlorpyrifos, diazinon, terbuthylazine, aldrin, dieldrin and pyrethroid metabolites. Considering the critical analysis of the results obtained from literature review, hair is regarded as a reliable matrix for organic pollutant assessment; however, some limitations, as discussed in this review, need to be overcome to reinforce the status of hair as a suitable matrix for exposure assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Junaid
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510641, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, China; Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1A-B, rue Thomas Edison, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Marriya Sultan
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shulin Liu
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Naima Hamid
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, University Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Qiang Yue
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, China
| | - De-Sheng Pei
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510641, China.
| | - Brice M R Appenzeller
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1A-B, rue Thomas Edison, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
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Comito R, Porru E, Violante FS. Analytical methods employed in the identification and quantification of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in human matrices - A scoping review. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 345:140433. [PMID: 37832886 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) represent a possible hazard for the ecosystems, with adverse outcomes on wildlife and humans. POPs have always received interest from the scientific community, and they have also been subject to legal restrictions worldwide on their application and commercialization. Among the broad spectrum of POPs, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are considered emerging contaminants due to their potential effect on the ecosystem and human health. These contaminants are widely employed in countless applications, from surfactants and building materials to food packaging. On the other hand, their chemical structure gives them the ability to interact with the environment, causing possible toxic effects for humans and environment. Human biomonitoring is a necessary instrument to indagate the impact of PFASs on human health: in recent years several studies have found detectable levels of PFASs in several biological matrices in humans (blood, hair, nails, and urine). Here, we review the most recent scientific literature concerning analytical methods employed in the identification and quantification of PFASs focusing on biological matrices. It has been noted that liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry is the main analytical instrumentation employed, while blood and/or serum samples are the main employed human matrices whereas the use of non-invasive matrices is still at the beginning. Various issues directly related to human metabolism of PFASs and the effective amount of PFAS absorbed from the environment still need to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Comito
- Occupational Medicine Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Science, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40138, Italy
| | - Emanuele Porru
- Occupational Medicine Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Science, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40138, Italy
| | - Francesco Saverio Violante
- Occupational Medicine Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Science, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40138, Italy; Division of Occupational Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, 40138, Italy.
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Wu S, Yuan T, Fu W, Dong H, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Jiang C, Xu Q, Zhang L, Qiang Z. Perfluorinated compound correlation between human serum and drinking water: Is drinking water a significant contributor? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 873:162471. [PMID: 36842602 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated compounds (PFASs) are a new artificial chemical. Due to its substantial toxicity and complex degradation in the natural environment, monitoring PFASs has become a hot issue for many researchers. Currently, the relationship between the concentration of PFASs in serum and the concentration of PFASs in drinking water is unclear. This paper aims to study the concentration levels of PFASs in drinking water and residents' serum in a city in northern China and the relationship between them. The results show that the concentration of PFASs in drinking water is low, and the average concentrations of perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) were 2.57 ± 0.69 ng/L and 0.30 ng/L, respectively, which were lower than the limits specified in China's newly introduced Standards for drinking water quality (GB 5749-2022). In the serum of residents, PFOA and PFOS were the two PFASs with the highest concentration. Spearman correlation analysis showed that perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) and PFOS concentrations were positively correlated with age, and PFHxS, PFOA, PFNA, and PFOS varied with sex. At the same time, the correlation analysis also showed no correlation between PFAS in drinking water and serum, indicating that drinking water was not the main factor causing the physical burden of PFAS in residents. The HI method was used to assess the health risks of PFASs to human beings. The risk entropy of all PFASs for human hepatotoxicity and reproductive toxicity is below 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnian Wu
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Tingting Yuan
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wei Fu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Huiyu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Man Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing 100191, China; Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China.
| | - Caifang Jiang
- Guangxi Nanning Water Co., Ltd., Nanning 530029, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Guangxi Nanning Water Co., Ltd., Nanning 530029, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Zhimin Qiang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Castellani F, Galletti M, Charavgis F, Cingolani A, Renzi S, Nucci M, Protano C, Vitali M. Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs) in River Waters of Central Italy: Monthly Variation and Ecological Risk Assessment (ERA). ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2023; 84:332-346. [PMID: 37022436 PMCID: PMC10130131 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-023-00993-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are a wide class of emerging pollutants. In this study, we applied the US EPA method 533 for the determination of 21 PFCs in river water samples. In particular, this method was used to investigate the presence of the target PFCs in six rivers in central Italy during a 4-month-long monitoring campaign. In 73% of the analyzed samples, at least some of the target PFCs were detected at concentrations higher than the limit of detection (LOD). The sum of the 21 target analytes (∑21PFCs) ranged from 4.3 to 68.5 ng L-1, with the highest concentrations measured in the month of June, probably due to a minor river streamflow occurring in the warmer summer months. Considering the individual congeners, PFBA and PFPeA, followed by PFHxA and PFOA, were the predominantly detected compounds. Short- and medium-chain PFCs (C4-C9) prevail over the long-chain PFCs (C10-C18), likely due to the increased industrial use and the higher solubility of short-chain PFCs compared to long-chain PFCs. The ecological risk assessment, conducted by using the risk quotient method, highlighted that the risk for aquatic environments associated with PFBA, PFPeA, PFBS, PFHxA and PFOA was low or negligible. Only for PFOA, there was a medium level of risk in two rivers in the month of June. With regard to PFOS, 54% of the river water samples were classified as "high risk" for the aquatic environment. The remaining 46% of the samples were classified as "medium risk."
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Castellani
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome la Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, Tuscia University, Largo dell'Università snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Mara Galletti
- ARPA Umbria, Via Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa, 23, 05100, Terni, Italy
| | | | | | - Sonia Renzi
- ARPA Umbria, Via Pievaiola 207/B-3, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Mirko Nucci
- ARPA Umbria, Via Pievaiola 207/B-3, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Carmela Protano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome la Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Vitali
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome la Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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Tang B, Zheng J, Xiong SM, Cai FS, Li M, Ma Y, Gao B, Du DW, Yu YJ, Mai BX. The accumulation of organic contaminants in hair with different biological characteristics. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 312:137064. [PMID: 36334734 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Human hair has increasingly been used as a noninvasive biomonitoring matrix for assessment of human exposure to various organic contaminants (OCs). However, the accumulation processes of OCs in hair remains unclear thus far, which raised concerns on the reliability of hair analysis results for OCs. Herein, Chinese population was selected as the study subject, the effects of changes in hair biological characteristics, including length and color, on the accumulation of OCs in hair was investigated. With the growing of hair shaft and the increased distance from the scalp, a significant increasing trend was found for levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) along the hair shafts (p < 0.05). Source identification using Chemical Mass Balance model indicated that PCBs in hair were mainly from exogenous sources (air and dust). The accumulation rates of PCB and PFR individuals in the hair shaft decreased with increasing of log Kow values. Additionally, the levels of OCs in hair decreased with the change in color from black to white, probably because of the loss of melanin in white hair. The ratios (R) of Cblack/Cwhite were significantly correlated with the log Kow values for individual chemicals (p < 0.05), implying that OCs with high log Kow values tend to accumulate more readily in black hair. The results of this study demonstrated the growth and change in colors of hair, as well as the physicochemical properties of chemicals, play vital roles in the accumulation of OCs in hair. The present study provides fundamental basis for the precise assessment of human exposure to OCs using hair as a biomonitoring matrix in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Tang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510530, PR China
| | - Jing Zheng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510530, PR China; School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Disease Monitoring of Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550000, PR China.
| | - Shi-Mao Xiong
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510530, PR China; School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Disease Monitoring of Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550000, PR China
| | - Feng-Shan Cai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510530, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Min Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510530, PR China
| | - Yan Ma
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510530, PR China
| | - Bo Gao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510530, PR China
| | - Dong-Wei Du
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510530, PR China
| | - Yun-Jiang Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510530, PR China
| | - Bi-Xian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
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6
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Yu L, Liu X, Hua Z, Zhang Y, Xue H. Spatial and temporal trends of perfluoroalkyl acids in water bodies: A case study in Taihu Lake, China (2009-2021). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 293:118575. [PMID: 34838873 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) have been ubiquitously detected in water bodies and are a cause of great public concern due to their adverse effects. This study investigated the long-term temporal-spatial trends of PFAAs in the water bodies of the entire Taihu Lake, and predicted PFAA concentrations for 2024. A field investigation conducted in 2021 and previous data allowed to derive trends over a broad temporal-spatial scale, which is often not feasible in short-term studies. In the 2009-2021 period, the most quantifiable PFAAs increased, among which perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorohexanoic acid were predominant. As of 2021, the mean total concentration of ten PFAAs (∑10PFAA) showed a distinct spatial decreasing trend, moving from north to south within the lake, and similar spatial distribution patterns were also noted in other years. The main PFAA input and most serious contamination were concentrated in the northern region, due to the riverine inputs and clustering of PFAA-related industries. The ∑10PFAA concentration in the wet season was greater and presented a more uniform distribution pattern than that in the dry season, possibly due to the combined effects of the degradation of PFAA precursors, water inflow, rainfall, shipping activities, and a shallow water column. From 2009 to 2021 the ∑10PFAA concentration of the entire lake showed an increasing trend, but the rate of increase was significantly reduced. In addition, a grey model predicted that the mean ∑10PFAA concentration in the entire Taihu Lake will reach 431 ng/L in 2024, and the northern region will be affected by a more serious PFAA pollution in the future because it exhibited a high mean ∑10PFAA concentration of 426 ng/L in 2021. These findings provide novel insights into the temporal-spatial distribution of PFAAs in Taihu Lake, and could help regulators to formulate policy decisions in response to PFAA pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, College of Environment, Hohai Universities, Nanjing, 210098, PR China; Yangtze Institute for Conservation and Development, Hohai University, Jiangsu, 210098, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, College of Environment, Hohai Universities, Nanjing, 210098, PR China; Yangtze Institute for Conservation and Development, Hohai University, Jiangsu, 210098, PR China
| | - Zulin Hua
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, College of Environment, Hohai Universities, Nanjing, 210098, PR China; Yangtze Institute for Conservation and Development, Hohai University, Jiangsu, 210098, PR China.
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, College of Environment, Hohai Universities, Nanjing, 210098, PR China; Yangtze Institute for Conservation and Development, Hohai University, Jiangsu, 210098, PR China
| | - Hongqin Xue
- School of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, PR China
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Peng L, Xu W, Zeng Q, Sun F, Guo Y, Zhong S, Wang F, Chen D. Exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances in waste recycling workers: Distributions in paired human serum and urine. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 158:106963. [PMID: 34717172 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Occupational exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) is an emerging public health concern, because of their potential adverse health effects. In this study, concentrations of 21 legacy and alternative PFASs in paired serum and urine samples collected from 163 workers (from five waste recycling plants) were analyzed. The results showed that the average concentration of 21 PFASs in urine samples (66.6 ng mL-1) were higher than in serum (31.3 ng mL-1). Concentrations of perfluorocarboxylates (PFCAs) in urine were also considerably higher than perfluorosulfonates (PFSAs), especially for short-chain PFCAs. Demographic factors (such as sex, age, working age, and job assignment) on PFAS exposure were also assessed based on the obtained results. PFAS concentrations in serum samples from males were significantly higher than in females, and working age was positively (p < 0.05) associated with most PFAS serum levels. Higher levels of PFAS were found in sorters than in workers with other job assignments, such as managers, suggesting that sorters may be directly exposed to PFASs. Interestingly, perfluorophosphonates (PFPAs) were first to be detected in human urine with >80% detection frequency. The average level of three PFPAs in the serum (7.58 ng mL-1) and urine (1.45 ng mL-1) samples appeared to be higher in comparison with most PFCAs and PFSAs. Thus, the toxicity of PFPAs in human beings needs to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Peng
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wang Xu
- Shenzhen Environmental Monitoring Center, Shenzhen 518049, Guangdong, China
| | - Qinghuai Zeng
- Shenzhen Environmental Monitoring Center, Shenzhen 518049, Guangdong, China
| | - Feiyun Sun
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Application and Environmental Pollution Control, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ying Guo
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Shan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Heo DG, Lee DC, Kwon YM, Seol MJ, Sung Moon J, Min Chung S, Kim JH. Simultaneous Determination of Perfluorooctanoic Acid and Perfluorooctanesulfonic Acid in Korean Sera Using LC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1192:123138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Yu L, Liu X, Hua Z. Occurrence, distribution, and risk assessment of perfluoroalkyl acids in drinking water sources from the lower Yangtze River. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132064. [PMID: 34474389 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence, spatial distribution, potential sources, and risk assessment of 14 perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), including 11 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids and 3 perfluoroalkyl sulfonates acids, were investigated in 21 drinking water sources from the lower Yangtze River in November 2019. The total PFAAs (∑PFAAs) concentrations ranged from 39.3 to 220.3 ng/L, and perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctanesulfonate were predominant with average concentrations of 19.4 and 15.4 ng/L, respectively. The higher ∑PFAAs concentrations in the southern shore and downstream could be attributed to industrial development and surface runoff/tide currents, respectively. Principal component analysis-multiple linear regression revealed that the primary sources of PFAAs were fluororesin coatings/metal plating, surface runoff/textile, effluent discharge/food packaging, and leather/fabrics. Human intake risks of PFAAs were assessed by target hazard quotient (THQ), which showed that human health risks of PFAAs decreased with increasing age, excluding 13-17 years age group. Moreover, the total exposure risks of PFOA/PFOS in all sampling sites to people aged over 18 years calculated based on contribution from drinking water were noted to be at safe level. The results obtained were helpful for improving our understanding of human health risks of PFAAs, and expanding our knowledge on PFAAs in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
| | - Zulin Hua
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China; Yangtze Institute for Conservation and Development, Hohai University, Jiangsu, 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China.
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10
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Feng X, Chen X, Yang Y, Yang L, Zhu Y, Shan G, Zhu L, Zhang S. External and internal human exposure to PFOA and HFPOs around a mega fluorochemical industrial park, China: Differences and implications. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 157:106824. [PMID: 34411760 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer and trimer acids (HFPO-DA and HFPO-TA) are used as alternatives to legacy perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA); however, little is known about their human exposure risks. In this study, the concentrations of PFOA and HFPO were measured in major human exposure matrices and human bio-samples of local residents near a mega fluorochemical industrial park in Shandong, China, to characterize their external and internal exposures. Although HFPO-DA was detected in drinking water and indoor dust, it exhibited a considerably low bioaccumulation potential in animal-origin food and human samples (urine, hair, and serum), implying that it might be a benign alternative to PFOA. Although the estimated daily intake (EDI) of HFPO-TA was comparable to that of PFOA, its concentration in urine was higher than that of PFOA, implying that it might be eliminated faster than PFOA. A simple one-compartment pharmacokinetic model was applied to estimate the serum concentrations of the target compounds and subsequently compare them with the measured concentrations. The predicted concentration of PFOA in serum based on its concentration in urine and half-life was close to the measured value, confirming the distinct internal exposure of PFOA in the local residents. However, the measured concentrations of HFPO in serum were considerably lower than those predicted from the external EDI and urine concentrations, implying that they were eliminated faster than expected in humans. Various perfluoroalkyl substances were detected in human hair, and their compositions were similar to those in human serum, suggesting that hair is a good non-invasive indicator for long-term exposure to legacy long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids and HFPOs. This study provided valuable information about the human exposure to legacy PFOA and HFPOs in highly impacted areas near point sources and necessitates studies on the toxicokinetics of HFPOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Xin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Liping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Yumin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Guoqiang Shan
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China.
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China.
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11
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Peng L, Xu W, Zeng Q, Cheng Y, Zhang Y, Guo Y, Chen D, Jiang C, Wang F. Distribution characteristics of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in human urines of acrylic fiber plant and chemical plant. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:69181-69189. [PMID: 34286436 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15355-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are persistent and bioaccumulative substances that have many adverse effects on human bodies. This study investigated the PFASs distribution characteristics in urine samples of workers from an acrylic fiber plant and a chemical plant. It was found that perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) was the predominant PFASs both in urine samples from the chemical plant (detection frequency: 86.52%; median value: 39.01 ng/mL) and the acrylic fiber plant (detection frequency: 88.16%; median value: 44.36 ng/mL). Meanwhile, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) were detected with very low frequencies and low concentrations. Furthermore, the results showed that PFASs levels in urine samples of workers from different units of the plants were quite different. PFASs concentrations of urine samples in males were higher than those in females, especially for PFBA, PFHxA, and PFDoA. The age had limited effects on the PFASs distribution in urine samples in this study, as short-chain PFASs were the dominant compounds. The correlations between PFASs concentrations in urine and gender/ages of workers were finally analyzed by Pearson correlation. The overall results may indicate that short-chain PFASs (such as: PFBA and PFBS) were becoming dominant for human exposure, especially occupational workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Peng
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Wang Xu
- Shenzhen Environmental Monitoring Center, Shenzhen, 518049, Guangdong, China
| | - Qinghuai Zeng
- Shenzhen Environmental Monitoring Center, Shenzhen, 518049, Guangdong, China
| | - Yao Cheng
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Ying Guo
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- The 2nd Hospital of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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12
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Cao Y, Ng C. Absorption, distribution, and toxicity of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the brain: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2021; 23:1623-1640. [PMID: 34533150 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00228g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of synthetic chemicals colloquially known as "forever chemicals" because of their high persistence. PFAS have been detected in the blood, liver, kidney, heart, muscle and brain of various species. Although brain is not a dominant tissue for PFAS accumulation compared to blood and liver, adverse effects of PFAS on brain functions have been identified. Here, we review studies related to the absorption, accumulation, distribution and toxicity of PFAS in the brain. We summarize evidence on two potential mechanisms of PFAS entering the brain: initiating blood-brain barrier (BBB) disassembly through disrupting tight junctions and relying on transporters located at the BBB. PFAS with diverse structures and properties enter and accumulate in the brain with varying efficiencies. Compared to long-chain PFAS, short-chain PFAS may not cross cerebral barriers effectively. According to biomonitoring studies and PFAS exposure experiments, PFAS can accumulate in the brain of humans and wildlife species. With respect to the distribution of PFAS in specific brain regions, the brain stem, hippocampus, hypothalamus, pons/medulla and thalamus are dominant for PFAS accumulation. The accumulation and distribution of PFAS in the brain may lead to toxic effects in the central nervous system (CNS), including PFAS-induced behavioral and cognitive disorders. The specific mechanisms underlying such PFAS-induced neurotoxicity remain to be explored, but two major potential mechanisms based on current understanding are PFAS effects on calcium homeostasis and neurotransmitter alterations in neurons. Based on the information available about PFAS uptake, accumulation, distribution and impacts on the brain, PFAS have the potential to enter and accumulate in the brain at varying levels. The balance of existing studies shows there is some indication of risk in animals, while the human evidence is mixed and warrants further scrutiny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexin Cao
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Carla Ng
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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13
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Makowska K, Martín J, Rychlik A, Aparicio I, Santos JL, Alonso E, Gonkowski S. Assessment of exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in dogs by fur analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 286:117435. [PMID: 34052650 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a large group of chemicals commonly used in various branches of industry, which may adversely affect the living organisms. The aim of this study were to evaluate exposure of dogs to six selected PFASs: five perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (perfluorobutanoic acid - PFBuA, perfluoropentanoic acid - PFPeA, perfluorohexanoic acid - PFHxA, perfluoroheptanoic acid - PFHpA, perfluorooctanoic acid - PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) through the analysis of fur samples. To our knowledge this is the first study concerning the use of fur samples to evaluation of exposure of domestic animals to PFASs. Relationship between PFASs concentration and age, gender and body weight of animals was also evaluated. Fur samples were collected from 30 dogs living in Olsztyn (Poland). All PFASs studied were detected in the canine fur samples. The highest concentrations were observed in the case of PFOA and PFBuA, detected at concentrations in the range between 1.51 and 66.7 ng/g and 0.98-26.6 ng/g, respectively. During the present study generally no statistically significant differences dependent on gender, age and body weight of animals were found. This study confirms the suitability of fur samples for biomonitoring of exposure to PFASs in domestic animals, what may be important in veterinary toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Makowska
- Department of Clinical Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 14, 10-957, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Julia Martín
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Seville, C/ Virgen de África, 7, E-41011, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Andrzej Rychlik
- Department of Clinical Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 14, 10-957, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Irene Aparicio
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Seville, C/ Virgen de África, 7, E-41011, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Santos
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Seville, C/ Virgen de África, 7, E-41011, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Esteban Alonso
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Seville, C/ Virgen de África, 7, E-41011, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Slawomir Gonkowski
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-957, Olsztyn, Poland
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Ma S, Zeng Z, Lin M, Tang J, Yang Y, Yu Y, Li G, An T. PAHs and their hydroxylated metabolites in the human fingernails from e-waste dismantlers: Implications for human non-invasive biomonitoring and exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 283:117059. [PMID: 33845288 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Non-invasive human biomonitoring methods using hair and fingernails as matrices are widely used to assess the exposure of organic contaminants. In this work, a total of 72 human fingernails were collected from workers and near-by residents from a typical electronic waste (e-waste) dismantling site, and were analyzed for human exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their mono-hydroxyl metabolites (OH-PAHs). The concentrations of PAHs and OH-PAHs were obtained as 7.97-551 and 39.5-3280 ng/g for e-waste workers (EW workers), 7.05-431 and 27.3-3320 ng/g for non-EW workers, 7.93-289 and 124-779 ng/g for adult residents, and 8.88-1280 and 181-293 ng/g for child residents, respectively. The composition profiles of PAHs in the human fingernails of the four groups were similar, with isomers of Phe, Pyr and Fluo being the predominated congeners, while 2-OH-Nap accounted for more than 70% of the total OH-PAHs. These contaminants were found most in the fingernails of EW workers, followed by non-EW workers, adult residents, and child residents, indicating e-waste dismantling activities are the major sources of PAH exposure. However, significantly higher levels of PAHs with 4-6 rings were observed only in workers as opposed to the residents, and a significant correlation between 3-OH-Flu (p < 0.05) and 2-OH-Phe (p < 0.01) in the fingernails and urine was observed, but no significant correlation was found between the concentration of OH-PAHs in matched hair and fingernail samples. In addition, the levels of PAHs in fingernails increased with the age of EW workers. This is the first study to explore the accumulation and distribution of PAHs and OH-PAHs in human fingernails, which would provide valuable insight into non-invasive biomonitoring and health risk assessment of PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengtao Ma
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou, 515041, PR China
| | - Zihuan Zeng
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Meiqing Lin
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jian Tang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou, 515041, PR China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Ji J, Song L, Wang J, Yang Z, Yan H, Li T, Yu L, Jian L, Jiang F, Li J, Zheng J, Li K. Association between urinary per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances and COVID-19 susceptibility. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 153:106524. [PMID: 33773143 PMCID: PMC7972714 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The growing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has heightened the urgency of identifying individuals most at risk of infection. Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are manufactured fluorinated chemicals widely used in many industrial and household products. The objective of this case-control study was to assess the association between PFASs exposure and COVID-19 susceptibility and to elucidate the metabolic dysregulation associated with PFASs exposure in COVID-19 patients. METHODS Total 160 subjects (80 COVID-19 patients and 80 symptom-free controls) were recruited from Shanxi and Shandong provinces, two regions heavily polluted by PFASs in China. Twelve common PFASs were quantified in both urine and serum. Urine metabolome profiling was performed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). RESULTS In unadjusted models, the risk of COVID-19 infection was positively associated with urinary levels of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) (Odds ratio: 2.29 [95% CI: 1.52-3.22]), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (2.91, [1.95-4.83], and total PFASs (∑ (12) PFASs) (3.31, [2.05-4.65]). After controlling for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), comorbidities, and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR), the associations remained statistically significant (Adjusted odds ratio of 1.94 [95% CI: 1.39-2.96] for PFOS, 2.73 [1.71-4.55] for PFOA, and 2.82 [1.97-3.51] for ∑ (12) PFASs). Urine metabolome-PFASs association analysis revealed that 59% of PFASs-associated urinary endogenous metabolites in COVID-19 patients were identified to be produced or largely regulated by mitochondrial function. In addition, the increase of PFASs exposure was associated with the accumulation of key metabolites in kynurenine metabolism, which are involved in immune responses (Combined β coefficient of 0.60 [95% CI: 0.25-0.95, P = 0.001]). Moreover, alternations in PFASs-associated metabolites in mitochondrial and kynurenine metabolism were also correlated with clinical lab biomarkers for mitochondrial function (serum growth/differentiation factor-15) and immune activity (lymphocyte percentage), respectively. CONCLUSION Elevated exposure to PFASs was independently associated with an increased risk of COVID-19 infection. PFASs-associated metabolites were implicated in mitochondrial function and immune activity. Larger studies are needed to confirm our findings and further understand the underlying mechanisms of PFASs exposure in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Ji
- Department of Radiology, Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi, China; Jiangsu Metabo Life Technology, Danyang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lingyan Song
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated with Medical College of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Zhiyun Yang
- Graduate School, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi, China
| | - Haotian Yan
- Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Radiology, Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi, China
| | - Li Yu
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lingyu Jian
- Graduate School, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi, China
| | | | - Junfeng Li
- Department of Radiology, Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi, China.
| | - Jinping Zheng
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi, China.
| | - Kefeng Li
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
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16
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Morganti M, Polesello S, Pascariello S, Ferrario C, Rubolini D, Valsecchi S, Parolini M. Exposure assessment of PFAS-contaminated sites using avian eggs as a biomonitoring tool: A frame of reference and a case study in the Po River valley (Northern Italy). INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2021; 17:733-745. [PMID: 33764673 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
For many years, eggs of diverse bird species have been used as monitoring tools in studies investigating perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contamination, especially in marine and remote areas. Avian eggs are a suitable monitoring matrix because they are relatively easy to collect and their yolks store diverse maternally transferred PFAS. Moreover, the concentrations of PFAS detected in the eggs are a good proxy for maternal exposure and allow the assessment of the potential risk for birds. These features support the use of avian eggs as a key monitoring tool in exposure assessment of PFAS-contaminated sites. We first review the recent application of avian eggs in PFAS monitoring in environmental risk assessment schemes, highlighting strengths and limitations and suggesting which criteria should be considered when selecting a proper study species and structuring the sampling and analytical protocol. Eventually, we report findings from a field study realized in 2020 near a perfluoropolymer factory site in the upper Po plain (Northern Italy), revealing an unprecedented contamination level of PFOA and C6O4 in three species of wild passerines. In future, long-term monitoring of PFAS contamination using avian eggs should be maintained, to provide crucial information on the temporal trend of fluorochemical production and waste disposal, while facilitating early identification of emerging PFAS as well as the quantification of their biomagnification across the trophic web. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:733-745. © 2021 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelangelo Morganti
- Water Research Institute-National Research Council of Italy, IRSA-CNR, Brugherio, MB, Italy
| | - Stefano Polesello
- Water Research Institute-National Research Council of Italy, IRSA-CNR, Brugherio, MB, Italy
| | - Simona Pascariello
- Water Research Institute-National Research Council of Italy, IRSA-CNR, Brugherio, MB, Italy
| | - Claudia Ferrario
- Water Research Institute-National Research Council of Italy, IRSA-CNR, Brugherio, MB, Italy
| | - Diego Rubolini
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Valsecchi
- Water Research Institute-National Research Council of Italy, IRSA-CNR, Brugherio, MB, Italy
| | - Marco Parolini
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Li J, Li J, Ma Y, Chen B, Wang X, Jiao X, Jin Y, Shen Z, Yuan T, Yu X. Urine concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids in children and contributions of dietary factors: a cross-sectional study from Shanghai, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:20440-20450. [PMID: 33403637 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12293-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The production and emission of short-chain perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) has increased over the years to replace long-chain PFAAs, leading to frequent detection in the environment and raising global concerns about the potential impacts on human health. In this study, the specific urine levels of 10 PFAAs were obtained from 189 children (age 8-12 years) from two primary schools located in urban and suburban areas of Shanghai in 2019, and the contributions of dietary factors were investigated. Perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), and perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) were detected in 100%, 99.5%, and 87.3% of the samples, with median concentrations of 20.20 ng/L, 46.50 ng/L, and 20.95 ng/L, respectively. The most abundant PFAA was perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), with a median concentration of 78.90 ng/L. The concentration of ∑PFAAs ranged from 61.10 to 4108.93 ng/L, with a median concentration of 253.12 ng/L. Children aged 8-9 years had higher median levels of PFBS, perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) than children aged 10-12 years. Obese/overweight children had lower levels of PFHpA, PFBS, and PFOS. The intake of red meats, tubers, sugared beverages, fish and seafood, and eggs contributed to higher concentrations of PFAAs, while frequent intake of poultry and soy milk was associated with lower PFAA concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Jiafan Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yuning Ma
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Bo Chen
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xirui Wang
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Xianting Jiao
- MOE-Shanghai Key Lab of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yihui Jin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhemin Shen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Tao Yuan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Xiaodan Yu
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China.
- MOE-Shanghai Key Lab of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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18
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Li N, Ying GG, Hong H, Deng WJ. Perfluoroalkyl substances in the urine and hair of preschool children, airborne particles in kindergartens, and drinking water in Hong Kong. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 270:116219. [PMID: 33401204 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Seven perfluorinated and polyfluorinated substances (PFASs), namely perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), and perfluoro-1,10-decanedicarboxylic acid (PFDDA), were evaluated in urine and hair samples from children (age: 4-6 years, N = 53), airborne particles sampled at 17 kindergartens, and tap water and bottled water samples. All samples were collected in Hong Kong. The analytical results suggested widespread PFAS contamination. All target PFASs were detected in at least 32% of urine samples, with geometric mean (GM) concentrations ranging from 0.18 to 2.97 ng/L, and in 100% of drinking water samples at GM concentrations of 0.18-21.1 ng/L. Although PFOS and PFDDA were not detected in hair or air samples, the other target PFASs were detected in 48-70% of hair samples (GM concentrations: 2.40-233 pg/g) and 100% of air samples (GM concentrations: 14.8-536.7 pg/m3). In summary, the highest PFAS concentrations were detected in airborne particles measured in kindergartens. PFOA was the major PFAS detected in hair, urine, and drinking water samples, while PFOA, PFDA, and PFHpA were dominant in airborne particles. Although a significant difference in PFAS concentrations in hair samples was observed between boys and girls (p < .05), no significant sex-related difference in urinary PFAS or paired PFAS (hair/urine) concentrations was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China; Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Huachang Hong
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Wen-Jing Deng
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China; SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Demographic and exposure characteristics as predictors of serum per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) levels - A community-level biomonitoring project in Pennsylvania. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 231:113631. [PMID: 33035738 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are widely used in industrial and consumer products and have been linked to various adverse health effects. Communities near two former military bases in Pennsylvania were exposed to PFAS through contaminated drinking water for several decades. The Pennsylvania Department of Health (DOH) conducted biomonitoring of 235 randomly selected community members living in four public water system (PWS) service areas to evaluate a toolkit developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). DOH also collected data on participants' demographics, exposure history and self-reported health conditions. Serum PFAS levels were compared with the national averages for 2013-2014 and their relationships with demographic and exposure characteristics were analyzed. Of the 11 PFASs analyzed for, only perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) were consistently detected in the serum samples. The average levels of PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS and PFNA among the study participants were 3.13, 10.24, 6.64 and 0.74 μg per liter (μg/L), respectively. Overall, 75, 81, 94 and 59 percent of the study participants had levels exceeding the national average for PFOA (1.94 μg/L), PFOS (4.99 μg/L), PFHxS (1.35 μg/L) and PFNA (0.66 μg/L), respectively. Results indicated associations between serum levels of some PFAS compounds and sex, age, employment in the study area, PWS area, quantity of daily tap water consumption, and length of residence in the study area.
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20
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Barregård L, Ceccatelli S, Cravedi J, Halldorsson TI, Haug LS, Johansson N, Knutsen HK, Rose M, Roudot A, Van Loveren H, Vollmer G, Mackay K, Riolo F, Schwerdtle T. Risk to human health related to the presence of perfluoroalkyl substances in food. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06223. [PMID: 32994824 PMCID: PMC7507523 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific evaluation on the risks to human health related to the presence of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in food. Based on several similar effects in animals, toxicokinetics and observed concentrations in human blood, the CONTAM Panel decided to perform the assessment for the sum of four PFASs: PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS and PFOS. These made up half of the lower bound (LB) exposure to those PFASs with available occurrence data, the remaining contribution being primarily from PFASs with short half-lives. Equal potencies were assumed for the four PFASs included in the assessment. The mean LB exposure in adolescents and adult age groups ranged from 3 to 22, the 95th percentile from 9 to 70 ng/kg body weight (bw) per week. Toddlers and 'other children' showed a twofold higher exposure. Upper bound exposure was 4- to 49-fold higher than LB levels, but the latter were considered more reliable. 'Fish meat', 'Fruit and fruit products' and 'Eggs and egg products' contributed most to the exposure. Based on available studies in animals and humans, effects on the immune system were considered the most critical for the risk assessment. From a human study, a lowest BMDL 10 of 17.5 ng/mL for the sum of the four PFASs in serum was identified for 1-year-old children. Using PBPK modelling, this serum level of 17.5 ng/mL in children was estimated to correspond to long-term maternal exposure of 0.63 ng/kg bw per day. Since accumulation over time is important, a tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of 4.4 ng/kg bw per week was established. This TWI also protects against other potential adverse effects observed in humans. Based on the estimated LB exposure, but also reported serum levels, the CONTAM Panel concluded that parts of the European population exceed this TWI, which is of concern.
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Liu B, Zhang R, Zhang H, Yu Y, Yao D, Yin S. Levels of Perfluoroalkyl Acids (PFAAs) in Human Serum, Hair and Nails in Guangdong Province, China: Implications for Exploring the Ideal Bio-Indicator. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 79:184-194. [PMID: 32494886 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-020-00743-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The widespread human exposure to perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) has led to increasing public concern. In this study, we present a comprehensive measurement of total fluorine (TF), extractable organic fluorine (EOF), identified organic fluorine (IOF, total concentration of identified PFAAs quantified as fluorine) and 11 target PFAAs in human serum (n = 60), hair (n = 49) and nails (n = 39) collected from non-occupation exposed volunteers in 10 cities of Guangdong Province, China. The results indicated that EOF was the major form of fluorine in serum, accounting for 70-80% of TF. The levels of IOF contributed less than 10% of EOF. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) was found to be the dominant PFAA with mean concentration of 23 ng·mL-1 in serum, 35 ng·g-1 in hair and 33 ng·g-1 in nail, respectively. Short-chain PFAAs (C ≤ 10) were the predominant PFAAs in three matrices. Levels of PFOS, perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUdA) and perfluorotridecanoic acid (PFTrDA) in males are significantly higher than those in females (p < 0.01). Significant positive correlations were observed between nail and serum for PFOS (p < 0.01), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (p < 0.05) and PFHxS (p < 0.01), suggesting that human nails, a noninvasive sample, are a promising bio-indicator for PFAA risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolin Liu
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, China
| | | | - Hong Zhang
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Yong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China
| | - Dan Yao
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Shaoqiang Yin
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
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Bogdanska J, Borg D, Bergström U, Mellring M, Bergman Å, DePierre J, Nobel S. Tissue distribution of 14C-labelled perfluorooctanoic acid in adult mice after 1-5 days of dietary exposure to an experimental dose or a lower dose that resulted in blood levels similar to those detected in exposed humans. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 239:124755. [PMID: 31726523 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), a global environmental pollutant detected in both wildlife and human populations, has several pathophysiological effects in experimental animals, including hepatotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and developmental toxicity. However, details concerning the tissue distribution of PFOA, in particular at levels relevant to humans, are lacking, which limits our understanding of how humans, and other mammals, may be affected by this compound. Therefore, we characterized the tissue distribution of 14C-PFOA in mice in the same manner as we earlier examined its analogues perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS) in order to allow direct comparisons. Following dietary exposure of adult male C57/BL6 mice for 1, 3 or 5 days to a low dose (0.06 mg/kg/day) or a higher experimental dose (22 mg/kg/day) of 14C-PFOA, both scintillation counting and whole-body autoradiography revealed the presence of PFOA in most of the 19 different tissues examined, demonstrating its ability to leave the bloodstream and enter tissues. There were no differences in the pattern of tissue distribution with the low and high dose and the tissue-to-blood ratios were similar. At both doses, PFOA levels were highest in the liver, followed by blood, lungs and kidneys. The body compartments estimated to contain the largest amounts of PFOA were the liver, blood, skin and muscle. In comparison with our identical studies on PFOS and PFBS, PFOA reached considerably higher tissue levels than PFBS, but lower than PFOS. Furthermore, the distribution of PFOA differed notably from that of PFOS, with lower tissue-to-blood ratios in the liver, lungs, kidneys and skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasna Bogdanska
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Daniel Borg
- Swedish Chemicals Agency, SE-17267, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Ulrika Bergström
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, SE-75236, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Maria Mellring
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Åke Bergman
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden; School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Joseph DePierre
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Stefan Nobel
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Section of Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Martín J, Santos JL, Aparicio I, Alonso E. Exposure assessment to parabens, bisphenol A and perfluoroalkyl compounds in children, women and men by hair analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 695:133864. [PMID: 31421338 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Population is continuously exposed to endocrine disrupting compounds present in everyday products such as parabens, bisphenol A (BPA), and perfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs). The aims of this study were, first, to evaluate human exposure to three parabens (methylparaben (MeP), ethylparaben (EtP) and propylparaben (PrP)), BPA and six PFCs (perfluorobutanoic acid, perfluoropentanoic acid, perfluorohexanoic acid, perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS)) through the analysis of hair samples from children, women and men and, then, to evaluate possible relationships between pollutant concentration in hair and age, gender, smoking and dyeing habits or hair colour. Hair samples were collected from 42 volunteers from Seville (Spain) (10 children, 16 women and 16 men). Six of the monitored pollutants (MeP, EtP, PrP, BPA, PFHpA and PFOS) were detected in at least 76% of the samples analysed. The highest concentrations and frequency of detection (100% of the samples) corresponded to MeP and PrP (up to 14,187 and 9009 ng/g, respectively). BPA was found in 83% of the samples at concentrations in the range from 24 to 1427 ng/g whereas PFCs were detected at concentrations in the range from 0.6 to 15.5 ng/g, being PFHpA and PFOS the ones most frequently detected (86% and 76%, respectively). Concentrations of BPA and parabens in adults were statistically higher than those in children. The results of this study reveal the suitability of hair for biomonitoring endocrine disrupting compounds of high concern (PFCs, parabens and BPA) to which population is internally or/and externally but continuously exposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Martín
- Departmento de Química Analítica, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Virgen de África, 7, E-41011 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Juan Luis Santos
- Departmento de Química Analítica, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Virgen de África, 7, E-41011 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Irene Aparicio
- Departmento de Química Analítica, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Virgen de África, 7, E-41011 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Esteban Alonso
- Departmento de Química Analítica, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Virgen de África, 7, E-41011 Sevilla, Spain
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24
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Worldwide trends in tracing poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the environment. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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25
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Briels N, Torgersen LN, Castaño-Ortiz JM, Løseth ME, Herzke D, Nygård T, Bustnes JO, Ciesielski TM, Poma G, Malarvannan G, Covaci A, Jaspers VLB. Integrated exposure assessment of northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) nestlings to legacy and emerging organic pollutants using non-destructive samples. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 178:108678. [PMID: 31520824 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, concentrations of legacy and emerging contaminants were determined in three non-destructive matrices (plasma, preen oil and body feathers) of northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) nestlings. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), together with emerging pollutants, including per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) and Dechlorane Plus isomers (DPs) were targeted. Plasma, preen oil and feather samples were collected from 61 goshawk nestlings in Norway (Trøndelag and Troms) in 2015 and 2016, and pollutant concentrations were compared between the three matrices. In plasma, PFASs were detected in the highest concentrations, ranging between 1.37 and 36.0 ng/mL, which suggests that the nestlings were recently and continuously exposed to these emerging contaminants, likely through dietary input. In preen oil, OCPs (169-3560 ng/g) showed the highest concentrations among the investigated compounds, consistent with their high lipophilicity. PFRs (2.60-314 ng/g) were the dominant compounds in feathers and are thought to originate mainly from external deposition, as they were not detected in the other two matrices. NBFRs and DPs were generally not detected in the nestlings, suggesting low presence of these emerging contaminants in their environment and/or low absorption. Strong and significant correlations between matrices were found for all POPs (rs = 0.46-0.95, p < 0.001), except for hexachlorobenzene (HCB, rs = 0.20, p = 0.13). Correlations for PFASs were less conclusive: linear perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluoroundecanoate (PFUnA), perfluorododecanoate (PFDoA) and perfluorotetradecanoate (PFTeA) showed strong and significant correlations between plasma and feathers (rs = 0.42-0.72, p < 0.02), however no correlation was found for perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorononanoate (PFNA) and perfluorotridecanoate (PFTriA) (rs = 0.05-0.33, p = 0.09-0.85). A lack of consistency between the PFAS compounds (contrary to POPs), and between studies, prevents concluding on the suitability of the investigated matrices for PFAS biomonitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Briels
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Lene Norstrand Torgersen
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jose Maria Castaño-Ortiz
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mari Engvig Løseth
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Dorte Herzke
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), FRAM Centre, 9007, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Torgeir Nygård
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Høgskoleringen 9, 7034, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jan Ove Bustnes
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), FRAM Centre, 9007, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Tomasz Maciej Ciesielski
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Giulia Poma
- University of Antwerp, Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Govindan Malarvannan
- University of Antwerp, Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- University of Antwerp, Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
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Calafat AM, Kato K, Hubbard K, Jia T, Botelho JC, Wong LY. Legacy and alternative per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the U.S. general population: Paired serum-urine data from the 2013-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 131:105048. [PMID: 31376596 PMCID: PMC7879379 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Concerns are heightened from detecting environmentally persistent man-made per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in drinking water systems around the world. Many PFAS, including perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), remain in the human body for years. Since 1999-2000, assessment of exposure to PFOS, PFOA, and other select PFAS in the U.S. general population has relied on measuring PFAS serum concentrations in participants of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Manufacturers have replaced select chemistries ("legacy" PFAS) with PFAS with shorter biological half-lives (e.g., GenX, perfluorobutanoate [PFBA]) which may efficiently eliminate in urine. However, knowledge regarding exposure to these compounds is limited. We analyzed 2682 urine samples for 17 legacy and alternative PFAS in 2013-2014 NHANES participants ≥6 years of age. Concentrations of some of these PFAS, measured previously in paired serum samples from the same NHANES participants, suggested universal exposure to PFOS and PFOA, and infrequent or no exposure to two short-chain PFAS, perfluorobutane sulfonate and perfluoroheptanoate. Yet, in urine, PFAS were seldom detected; the frequency of not having detectable concentrations of any of the 17 PFAS was 67.5%. Only two were detected in >1.5% of the population: PFBA (13.3%) and perfluorohexanoate (PFHxA, 22.6%); the 90th percentile urine concentrations were 0.1 μg/L (PFBA), and 0.3 μg/L (PFHxA). These results suggest that exposures to short-chain PFAS are infrequent or at levels below those that would result in detectable concentrations in urine. As such, these findings do not support biomonitoring of short-chain PFAS or fluorinated alternatives in the general population using urine, and highlight the importance of selecting the adequate biomonitoring matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia M Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Kayoko Kato
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kendra Hubbard
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tao Jia
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Julianne Cook Botelho
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lee-Yang Wong
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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27
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Ruan Y, Lalwani D, Kwok KY, Yamazaki E, Taniyasu S, Kumar NJI, Lam PKS, Yamashita N. Assessing exposure to legacy and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances via hair - The first nationwide survey in India. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 229:366-373. [PMID: 31078894 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, environmental issues emerging from per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have raised high concern worldwide. Levels of human exposure to PFAS remain unknown in India. Biomonitoring data obtained from hair analysis have been evidenced to provide insight into retrospective human exposure to PFAS. In this study, 25 PFAS, including perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors, were measured in 39 human hair samples collected from 14 cities in India. The inuflence of gender on the PFAS levels was also examined. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to provide preliminary indicative data (due to the limited sample size and variability in hair-length sampling) on the levels of PFAS in Indian hair. The concentrations of total PFAS in hair varied from below matrix-specific limit of quantification (<0.02 ng/g) to 3.78 ng/g. Among 9 PFAS quantified, perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were the predominant compounds. Categorized into 4 regions, PFAS contamination exhibited certain regional difference where South India may show higher levels than the other regions. Highly significant positive correlation was observed between PFHxS and PFOS (p ≪ 0.001; r = 0.644), suggesting similar pathways of exposure to the two compounds. Higher PFAS occurrence was generally observed in the hair of females. Our results highlighted the urgent need to investigate the deposition mechanism of PFAS in hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuefei Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Dipa Lalwani
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan; Institute of Science & Technology for Advanced Studies & Research (ISTAR), Sardar Patel Centre for Science and Technology, Vallabh Vidhyanagar, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Karen Y Kwok
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Eriko Yamazaki
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan; College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Sachi Taniyasu
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan
| | - Nirmal J I Kumar
- Institute of Science & Technology for Advanced Studies & Research (ISTAR), Sardar Patel Centre for Science and Technology, Vallabh Vidhyanagar, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Paul K S Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nobuyoshi Yamashita
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan.
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28
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Wu N, Cai D, Guo M, Li M, Li X. Per- and polyfluorinated compounds in saleswomen's urine linked to indoor dust in clothing shops. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 667:594-600. [PMID: 30833258 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the characteristics of typical per- and polyfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in indoor dust from clothing shops and urine sampled from saleswomen. A total of 58 indoor dust samples and 73 urine samples from saleswomen were collected from clothing shops in Shanghai, China. All samples were analyzed for PFCs using high-performance liquid chromatography tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The mean PFC concentrations in indoor dust ranged from 0.42 (PFDA) to 5.04 ng g-1 (PFDoA). PFDoA and PFHxS were the most prominent PFCs, with median concentrations of 2.95 ng g-1 and 1.49 ng g-1, respectively. The median PFC concentrations in urine ranged from 10.15 (PFDS) to 666.1 ng l-1 (PFOA) and PFOA was the most abundant chemical with concentrations ranging from 207 to 907 ng l-1. A significant positive correlation was obtained between long-chain PFCs in dust and in urine (p < 0.01). Daily intake values of PFCs via dust ingestion were also calculated, and even under high-end exposure scenarios, the intake of PFOA (36.5 pg day-1) and PFOS (56.7 pg day-1) were well within the tolerable daily intake values. These results are important to both characterize PFC levels and estimate the saleswomen's exposure to PFCs from indoor dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Dongmei Cai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Mengjie Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Guangzhou 510632, PR China.
| | - Xiang Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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Kim DH, Lee JH, Oh JE. Perfluoroalkyl acids in paired serum, urine, and hair samples: Correlations with demographic factors and dietary habits. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 248:175-182. [PMID: 30784836 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed paired serum, urine, and hair samples from 94 Korean children and adults to investigate levels of 11 perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs). The effects of demographic factors and dietary habits on PFAA exposure were also assessed based on the paired samples. The total PFAA concentrations were 2.4-31 ng/mL in serum, not detected-9.5 ng/mL in urine, and 0.48-15 ng/g in hair. Levels of perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA) and perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), which have short carbon chains, were 1.5-5 fold higher in urine and hair than in serum. The PFAA concentrations in serum exhibited a decreasing trend with age from young childhood to adolescence, followed by an increasing trend after adolescence. For most PFAA species, concentrations in serum were higher in adult males than in adult females (p < 0.01). No sex difference was evident in the urine and hair samples. In addition, there was no age difference in the urine samples, but in the hair samples, we observed higher concentrations of PFAAs in children than in the other age groups (p < 0.01). The consumption rates of fish and water showed significant correlations with serum (positive correlation) and hair (negative) concentrations, respectively. No relationships between serum and hair/urine levels for most PFAAs were observed, except between serum and hair levels for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Hye Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Jong-Hyeon Lee
- Research Institute of Environmental Health and Safety, Bucheon 14487, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea.
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Role of astrocytes-derived d-serine in PFOS-induced neurotoxicity through NMDARs in the rat primary hippocampal neurons. Toxicology 2019; 422:14-24. [PMID: 31004706 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is one of the perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), and has been used in industrial and consumer products. It has already been shown that PFOS could be detected in the environmental media and biological species including humans, due to its resistance to environmental degradation. PFOS is known to induce a series of adverse impacts on human health, e.g., as a potential neurotoxic substance. Recent studies suggest that astrocytes act as the mediator in PFOS-induced neurotoxicity; however, the underlying molecular mechanism needs further investigation. Under the physiological condition, astrocytes play an important role in maintaining brain functions through releasing and up-taking of neurotransmitters between astrocytes and neurons. In the present study, astrocytes-derived d-serine was shown to be involved in PFOS-induced apoptosis and death in the rat primary hippocampal neurons. Significant alterations in d-serine were found in astrocytes, mediated by the molecules in d-serine synthesis (serine racemase), metabolism (d-amino acid oxidase) and delivery (calcium, vacuolar type H+-ATPase, alanine-serine-cysteine transporter and connexin 43 hemichannels). Meanwhile, the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunits (NR1, NR2 A and NR2B) gene and protein expressions were significantly increased in the hippocampal neurons exposed to the PFOS-activated astrocytes-conditional medium (ACM). Further, the adverse effects of PFOS could be attenuated by the fluorocitrate (an inhibitor for d-serine up-taken by the glial cells) application. Our data indicated that astrocytes-derived d-serine was involved in PFOS-induced neurotoxicity through the NMDARs in the rat primary hippocampal neurons.
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Løseth ME, Briels N, Flo J, Malarvannan G, Poma G, Covaci A, Herzke D, Nygård T, Bustnes JO, Jenssen BM, Jaspers VLB. White-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) feathers from Norway are suitable for monitoring of legacy, but not emerging contaminants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 647:525-533. [PMID: 30089276 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
While feathers have been successfully validated for monitoring of internal concentrations of heavy metals and legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs), less is known about their suitability for monitoring of emerging contaminants (ECs). Our study presents a broad investigation of both legacy POPs and ECs in non-destructive matrices from a bird of prey. Plasma and feathers were sampled in 2015 and 2016 from 70 whitetailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) nestlings from two archipelagos in Norway. Preen oil was also sampled in 2016. Samples were analysed for POPs (polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs)) and ECs (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), dechlorane plus (DPs), phosphate and novel brominated flame retardants (PFRs and NBFRs)). A total of nine PCBs, three OCPs, one PBDE and one PFAS were detected in over 50% of the plasma and feather samples within each sampling year and location. Significant and positive correlations were found between plasma, feathers and preen oil concentrations of legacy POPs and confirm the findings of previous research on the usefulness of these matrices for non-destructive monitoring. In contrast, the suitability of feathers for ECs seems to be limited. Detection frequencies (DF) of PFASs were higher in plasma (mean DF: 78%) than in feathers (mean DF: 38%). Only perfluoroundecanoic acid could be quantified in over 50% of both plasma and feather samples, yet their correlation was poor and not significant. The detection frequencies of PFRs, NBFRs and DPs were very low in plasma (mean DF: 1-13%), compared to feathers (mean DF: 10-57%). This may suggest external atmospheric deposition, rapid internal biotransformation or excretion of these compounds. Accordingly, we suggest prioritising plasma for PFASs analyses, while the sources of PFRs, NBFRs and DPs in feathers and plasma need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari E Løseth
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Nathalie Briels
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jørgen Flo
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Govindan Malarvannan
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Giulia Poma
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Dorte Herzke
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), FRAM - High North Research Centre on Climate and the Environment, 9007 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Torgeir Nygård
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Høgskoleringen 9, 7034 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jan O Bustnes
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), FRAM - High North Research Centre on Climate and the Environment, 9007 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Veerle L B Jaspers
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Knutsen HK, Alexander J, Barregård L, Bignami M, Brüschweiler B, Ceccatelli S, Cottrill B, Dinovi M, Edler L, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom LR, Nebbia CS, Oswald IP, Petersen A, Rose M, Roudot AC, Vleminckx C, Vollmer G, Wallace H, Bodin L, Cravedi JP, Halldorsson TI, Haug LS, Johansson N, van Loveren H, Gergelova P, Mackay K, Levorato S, van Manen M, Schwerdtle T. Risk to human health related to the presence of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and perfluorooctanoic acid in food. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05194. [PMID: 32625773 PMCID: PMC7009575 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific evaluation on the risks to human health related to the presence of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in food. Regarding PFOS and PFOA occurrence, the final data set available for dietary exposure assessment contained a total of 20,019 analytical results (PFOS n = 10,191 and PFOA n = 9,828). There were large differences between upper and lower bound exposure due to analytical methods with insufficient sensitivity. The CONTAM Panel considered the lower bound estimates to be closer to true exposure levels. Important contributors to the lower bound mean chronic exposure were 'Fish and other seafood', 'Meat and meat products' and 'Eggs and egg products', for PFOS, and 'Milk and dairy products', 'Drinking water' and 'Fish and other seafood' for PFOA. PFOS and PFOA are readily absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, excreted in urine and faeces, and do not undergo metabolism. Estimated human half-lives for PFOS and PFOA are about 5 years and 2-4 years, respectively. The derivation of a health-based guidance value was based on human epidemiological studies. For PFOS, the increase in serum total cholesterol in adults, and the decrease in antibody response at vaccination in children were identified as the critical effects. For PFOA, the increase in serum total cholesterol was the critical effect. Also reduced birth weight (for both compounds) and increased prevalence of high serum levels of the liver enzyme alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (for PFOA) were considered. After benchmark modelling of serum levels of PFOS and PFOA, and estimating the corresponding daily intakes, the CONTAM Panel established a tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of 13 ng/kg body weight (bw) per week for PFOS and 6 ng/kg bw per week for PFOA. For both compounds, exposure of a considerable proportion of the population exceeds the proposed TWIs.
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33
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Knutsen HK, Alexander J, Barregård L, Bignami M, Brüschweiler B, Ceccatelli S, Cottrill B, Dinovi M, Edler L, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom LR, Nebbia CS, Oswald IP, Petersen A, Rose M, Roudot AC, Vleminckx C, Vollmer G, Wallace H, Bodin L, Cravedi JP, Halldorsson TI, Haug LS, Johansson N, van Loveren H, Gergelova P, Mackay K, Levorato S, van Manen M, Schwerdtle T. Risk to human health related to the presence of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and perfluorooctanoic acid in food. EFSA J 2018. [PMID: 32625773 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5194">10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5194','32625773', '10.1016/j.envint.2012.12.002')">Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5194" />
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific evaluation on the risks to human health related to the presence of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in food. Regarding PFOS and PFOA occurrence, the final data set available for dietary exposure assessment contained a total of 20,019 analytical results (PFOS n = 10,191 and PFOA n = 9,828). There were large differences between upper and lower bound exposure due to analytical methods with insufficient sensitivity. The CONTAM Panel considered the lower bound estimates to be closer to true exposure levels. Important contributors to the lower bound mean chronic exposure were 'Fish and other seafood', 'Meat and meat products' and 'Eggs and egg products', for PFOS, and 'Milk and dairy products', 'Drinking water' and 'Fish and other seafood' for PFOA. PFOS and PFOA are readily absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, excreted in urine and faeces, and do not undergo metabolism. Estimated human half-lives for PFOS and PFOA are about 5 years and 2-4 years, respectively. The derivation of a health-based guidance value was based on human epidemiological studies. For PFOS, the increase in serum total cholesterol in adults, and the decrease in antibody response at vaccination in children were identified as the critical effects. For PFOA, the increase in serum total cholesterol was the critical effect. Also reduced birth weight (for both compounds) and increased prevalence of high serum levels of the liver enzyme alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (for PFOA) were considered. After benchmark modelling of serum levels of PFOS and PFOA, and estimating the corresponding daily intakes, the CONTAM Panel established a tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of 13 ng/kg body weight (bw) per week for PFOS and 6 ng/kg bw per week for PFOA. For both compounds, exposure of a considerable proportion of the population exceeds the proposed TWIs.
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34
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Kato K, Kalathil AA, Patel AM, Ye X, Calafat AM. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and fluorinated alternatives in urine and serum by on-line solid phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 209:338-345. [PMID: 29935462 PMCID: PMC7916321 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), man-made chemicals with variable length carbon chains containing the perfluoroalkyl moiety (CnF2n+1-), are used in many commercial applications. Since 1999-2000, several long-chain PFAS, including perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), have been detected at trace levels in the blood of most participants of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)-representative samples of the U.S. general population-while short-chain PFAS have not. Lower detection frequencies and concentration ranges may reflect lower exposure to short-chain PFAS than to PFOS or PFOA or that, in humans, short-chain PFAS efficiently eliminate in urine. We developed on-line solid phase extraction-HPLC-isotope dilution-MS/MS methods for the quantification in 50 μL of urine or serum of 15 C3-C11 PFAS (C3 only in urine), and three fluorinated alternatives used as PFOA or PFOS replacements: GenX (ammonium salt of 2,3,3,3,-tetrafluoro-2-(1,1,2,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropoxy)-propanoate, also known as HFPO-DA), ADONA (ammonium salt of 4,8-dioxa-3H-perfluorononanoate), and 9Cl-PF3ONS (9-chlorohexadecafluoro-3-oxanonane-1-sulfonate), main component of F53-B. Limit of detection for all analytes was 0.1 ng/mL. To validate the method, we analyzed 50 commercial urine/serum paired samples collected in 2016 from U.S. volunteers with no known exposure to the chemicals. In serum, detection frequency and concentration patterns agreed well with those from NHANES. By contrast, except for perfluorobutanoate, we did not detect long-chain or short-chain PFAS in urine. Also, we did not detect fluorinated alternatives in either urine or serum. Together, these results suggest limited exposure to both short-chain PFAS and select fluorinated alternatives in this convenience population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayoko Kato
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Akil A Kalathil
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ayesha M Patel
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Ye
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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35
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Wang Y, Shi Y, Vestergren R, Zhou Z, Liang Y, Cai Y. Using hair, nail and urine samples for human exposure assessment of legacy and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 636:383-391. [PMID: 29709855 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Non-invasive samples present ethical and practical benefits for investigating human exposure to hazardous contaminants, but analytical challenges and difficulties to interpret the results limit their application in biomonitoring. Here we investigated the potential for using hair, nail and urine samples as a measure of internal exposure to an array of legacy and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in two populations with different exposure conditions. Paired urine-serum measurements of PFASs from a group of highly exposed fishery employees displayed strong correlations for PFASs with three to eight perfluorinated carbons (ρ > 0.653; p < 0.01). Consistent statistical correlations and transfer ratios in nails and hair from both populations demonstrated that these non-invasive samples can be used as a measure of internal exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and C8 chlorinated polyfluoralkyl ether sulfonic acid (C8 Cl-PFESA). Contrastingly, the infrequent detections and/or lack of consistent transfer ratios for perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorononanoic acid and short-chain PFASs in hair and nail samples indicate passive uptake from the external environment rather than uptake and internal distribution. Collectively, the study supports the use of urine samples as a valid measure of internal exposure for a range of short- and medium-chain PFASs, while the validity of nail and hair samples as a measure of internal exposure may vary for different PFASs and populations. The ubiquitous detection of C8 Cl-PFESA in all sample matrices from both populations indicates widespread exposure to this contaminant of emerging concern in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Yali Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Robin Vestergren
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, 114 27 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE 10691, Sweden
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Yaqi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
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36
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Jian JM, Chen D, Han FJ, Guo Y, Zeng L, Lu X, Wang F. A short review on human exposure to and tissue distribution of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 636:1058-1069. [PMID: 29913568 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
PFASs are widely distributed in natural and living environment and can enter human bodies via different routes. Many studies have reported that PFASs may be associated with human diseases, such as urine acid and thyroid diseases. In this study, we reviewed PFAS levels in human bodies reported in past seven years, including blood, urine, milk, and tissues (hair and nails). Most studies focused on human blood. Blood type, spatiality, human age, and gender were found to have a strong relationship with PFAS levels in blood samples. The PFAS distribution in urine samples was reported to be associated with the chain length of PFASs and human gender. Urinary excretion was found to be an important pathway of PFAS elimination. PFAS levels in human milk might be affected by various factors, such as mothers' age, dietary habit, parity of mothers and the interval of interpregnancy. Data in hair and nails remain very limited, but these matrices offer a non-invasive approach to evaluate human exposure to PFASs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Meng Jian
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Fu-Juan Han
- Nuclear and Radiation Safety Center, Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 100082, China
| | - Ying Guo
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lixi Zeng
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xingwen Lu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Karzi V, Tzatzarakis MN, Vakonaki E, Alegakis T, Katsikantami I, Sifakis S, Rizos A, Tsatsakis AM. Biomonitoring of bisphenol A, triclosan and perfluorooctanoic acid in hair samples of children and adults. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 38:1144-1152. [PMID: 29722443 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), triclosan (TCS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are endocrine disruptors linked with negative health effects such as developmental, reproductive and cardiovascular toxicity. The aim of this study was to determine simultaneously the concentration of BPA, TCS and PFOA in hair from children and adults and examine possible associations between biomonitoring data and age, gender, dietary habits and body mass index. Methanolic extraction was applied and the compounds were determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Low levels of exposure to PFOA were detected for children and adults at concentrations below limit of quantification. The mean concentration of BPA in children and adults was 20.6 and 16.6 pg mg-1 , while for TCS 275.2 and 687.0 pg mg-1 , respectively. Children were highly exposed to BPA relative to adults (P = .011) although adults had greater exposure to TCS (P = .003). Hair from girls had a greater burden of BPA (P = .06) compared to boys. Moreover, higher TCS levels were depicted for females in both examined groups (children P = .200 and adults P = .213) compared to males, but no statistical differences were observed. Significant differences were also observed between age groups (P = .0007) for TCS. No correlations were found between BPA or TCS levels and body mass index or dietary habits for both children and adults. Children have a greater exposure to BPA compared to adults, whereas exposure of adults to TCS seems to be higher than that in children and elderly people. Exposure to BPA occurs mainly via ingestion whereas exposure to TCS mainly via dermal absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Karzi
- Laboratory of Toxicology Science and Research, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.,Department of Chemistry, University of Crete and Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH-IESL), GR, -71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Manolis N Tzatzarakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology Science and Research, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Elena Vakonaki
- Laboratory of Toxicology Science and Research, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Thanasis Alegakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology Science and Research, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Ioanna Katsikantami
- Laboratory of Toxicology Science and Research, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.,Department of Chemistry, University of Crete and Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH-IESL), GR, -71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | | | - Apostolos Rizos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete and Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH-IESL), GR, -71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Aristidis M Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology Science and Research, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
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Wang Y, Zhong Y, Li J, Zhang J, Lyu B, Zhao Y, Wu Y. Occurrence of perfluoroalkyl substances in matched human serum, urine, hair and nail. J Environ Sci (China) 2018; 67:191-197. [PMID: 29778152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in human serum, urine, hair and nail from general populations, and to investigate the possibility for human urine, hair and nail used as the biomonitoring sample for PFASs exposure. We detected the concentrations of PFHxA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFDoA, PFHxS and PFOS in 39 matched human serum, urine, hair and nail samples from Shenzhen in China. The detection frequency and the median level of PFOS were all higher than that of the other PFASs in four matrices. The median concentration of PFOS in serum, urine, hair, and nail were 9.24ng/mL, 13.96ng/L, 0.58ng/g and 0.63ng/g, respectively. The results of spearman correlation test indicated that nail was an ideal matrix for biomonitoring PFOS rather than human urine and hair in general populations for the non-invasive sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Yuxin Zhong
- Department of Pancreatogastric Surgery, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Jingguang Li
- The Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Jianqing Zhang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Bing Lyu
- The Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
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Jian JM, Guo Y, Zeng L, Liang-Ying L, Lu X, Wang F, Zeng EY. Global distribution of perfluorochemicals (PFCs) in potential human exposure source-A review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 108:51-62. [PMID: 28800414 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to perfluorochemicals (PFCs) has attracted mounting attention due to their potential harmful effects. Breathing, dietary intake, and drinking are believed to be the main routes for PFC entering into human body. Thus, we profiled PFC compositions and concentrations in indoor air and dust, food, and drinking water with detailed analysis of literature data published after 2010. Concentrations of PFCs in air and dust samples collected from home, office, and vehicle were outlined. The results showed that neutral PFCs (e.g., fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) and perfluorooctane sulfonamide ethanols (FOSEs)) should be given attention in addition to PFOS and PFOA. We summarized PFC concentrations in various food items, including vegetables, dairy products, beverages, eggs, meat products, fish, and shellfish. We showed that humans are subject to the dietary PFC exposure mostly through fish and shellfish consumption. Concentrations of PFCs in different drinking water samples collected from various countries were analyzed. Well water and tap water contained relatively higher PFC concentrations than other types of drinking water. Furthermore, PFC contamination in drinking water was influenced by the techniques for drinking water treatment and bottle-originating pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Meng Jian
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ying Guo
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lixi Zeng
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Liu Liang-Ying
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xingwen Lu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Matas D, Koren L. Age-related testosterone declines can be detected in men's fingernails. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 96:76-79. [PMID: 28763621 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2017-0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Testosterone plays multiple roles in the regulation of development, physiology, reproduction, and behavior. Age-related testosterone declines are expected in the population. However, measuring circulating testosterone is especially challenging because concentrations are labile, responding to social situations and challenges. Matrices that integrate long-term testosterone levels are therefore valuable as biomarkers of endogenous levels as well as chronic exposures. Here, we report on a simple method to extract and measure accumulated testosterone from human fingernails using commercial enzyme immunoassay kits. Furthermore, we demonstrate known human testosterone sex and age trends. Our method is especially useful for quantifying testosterone in men's nails, where a small amount of matrix is required. Thus, this approach is a potential tool for biomonitoring endogenous as well as exogenous testosterone exposure. We suggest considering nails as an alternative matrix for quantifying other steroids as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devorah Matas
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel.,The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Lee Koren
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel.,The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
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Mudumbi JBN, Ntwampe SKO, Matsha T, Mekuto L, Itoba-Tombo EF. Recent developments in polyfluoroalkyl compounds research: a focus on human/environmental health impact, suggested substitutes and removal strategies. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:402. [PMID: 28721589 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-6084-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Between the late 1940s and early 1950s, humans manufactured polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) using electrochemical fluorination and telomerisation technologies, whereby hydrogen atoms are substituted by fluorine atoms, thus conferring unnatural and unique physicochemical properties to these compounds. Presently, there are wide ranges of PFCs, and owing to their bioaccumulative properties, they have been detected in various environmental matrices and in human sera. It has thus been suggested that they are hazardous. Hence, this review aims at highlighting the recent development in PFC research, with a particular focus on perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), the most studied and predominantly found PFCs in various environmental matrices, although recent reports have included perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), which was previously regarded as innocuously harmless, when compared to its counterparts, PFOA and PFOS. As such, proper investigations are thus required for a better understanding of short-chain PFC substitutes, which have been suggested as suitable replacements to long-chained PFCs, although these substitutes have also been suggested to pose various health risks comparable to those associated with long-chain PFCs. Similarly, several novel technologies, such as PFC reduction using zero-valent iron, including removal at point of use, adsorption and coagulation, have been proposed. However, regardless of how efficient removers some of these techniques have proven to be, short-chain PFCs remain a challenge to overcome for scientists, in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Baptist Nzukizi Mudumbi
- Bioresource Engineering Research Group (BioERG), Department of Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 652, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa.
| | - Seteno Karabo Obed Ntwampe
- Bioresource Engineering Research Group (BioERG), Department of Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 652, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Tandi Matsha
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Science, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 1906, Bellville, 7535, South Africa
| | - Lukhanyo Mekuto
- Bioresource Engineering Research Group (BioERG), Department of Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 652, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Elie Fereche Itoba-Tombo
- Bioresource Engineering Research Group (BioERG), Department of Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 652, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
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Kim DH, Oh JE. Development and validation of an extraction method for the analysis of perfluoroalkyl substances in human hair. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 175:446-451. [PMID: 28237518 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Human hair has many advantages as a non-invasive sample; however, analytical methods for detecting perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in human hair are still in the development stage. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop and validate a method for monitoring 11 PFASs in human hair. Solid-phase extraction (SPE), ion-pairing extraction (IPE), a combined method (SPE+IPE) and solvent extraction with ENVI-carb clean-up were compared to develop an optimal extraction method using two types of hair sample (powder and piece forms). Analysis of PFASs was performed using liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Among the four different extraction procedures, the SPE method using powdered hair showed the best extraction efficiency and recoveries ranged from 85.8 to 102%. The method detection limits for the SPE method were 0.114-0.796 ng/g and good precision (below 10%) and accuracy (66.4-110%) were obtained. In light of these results, SPE is considered the optimal method for PFAS extraction from hair. It was also successfully used to detect PFASs in human hair samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Hye Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, South Korea.
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43
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Hartmann C, Raffesberg W, Scharf S, Uhl M. Research Article. Perfluoroalkylated substances in human urine: results of a biomonitoring pilot study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/bimo-2017-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPerfluoroalkylated substances (PFASs) are a class of synthetic chemicals used in a wide range of processes and products due to their unique physicalchemical properties. Through intake of PFASs via food or several consumer products, humans can be exposed. Long-chain PFASs have been associated with adverse effects in laboratory animals, and there is also evidence for adverse health effects in humans. Although investigations of human exposure are mainly conducted in blood samples, some studies have shown that especially short-chain PFASs can be detected in human urine. In the present study, a sensitive analytical method was adapted for the measurement of 12 PFASs in human urine samples by HPLC-MS/MS. For verifying this method, concentrations in 11 male and female participants aged 25-46 years were analysed. In the study population, ranges of urinary PFASs concentrations were n.d.- 8.5 ng/l for perfluoropentanoic acid, <LOQ-3.0 ng/l for perfluorohexanoic acid, n.d.-1.8 ng/l for perfluorohexane sulphonate, n.d.-0.99 ng/l for perfluoroheptanoic acid, 0.79-5.1 ng/l for perfluorooctanoic acid, <LOQ-4.9 ng/l for perfluorooctane suphonate, and <LOQ-0.57 ng/l for perfluorononanoic acid. For the other investigated PFASs, no urinary exposure could be identified in any of the samples. The present study shows that several shortchain PFASs are detectable in human urine.
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Sochorová L, Hanzlíková L, Černá M, Drgáčová A, Fialová A, Švarcová A, Gramblička T, Pulkrabová J. Perfluorinated alkylated substances and brominated flame retardants in serum of the Czech adult population. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2017; 220:235-243. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Bui TT, Alves A, Palm-Cousins A, Voorspoels S, Covaci A, Cousins IT. Estimating uptake of phthalate ester metabolites into the human nail plate using pharmacokinetic modelling. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 100:148-155. [PMID: 28089278 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
There is a lack of knowledge regarding uptake of phthalate esters (PEs) and other chemicals into the human nail plate and thus, clarity concerning the suitability of human nails as a valid alternative matrix for monitoring long-term exposure. In particular, the relative importance of internal uptake of phthalate metabolites (from e.g. blood) compared to external uptake pathways is unknown. This study provides first insights into the partitioning of phthalate-metabolites between blood and nail using pharmacokinetic (PK) modelling and biomonitoring data from a Norwegian cohort. A previously published PK model (Lorber PK model) was used in combination with measured urine data to predict serum concentrations of DEHP and DnBP/DiBP metabolites at steady state. Then, partitioning between blood and nail was assessed assuming equilibrium conditions and treating the nail plate as a tissue, assuming a fixed lipid and water content. Although calculated as a worst-case scenario at equilibrium, the predicted nail concentrations of metabolites were lower than the biomonitoring data by factors of 44 to 1300 depending on the metabolite. It is therefore concluded that internal uptake of phthalate metabolites from blood into nail is a negligible pathway and does not explain the observed nail concentrations. Instead, external uptake pathways are more likely to dominate, possibly through deposition of phthalates onto the skin/nail and subsequent metabolism. Modelling gaseous diffusive uptake of PEs from air to nail revealed that this pathway is unlikely to be important. Experimental quantification of internal and external uptake pathways of phthalates and their metabolites into the human nail plate is needed to verify these modelling results. However, based on this model, human nails are not a good indicator of internal human exposure for the phthalate esters studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy T Bui
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, SE-100 31 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Andreia Alves
- VITO NV Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium; Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Anna Palm-Cousins
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, SE-100 31 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan Voorspoels
- VITO NV Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Ian T Cousins
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Chen H, Sun R, Zhang C, Han J, Wang X, Han G, He X. Occurrence, spatial and temporal distributions of perfluoroalkyl substances in wastewater, seawater and sediment from Bohai Sea, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 219:389-398. [PMID: 27236342 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, surface seawater and sediment samples were collected from Bohai Sea, China, to investigate the temporal and spatial distributions of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in that area. The total concentrations of PFASs in seawater and sediment samples ranged from below method limit of quantification (<MLQ) to 99.4 ng/L, and from 0.33 to 2.78 ng/g dw, respectively. PFOA was the predominant PFASs in both of surface seawater and sediment samples, with a median concentration of 4.97 ng/L in seawater and 0.24 ng/g dw in sediment sampled in July, respectively. Seasonal variation of the total PFAS concentrations was found in seawater samples, but not in the sediments. The concentrations of the total measured PFASs in water samples from drain outlets ranged from 103 ng/L to 443 ng/L, which was four times higher than that in seawater from the Bohai Sea, suggesting that discharge of wastewater from drain outlets was responsible for the contamination of PFASs in Bohai Sea area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecology and Environment of State Oceanic Administration, Department of Marine Chemistry, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Linghe Street 42, Dalian 116023, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental and Biological Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Ruijun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecology and Environment of State Oceanic Administration, Department of Marine Chemistry, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Linghe Street 42, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Can Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecology and Environment of State Oceanic Administration, Department of Marine Chemistry, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Linghe Street 42, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Jianbo Han
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecology and Environment of State Oceanic Administration, Department of Marine Chemistry, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Linghe Street 42, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Xiaomeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecology and Environment of State Oceanic Administration, Department of Marine Chemistry, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Linghe Street 42, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Gengchen Han
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecology and Environment of State Oceanic Administration, Department of Marine Chemistry, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Linghe Street 42, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Xin He
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental and Biological Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
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47
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Analytical method for biomonitoring of endocrine-disrupting compounds (bisphenol A, parabens, perfluoroalkyl compounds and a brominated flame retardant) in human hair by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 945:95-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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48
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Gao K, Gao Y, Li Y, Fu J, Zhang A. A rapid and fully automatic method for the accurate determination of a wide carbon-chain range of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (C4–C18) in human serum. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1471:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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49
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Matas D, Keren-Rotem T, Koren L. A method to determine integrated steroid levels in wildlife claws. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 230-231:26-8. [PMID: 26993343 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids act throughout life to regulate numerous physiological and behavioral processes. Their levels are therefore highly labile, reacting to varying conditions and stressors. Hence, measuring glucocorticoids (and other steroids) in wildlife is challenging, and devising methods that are unaffected by the stress of capture and handling should be explored. Here we use the tip of free-ranging chameleons' claws that were cut to allow individual identification, and report a steroids extraction and quantification method. Claw steroids present an integrated level representing the period of claw growth. We found that we could measure corticosterone in small amounts of chameleon claw matrix using commercial EIA kits. Using this method, we learned that in wild male chameleons, claw corticosterone levels were associated with body size. We suggest that claw-testing can potentially provide an ideal matrix for wildlife biomonitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devorah Matas
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | | | - Lee Koren
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.
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50
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Alves A, Jacobs G, Vanermen G, Covaci A, Voorspoels S. New approach for assessing human perfluoroalkyl exposure via hair. Talanta 2015; 144:574-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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